{{Short description|Genus of fungi}} {{Automatic taxobox | image = Endogone pisiformus 56016.jpg | image_caption = Fruiting body of ''Endogone pisiformis'' | image2 = Endogone pisiformus 56018.jpg | image2_caption = Double-walled zygospores of ''E. pisiformis'' | taxon = Endogone | authority = Link (1809) | type_species = ''Endogone pisiformis'' | type_species_authority = Link (1809) | subdivision_ranks = Species | subdivision = ~25, see text }}
'''''Endogone''''' is a genus of fungi in the family Endogonaceae of the division Mucoromycota. The genus has a widespread distribution, especially in temperate regions, and contains about 20 species.<ref name="Kirk 2008"/>
Species of ''Endogone'' form underground structures called ''sporocarps''—fruiting structures measuring between a few millimeters to {{convert|2|–|3|cm|in|1|abbr=on}} in diameter, containing densely interwoven hyphae and zygospores. Sporocarps are typically found in humus-rich soil or leaf mold, or in mosses.<ref name="Williams 1964"/> Although most species will only produce spores in nature, the type species ''E. pisiformis'' can be made to sporulate in test tube culture when grown with conifer seedlings.<ref name="Berch 1986"/>
==Taxonomy== ''Endogone'' was first circumscribed by Johann Heinrich Friedrich Link in an 1809 publication.<ref name="Link 1809"/> In 1922, Roland Thaxter revised the taxonomy of the family Endogonaceae, recognizing four genera: ''Endogone'', ''Sphaerocreas'', ''Sclerocystis'', and ''Glaziella''.<ref name="Thaxter 1922"/> In 1935, Herbert Zycha transferred the sole species of ''Sphaerocreas'' recognized by Thaxter to ''Endogone''. In their 1974 monograph of the Endogonaceae, James Gerdemann and James Trappe deviated from Thaxter’s concept of ''Endogone'', which contained taxa with chlamydospores and zygospores, including only those species that formed zygospores in sporocarps. In the mid-1990s, Yi-Jian Yao and colleagues further restricted ''Endogone'' to those species that produced suspensors that were in contact with one another along the entire length. Those taxa in which the suspensors did not touch one another were transferred to a new genus, ''Youngiomyces''.<ref name="Yao 1995"/><ref name="Yao 1996"/>
The generic name is derived from the Greek words ''endo'' (inside) and ''gone'' (reproductive organs).<ref name="G&T p.8">Gerdemann & Trappe, 1974, p. 8.</ref>
==Description== ''Endogone'' species are sporocarpic—they form a fruit body termed a ''sporocarp'', on which spore-bearing structures are borne. The zygospores—a diploid reproductive stage in the life cycle—are formed above the point of union of two gametangia, or from a budding from the larger of the two.<ref name="G&T p.8"/> Species in the genus can be saprobic, ectomycorrhizal, or both.
==Ecology== [[File:Helmgras kijkduin februari 2005.JPG|thumb|left|''Endogone'' species are important in the ecology of plant succession in sand dunes]] Depending on the species, sporocarps have been noted to have the odor of onions, burnt sugar, or fish.<ref>Gerdemann & Trappe, 1974, pp. 11–19.</ref> ''Endogone'' grows in soil, on rotting wood, sphagnum or other plant material either as saprobes or ectomycorrhizal associates.<ref name="Warcup 1990"/> ''Endogone'' is especially important in the ecology of nutrient-poor soils. For example, ''Endogone'' fungi are known to grow in sand dunes, a nutrient-deficient substrate. Dune plants are dependent upon the fungus for growth and ecological success: the mycelium of the fungus helps aggregate and stabilize the sand in a network of hyphae, giving it cohesion and helping early succession plants establish roots. It also traps and binds fragments of organic material such as decaying roots and rhizomes.<ref name="Koske 1974"/>
