{{short description|German-born Ottoman physician (1840–1892)}} {{Other people|Mehmed Emin Pasha|Mehmed Emin Pasha (disambiguation){{!}}Mehmed Emin Pasha}} {{family name hatnote|Emin|Pasha||lang=Ottoman Turkish}} {{Infobox person | name = Mehmed Emin | honorific_suffix = Pasha | image = Schnitzler, Edward, Emin Pacha, par Carletti, BNF Gallica.jpg | alt = | caption = in 1875 | birth_name = Isaak Eduard Schnitzer | birth_date = {{Birth date|1840|03|28}} | birth_place = Opole, Prussian Silesia | death_date = {{Death date and age|1892|10|23|1840|03|28}} | death_place = Kinena Station, Nyangwe, Congo Free State | nationality = | other_names = | occupation = | years_active = | known_for = | notable_works = | awards = Vega Medal (1890) }} [[File:EminPashaInKhartoum-ByLouisVossion1884 BnF-Gallica-btv1b7702294z 34.jpg|thumb|311x311px|Schnitzer in 1884 photographed by French diplomat Louis-Pierre Vossion in Khartoum.]] '''Mehmed Emin Pasha''' (born '''Isaak Eduard Schnitzer''', baptized '''Eduard Carl Oscar Theodor Schnitzer'''; March 28, 1840 – October 23, 1892) was an Ottoman physician of German Jewish origin, naturalist, and governor of the Egyptian province of Equatoria on the upper Nile. The Ottoman Empire conferred the title "Pasha" on him in 1886, and thereafter he was referred to as "Emin Pasha".
== Early life == Emin was born in Oppeln (in present-day Poland), Silesia, into a middle-class German Jewish family, who moved to Neisse when he was two years old. After the death of his father in 1845, his mother married a Christian; she and her children were baptized Lutherans. He was a student at the Kolegium Carolinum Neisse in Neisse, Silesia, and at the universities at Breslau, Königsberg, and Berlin, qualifying as a physician in 1864. However, he was disqualified from practice, and left Germany for Constantinople, with the intention of entering Ottoman service.
Travelling via Vienna and Trieste, he stopped at Antivari in Montenegro, found himself welcomed by the local community, and was soon practicing medicine.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pasha |first=Emin |url=https://www.google.com.pk/books/edition/Emin_Pasha_His_Life_and_Work/yVjUAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=emin+pasha+trieste&pg=PA6&printsec=frontcover |title=Emin Pasha, His Life and Work |date=1898 |publisher=A. Constable |isbn=9781016186643 |editor-last=Schweitzer |editor-first=Georg |volume=1 |pages=5–9 |language=en}}</ref> He put his linguistic talent to good use, as well, adding Turkish, Albanian, and Greek to his repertoire of languages. He became the quarantine officer of the port, leaving only in 1870 to join the staff of Ismail Hakki Pasha, governor of northern Albania;<ref name=eb>{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Emin Pasha|volume=9}}</ref> in the service, he travelled throughout the Ottoman Empire, although the details are little-known.
==Turco-Egyptian Sudan== When Hakki Pasha died in 1873, Emin went back to Neisse with the pasha's widow and children, where he passed them off as his own family, but left suddenly in September 1875, reappearing in Cairo and then departing for Khartoum, where he arrived in December. At this point he took the name "Mehemet Emin" (Arabic ''Muhammad al-Amin''), started a medical practice, and began collecting specimens of plants, animals, and birds, many of which he sent to museums in Europe. Although some regarded him as a Muslim, it is not clear if he ever actually converted.{{citation needed|date= June 2020}}
Charles George Gordon (‘Gordon of Khartoum’), then governor of Egyptian Equatoria, heard of Emin's presence and invited him to be the chief medical officer of the province; Emin assented and arrived there in May 1876. Gordon immediately sent Emin on diplomatic missions to Bunyoro and to Muteesa I of Buganda to the south, where Emin's modest style and fluency in Luganda were quite popular. After 1876, Emin made Lado his base for collecting expeditions throughout the region.
thumb|Emin Bey's travels|220x220px
===Governor of Equatoria=== In 1878, the Khedive of Egypt appointed governor of Equatoria, giving him the title of Bey. Despite the grand title, there was little for Emin to do; his military force consisted of a few thousand soldiers who controlled no more than a mile's radius around each of their outposts, and the government in Khartoum was indifferent to his proposals for development. He showed himself to be a bitter foe of slavery.<ref name="colliers">{{Cite Collier's|wstitle=Schnitzer, Edward|year=1921}}</ref> In 1879 General Gordon gave Frank Lupton command of a flotilla of river steamers to relieve Emin. When Lupton reached Lado almost two years later, he found that Emin did not want to be relieved. He became Emin's deputy, in charge of the Latuka district based at Tarangole.<ref>{{citation |title=Frank Miller Lupton |last=Macro |first=E. |journal=Sudan Notes and Records |volume=28 |year=1947 |pages=50–61 |publisher=University of Khartoum |jstor=41716507 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41716507 }}</ref>
The revolt of Muhammad Ahmad that began in 1881 had cut Equatoria off from the outside world by 1883, and the following year, Karam Allah marched south to capture Equatoria and Emin. In 1885, Emin and most of his forces withdrew further south, to Wadelai near Lake Albert.<ref name="eb" /> Cut off from communications to the north, he was still able to exchange mail with Zanzibar through Buganda. Determined to remain in Equatoria, his communiques, carried by his friend Wilhelm Junker, aroused considerable sentiment in Europe in 1886, particularly acute after the death of Gordon the previous year.
