{{Short description|Former synod of Constantinople Patriarchate}} In the Eastern Orthodox Church, the '''endemic synod'''{{efn|It may also be called the permanent synod,<ref>Gilbert Dagron; trans. Jean Birrell (2003), ''Emperor and Priest: The Imperial Office in Byzantium'' (Cambridge University Press), p. 325.</ref> resident synod<ref name=MTH>Matthew T. Herbst (2019), "Church Synods", in J. F. LePree (ed.), ''The Byzantine Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia'' (ABC-CLIO), vol. 1, pp. 18–19.</ref> or ''endemousa'' synod.<ref name=NA>Nikodemos Anagnostopoulos (2017), ''Orthodoxy and Islam: Theology and Muslim–Christian Relations in Modern Greece and Turkey'' (Routledge), p. 27.</ref>}} or '''{{Transliteration|grc|endemousa synodos}}''' ({{langx|el|ἐνδημοῦσα σύνοδος}}) was the permanent standing synod of bishops of the Patriarchate of Constantinople that met frequently but irregularly to deal with issues of discipline and dogma. It was convoked and presided over by the patriarch.<ref name=ODB>{{ODB|last=Papadakis|first=Aristeides|title=Endemousa Synodos|page=697}}</ref>
The term {{Transliteration|grc|endemousa synodos}} was first used to refer to the Council of Constantinople of 448, but the custom of convoking all bishops visiting or living{{efn|''endemountes'' in Greek<ref name=ODB/>}} in or near Constantinople to a synod as needed was already common when it was formalized by the Council of Chalcedon on 451. By the 9th century, the variable structure of the endemic synod had begun to crystallize. Only metropolitan bishops, autocephalous archbishops and the administrative functionaries of the patriarch (of which there were five) were permitted to attend meetings.<ref name=ODB/> The synod gathered after the death of a patriarch and proposed three names to the emperor to fill the vacancy, although the emperor was not bound by these. It also proposed three names to the patriarch upon the vacancy of a metropolitanate.<ref name=MTH/>
The synod could on occasion be called by an emperor against a patriarch, as when Emperor Leo V deposed Patriarch Nikephoros I in 815.<ref name=MTH/> During the 11th-century Byzantine–Seljuq wars, a number of bishops fled to Constantinople and the size of the synod increased.<ref name=ODB/> In 1054, Patriarch Michael Keroularios convoked the synod at the height of the Great Schism. It was also convened to try John Italos for heresy in 1082.<ref name=MTH/> Under the Palaiologan emperors, the endemic synod continued to exist but there were frequent extraordinary synods, especially during the controversy over Palamism.<ref name=ODB/>
The {{Transliteration|grc|endemousa synodos}} lasted through the end of the Byzantine Empire (1453) and continued under the Ottomans. In the 18th century, its remit was limited to strictly spiritual affairs and it was renamed the Holy Synod. It was also put on a more permanent footing.<ref name=NA/><ref name=EBT>E. B. Tellan (2019), [https://doi.org/10.31377/chr.v39i0.590 "The Patriarchate of Constantinople and the 'Reform of the Synod' in the 18th-Century Ottoman Context"], ''Chronos'' '''39''': 7–22.</ref>
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==References== {{reflist}}
==Further reading== {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |authorlink=Joseph Hajjar |first=Joseph N. |last=Hajjar |title=Le synode permanent (Synodos endemousa) dans l'église byzantine des origines au XI<sup>e</sup> siècle |publisher=Orientalia Christiana Analecta |year=1962}} * {{cite journal |first=Joseph N. |last=Hajjar |title=The Synod in the Eastern Church |journal=Concilium |volume=8 |year=1965 |pages=55–64}} * {{cite book |last= Dagron |first= Gilbert |authorlink = Gilbert Dagron |title= Naissance d'une capitale: Constantinople et ses institutions de 330 à 451. |place = Paris |year= 1974 }} {{refend}}
Category:Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople Category:Governing assemblies of religious organizations