Various species of rodents and shrews include ''Endogone'' fungi in their diets, including the southeastern shrew (''Sorex longirostris''),<ref name="Carraway 2000"/> the masked shrew (''Sorex cinereus''),<ref name="Whitaker 2004"/> the vagrant shrew (''Sorex vagrans''),<ref name="Gillihan 2004"/> the woodland jumping mouse (''Napaeozapus insignis''),<ref name="Orrock 2003"/> the Siskiyou chipmunk (''Tamias siskiyou''),<ref name="McIntyre 1984"/> and the marsh rice rat (''Oryzomys palustris'').<ref name="Whitaker 1998"/>
==Species== {{colbegin}} *''E. acrogena'' Gerd., Trappe & Hosford 1974 *''E. aggregata'' P.A.Tandy 1975 – Australia<ref name="Tandy 1975"/> *''E. alba'' (Petch) Gerd. & Trappe 1974 *''E. arenaria'' Thaxt. 1922<ref name="Thaxter 1922"/> *''E. aurantiaca'' Blaszk. 1997<ref name="Baszkowski 1997"/> *''E. crassa'' P.A.Tandy 1975 – Australia<ref name="Tandy 1975"/> *''E. flammicorona'' Trappe & Gerd. 1972 *''E. incrassata'' Thaxt. 1922<ref name="Thaxter 1922"/> *''E. irregularis'' Szem. 1965 *''E. kaiseriana'' Henn. 1908 *''E. lactiflua'' Berk. 1846 *''E. lanata'' Harkn. 1899 *''E. maritima'' Blaszk., Tadych & Madej 1998<ref name="Baszkowski 1998"/> *''E. minutissima'' Beeli 1924 – Europe<ref name="Beeli 1923"/> *''E. oregonensis'' Gerd. & Trappe 1974 *''E. pegleri'' Y.J.Yao 1995<ref name="Yao 1995"/> *''E. pisiformis'' Link 1809<ref name="Link 1809"/> *''E. pseudopisiformis'' Y.J.Yao 1995<ref name="Yao 1995"/> *''E. reticulata'' P.A.Tandy 1975 – Australia<ref name="Tandy 1975"/> *''E. rosea'' Zeller 1941 *''E. sphagnophila'' G.F.Atk. 1918 *''E. tjibodensis'' Boedijn 1935 *''E. torrendii'' Bres. 1920 *''E. tuberculosa'' Lloyd 1918<ref name="Lloyd 1918"/> *''E. verrucosa'' Gerd. & Trappe 1974 *''E. xylogena'' J.Schröt. 1887 {{colend}}
==References== {{Reflist|colwidth=30em|refs=
<ref name="Baszkowski 1997">{{cite journal |author=Baszkowski J. |year=1997 |title=''Endogone aurantiaca'', a new species in the Endogonales from Poland |journal=Mycotaxon |volume=63 |pages=131–141 |url=http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/cyberliber/59575/0063/0131.htm}}</ref>
<ref name="Baszkowski 1998">{{cite journal |vauthors=Baszkowski J, Tadych M, Madej T |year=1998 |title= ''Endogone maritima'', a new species in the Endogonales from Poland |journal=Mycological Research |volume=102 |issue=9 |pages=1096–1100 |doi=10.1017/S0953756298006170}}</ref>
<ref name="Beeli 1923">{{cite journal |author=Beeli M. |title=Notes mycologiques. Champignons nouveaux pour la flore Belge, récoltés de 1915 à 1923 |journal=Bulletin de la Société Royale de Botanique de Belgique |year=1923 |volume=56 |pages=57–68 |language=fr}}</ref>
<ref name="Berch 1986">{{cite journal |vauthors=Berch SM, Castellano MA |year=1986 |title=Sporulation of ''Endogone pisiformis'' in axenic and monaxenic culture |journal=Mycologia |volume=78 |issue=2 |pages=292–295 |url=http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/cyberliber/59350/0078/002/0292.htm |doi=10.2307/3793176|jstor=3793176 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>
<ref name="Carraway 2000">{{cite journal |vauthors=Carraway LN, Verts BJ, Whitaker JO, Kennedy ML |year=2000 |title=Diet of the southeastern shrew (''Sorex longirostris'') in Tennessee |journal=Journal of the Tennessee Academy of Science |volume=75 |issue=1–2 |pages=42–43 |issn=0040-313X}}</ref>
<ref name="Gillihan 2004">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gillihan SW, Foresman KR |year=2004 |title=''Sorex vagrans'' |journal=Mammalian Species |volume=744 |pages=1–5 |url=http://www.science.smith.edu/msi/pdf/744_Sorex_vagrans.pdf |doi=10.1644/1545-1410(2004)744<0001:sv>2.0.co;2|s2cid=198969167 }}</ref>
<ref name="Kirk 2008">{{cite book |vauthors=Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA |title=Dictionary of the Fungi |edition=10th |publisher=CAB International |location=Wallingford, UK |year=2008 |page=233 |isbn=978-0-85199-826-8}}</ref>
