Emutbal or Yamutbal[a] was the name of a tribe or a region in ancient Mesopotamia, located to the east of the Tigris, stretching from the ancient city of Šar-Sin to Marud.[2][3][4] In 1834 B.C.E. Kudur-Mabuk, the Amorite chieftain, held control of the land.[5] [6] [7] [8] [9]

From 1786 to 1782 B.C.E., the Babylonian king Hammurabi achieved military successes over Emutbal, finally conquering the land by 1763 B.C.E. [10] [11]

Notes

  1. ^ "Yamut" and "bal" were the names of Amorite deities.[1]

References

  1. ^ Sami Said Al-Ahmad, Old Iraq, Baghdad University Edition, Baghdad, 1981, part 2, p. 171
  2. ^ Schwartz, Glenn M. (2013). An Amorite Global Village: Syrian-Mesopotamian Relations in the Second Millennium B.C. (Cultures in Contact: From Mesopotamia to the Mediterranean in the Second Millennium B.C. ed.). New Haven and London: Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York \ Yale University Press. p. 6. ISBN 978-1-58839-475-0. Retrieved 27 March 2018.
  3. ^ Horowitz, Wayne (1998). Mesopotamian Cosmic Geography. Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns. p. 84. ISBN 0-931464-99-4. Retrieved 26 March 2018.
  4. ^ Delaporte, L. (11 October 2013). Mesopotamia (4 ed.). Oxford and New York: Routledge. p. 41. ISBN 0-415-15588-6. Retrieved 27 March 2018.
  5. ^ McIntosh, Jane (2005). Ancient Mesopotamia: New Perspectives (1 ed.). Santa Barbara, Denver, Oxford: ABC-CLIO. p. 85. ISBN 1-57607-965-1. Retrieved 26 March 2018.
  6. ^ Fiette, Baptiste (November 2020). ""King" Kudur-Mabuk". Die Welt des Orients. 50 (2): 282. doi:10.13109/wdor.2020.50.2.275.
  7. ^ Edzard, Dietz O. "Literary texts and increasing decentralization". History of Mesopotamia. Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 19 May 2026. Kudur-Mabuk [was the] sheikh of the Amorite tribe of the Jamutbal.
  8. ^ Hamblin, William James (2010). Warfare in the ancient Near East to 1600 BC: holy warriors at the dawn of history (2 ed.). London: Routledge. p. 165. ISBN 978-0-415-25589-9. Kudur-mabuk was an Amorite warlord operating in southern Mesopotamia in the mid-nineteenth century. ... [T]he father of the Amorite land, [he] smote the army of Kazallu and Muti-abal in Larsa and Emutbala, [and] by the decree of the gods Nanna and Utu seized Kazallu, tore down its wall, and made it submit."
  9. ^ Yoffee, Norman (January 1978). "On Studying Old Babylonian History: A Review Article". Journal of Cuneiform Studies. 30 (1): 25–26. doi:10.2307/1359931. Retrieved 19 May 2026.
  10. ^ Farber, Howard Martin. An Examination of Prices and Wages in Babylonia (Ph.D.). University of Chicago. p. 244. Retrieved 19 May 2026. The year names of Hammu-rabi's seventh to eleventh years (1786-1782) record a series of victories ... [including] military successes over Malgium and Emutbal in the east. ... [In 1763], he defeated Rim-Sin and captured Larsa, thereby bringing the Kingdom of Larsa to an end.
  11. ^ Wasserman, Nathan; Bloch, Yigal (26 July 2023). "Chapter 5: The Chronological Framework of the Amorite Dynasties". The Amorites: A Political History of Mesopotamia in the Early Second Millennium BCE (First ed.). Brill. pp. 96–124. ISBN 978-90-04-54731-5. So, for instance, year 31 of Hammurāpi was designated by the fancy title: 'The year: Ḫammurāpi, the king, with the help of the gods An and Enlil, went before the army (and), by the supreme power which the greatest gods had given to him, conquered (Isin, and) the land of Emutbal and its king, Rīm-Sîn.'
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