====Relief Expedition==== thumb|Map from Stanley’s book ‘In Darkest Africa’|221x221px The Emin Pasha Relief Expedition, led by Henry Morton Stanley, undertook to rescue Emin by going up the Congo River and then through the Ituri Forest, an extraordinarily difficult route that resulted in the loss of two-thirds of the expedition. Precise details of this trek are recorded in the published diaries of the expedition's non-African "officers" (e.g., Major Edmund Musgrave Barttelot, Captain William Grant Stairs, Mr. Arthur Jephson, and Thomas Heazle Parke, surgeon of the expedition).
Stanley met Emin in April 1888, and after a year spent in argument and indecision, during which Emin and Jephson were imprisoned at Dufile by troops who mutinied from August to November 1888, Emin was convinced to leave for the coast. The bulk of his forces remained near Lake Albert until 1890, when Frederick Lugard took them with him to Kampala Hill, where they participated in the Battle of Kampala Hill.
Stanley and Emin arrived in Bagamoyo in 1890. During celebrations, Emin was injured when he stepped through a window he mistook for an opening to a balcony. He spent two months in a hospital recovering, while Stanley left without being able to bring him back in triumph.<ref name="eb" />alt=Emin pasha monument in Uganda by Micheal Kaluba (2022)|thumb|Emin Pasha monument in Uganda (2022)
The introduction of sleeping sickness in Uganda was attributed to the movement of Emin and his followers. Prior to the 1890s, sleeping sickness was unknown in Uganda, but the tsetse fly was probably brought by Emin from the Congo territory.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Schlenoff |first=Daniel C. |date=September 2010 |title=50, 100 & 150 Years Ago |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26002151 |journal=Scientific American |volume=303 |issue=3 |pages=12–13 |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican1110-90 |jstor=26002151 |bibcode=2010SciAm.303e..90S }}</ref>
===Death=== Emin then entered the service of the German East Africa Company and accompanied Dr. Franz Stuhlmann on an expedition to the lakes in the interior, but was killed by two Arab slave traders at Kinena Station in the Congo Free State,<ref name="colliers"/> near Nyangwe,<ref>{{Cite NSRW|wstitle=Emin Pasha}}</ref> on 23 or 24 October 1892.<ref name=eb />
== Legacy == He added greatly to the anthropological knowledge of central Africa and published valuable geographical papers.<ref name=colliers/> In 1890 he was awarded the Founder's Medal of the Royal Geographical Society.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rgs.org/NR/rdonlyres/C5962519-882A-4C67-803D-0037308C756D/0/GoldMedallists18322011.pdf |title=List of Past Gold Medal Winners |publisher=Royal Geographical Society |access-date=24 August 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927221002/http://www.rgs.org/NR/rdonlyres/C5962519-882A-4C67-803D-0037308C756D/0/GoldMedallists18322011.pdf |archive-date=27 September 2011 }}</ref>
== Taxon named in his honor == Emin Pasha is commemorated in the scientific name of an East African species of leptotyphlopid snake, Emin Pasha's worm snake ''Leptotyphlops emini'',<ref>Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). ''The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles''. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. {{ISBN|978-1-4214-0135-5}}. ("Emin", p. 83).</ref> and an East African species of ''Passer'' sparrow, the chestnut sparrow ''Passer eminibey''.<ref>Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael (2003). ''Whose Bird? Men and Women Commemorated in the Common Names of Birds''. London: Christopher Helm. 400 pp. {{ISBN|0-7136-6647-1}}. ("Emin Bey", p. 119).</ref> He is also honoured in both the specific name and common name of Emin's shrike (''Lanius gubernator''), the specific name means governor.<ref name = Jobling>{{cite book | last= Jobling | first= James A. | year= 2010| title= The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | url= https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling | publisher=Christopher Helm | location = London | isbn = 978-1-4081-2501-4 | page=[https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling/page/n120 120] }}</ref>
==See also== * Emin Pasha Relief Expedition
==References== {{Reflist}}
==External links== * {{cite news |last=Mohun |first=R. Dorsey |author-link=Richard Mohun |title=The Death of Emin Pasha |url=http://congostate.blogspot.com/2006/01/death-of-emin-pasha.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20070329205827/http://congostate.blogspot.com/2006/01/death-of-emin-pasha.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2007-03-29 |access-date=5 August 2018 |work=The Century |publisher=Congo Free State |date=February 1895}} {{commons}} * {{Internet Archive author |sname=Emin Pasha}} * A.J. Mounteney Jephson, ''Diary'', Edited by Dorothy Middleton, Hakluyt Society 1969 * [http://thekesters.net/Genealogy/Pappenheim_II.html Emin Pasha's family genealogy] * {{PM20|FID=pe/015814}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Emin, Pasha}} Category:1840 births Category:1892 deaths Category:19th-century medical doctors from the Ottoman Empire Category:Pashas Category:Zoological collectors Category:Converts to Lutheranism from Judaism Category:German Lutherans Category:Silesian Jews Category:German people in German East Africa Category:German emigrants to the Ottoman Empire Category:Kolegium Carolinum Neisse alumni Category:Medical doctors from the Province of Silesia Category:People from Opole Category:19th-century Lutherans Category:19th-century Jews from the Ottoman Empire