<ref name="Koske 1974">{{cite journal |vauthors=Koske RE, Sutton JC, Sheppard BR |year=1975 |title=Ecology of ''Endogone'' in Lake Huron sand dunes |journal=Canadian Journal of Botany |volume=53 |issue=2 |pages=87–93 |doi=10.1139/b75-014}}</ref>
<ref name="Link 1809">{{cite journal |author=Link HF. |year=1809 |title=Observationes in ordines plantarum naturales. Dissertatio I |journal=Magazin der Gesellschaft Naturforschenden Freunde Berlin |volume=3 |pages=3–42}}</ref>
<ref name="Lloyd 1918">{{cite journal |author=Lloyd CG. |title=Mycological Notes 56 |journal=Mycological Writings |year=1918 |volume=5 |issue=56 |pages=797–812}}</ref>
<ref name="McIntyre 1984">{{cite journal |author=McIntyre PW. |year=1984 |title=Fungus consumption by the Siskiyou chipmunk within a variously treated forest |journal=Ecology |volume=65 |issue=1 |pages=137–146 |doi=10.2307/1939466|jstor=1939466 }}</ref>
<ref name="Orrock 2003">{{cite journal |vauthors=Orrock JL, Farley D, Pagels JF |year=2003 |title=Does fungus consumption by the woodland jumping mouse vary with habitat type or the abundance of other small mammals? |journal=Canadian Journal of Zoology |volume=81 |issue=4 |pages=753–756 |doi=10.1139/Z03-035}}</ref>
<ref name="Tandy 1975">{{cite journal |author=Tandy PA. |title=Sporacarpic species of Endogonaceae in Australia |journal=Australian Journal of Botany |year=1975 |volume=23 |issue=5 |pages=849–866 |doi=10.1071/bt9750849}}</ref>
<ref name="Thaxter 1922">{{cite journal |author=Thaxter R. |year=1922 |title=A revision of the Endogonaceae |journal=Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences |volume=57 |issue=12 |pages=291–351 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/3092650 |doi=10.2307/20025921|jstor=20025921 }}</ref>
<ref name="Warcup 1990">{{cite journal |author=Warcup JH. |year=1990 |title=Taxonomy, culture, and mycorrhizal associations of some zygosporic Endogonaceae |journal=Mycological Research |volume=94 |issue=2 |pages=173–178 |doi=10.1016/S0953-7562(09)80609-6}}</ref>
<ref name="Whitaker 2004">{{cite journal |author=Hamilton WJ. |year=2004 |title=''Sorex cinereus'' |journal=Mammalian Species |volume=743 |pages=1–9 |url=http://www.science.smith.edu/msi/pdf/743_Sorex_cinereus.pdf |doi=10.1644/1545-1410(2004)743<0001:sc>2.0.co;2 |s2cid=198969068 |access-date=2012-09-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215190054/http://www.science.smith.edu/msi/pdf/743_Sorex_cinereus.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-15 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
<ref name="Whitaker 1998">{{cite book |vauthors=Whitaker JO, Hamilton WJ |year=1998 |title=Mammals of the eastern United States |publisher=Cornell University Press |isbn=0-8014-3475-0 |page=[https://archive.org/details/mammalsofeastern00whit/page/280 280] |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/mammalsofeastern00whit/page/280 }}</ref>
<ref name="Williams 1964">{{cite journal |vauthors=Williams O, Finney BA |year=1964 |title=''Endogone'': food for mice |journal=Journal of Mammalogy |volume=45 |issue=2 |pages=265–271 |jstor=1376990 |doi=10.2307/1376990}}</ref>
<ref name="Yao 1995">{{cite journal |vauthors=Yao YJ, Pegler DN, Young TW |year=1995 |title=New species in ''Endogone'' (Endogonales) |journal=Kew Bulletin |volume=50 |issue=2 |pages=359–365 |jstor=4110642 |doi=10.2307/4110642}}</ref>
<ref name="Yao 1996">{{cite book |vauthors=Yao YJ, Pegler DN |title=Genera of Endogonales |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens |location=Kew, UK |year=1996 |isbn=978-0947643928}}</ref>
}}
===Cited literature=== *{{cite journal |vauthors=Gerdemann JW, Trappe JM |year=1974 |title=The Endogonaceae in the Pacific Northwest |journal=Mycologia Memoirs |volume=5 |publisher=New York Botanical Garden}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q5376344}}
Category:Zygomycota genera Category:Taxa named by Johann Heinrich Friedrich Link Category:Taxa described in 1809 Category:Zygomycota