Financial emergency in Michigan

{{Short description|none}} '''Financial emergency''' is a state of receivership for the State of Michigan's local governments.

==History==

<timeline> DateFormat = yyyy ImageSize = width:750 height:auto barincrement:20 Period = from:1988 till:2010 TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal PlotArea = right:30 left:0 bottom:50 top:5

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bar:1 color:red from:1988 till:end text:Public Act 101 of 1988 bar:2 color:tan2 from:1988 till:1990 text:Hamtramck bar:2 color:tan2 from:2000 till:2007 text:Hamtramck bar:3 color:yellow from:2000 till:2009 text:Highland Park bar:4 color:skyblue from:2002 till:2004 text:Flint bar:5 color:green from:2008 till:2009 text: Three Oaks bar:6 color:blue from:2009 till:end text: Detroit Public Schools bar:7 color:red from:2009 till:end text: Ecorse

ScaleMajor = gridcolor:line unit:year increment:1 start:1988 </timeline> In 1986 a state court appointed a receiver, Louis Schimmel, for the city of Ecorse which had a $6 million deficit. The court appointed receivership lasted until 1990.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Alley|first1=Jason|title=ECORSE: Former receiver not surprised by city's state of affairs|url=http://www.thenewsherald.com/articles/2009/05/23/news/doc4a18350567745495487073.txt?viewmode=fullstory|accessdate=February 9, 2016|work=The News Herald|publisher=Digital First Media|date=May 23, 2009}}{{Dead link|date=December 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

The financial emergency status, along with the Emergency Financial Manager (EFM) position, was first created in Public Act 101 of 1988 for the specific emergency in Hamtramck. Public Act 101 was amended by Public Act 72 of 1990, allowing an Emergency Financial Manager to be appointed for any local governmental unit. PA 72 in turn was replaced by Public Act 4 of 2011, which renamed the position to Emergency Manager (EM) and gave the Manager additional authority.<ref name=mr/>

<timeline> DateFormat = yyyy ImageSize = width:750 height:auto barincrement:20 Period = from:2010 till:2018 TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal PlotArea = right:30 left:0 bottom:50 top:5

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bar:1 color:red from:2010 till:2012 text:Public Act 4 of 2011 bar:1 color:yellow from:2012 till:end text:Public Act 436 of 2012 bar:2 color:tan2 from:2013 till:2014 text:Hamtramck bar:3 color:blue from:2010 till:2016 text: Detroit Public Schools bar:4 color:red from:2010 till:2013 text: Ecorse bar:5 color:tan2 from:2010 till:2014 text: Benton Harbor bar:6 color:yellow from:2010 till:2013 text: Pontiac bar:7 color:skyblue from:2011 till:2015 text: Flint bar:8 color:green from:2012 till:2018 text: Highland Park Schools bar:9 color:red from:2012 till:2016 text: Muskegon Heights School District bar:10 color:tan2 from:2012 till: 2014 text: Allen Park bar:11 color:blue from:2013 till: 2014 text: Benton Harbor

ScaleMajor = gridcolor:line unit:year increment:1 start:2010 </timeline>

When the Referendum petitions were approved by the Michigan State Board of Canvassers on August 8, 2012, under orders from the Michigan Supreme Court, PA 4 was suspended and the previous version, PA 72, was reinstated.<ref>{{cite news|last=Anders|first=Melissa|title=Emergency manager law officially suspended as referendum is certified for the November ballot |url= http://www.mlive.com/politics/index.ssf/2012/08/emergency_manager_law_official.html |accessdate=30 January 2013|newspaper=MLive.com|date=August 8, 2012}}</ref> All current EM except for Michael Brown in Flint were reappointed as EFM by the Local Emergency Financial Assistance Loan Board. Brown was previously a Flint City employee in the past five years and was not eligible under PA 72 to be an EFM.<ref>{{cite news|last=Longley|first=Kristin|title=Ed Kurtz returns as new Flint emergency financial manager; Loan Board reappoints EFMs in 3 other cities |url=http://www.mlive.com/news/flint/index.ssf/2012/08/appointed_new_flint_emergency.html|accessdate=30 January 2013|newspaper=The Flint Journal|date=August 8, 2012}}</ref> The Sugar Law Center filed to challenge PA 4 and PA 72. PA 4 was repealed by Michigan voters in the 2012 general election,<ref>{{cite news|last=Oosting|first=Jonathan|title= Michigan emergency manager law: What's next after Public Act 4 repeal? |url=http://www.mlive.com/politics/index.ssf/2012/11/michigan_emergency_manager_law.html |accessdate=30 January 2013|newspaper=MLive.com|date=November 11, 2012}}</ref> and the Michigan Legislature subsequently passed Public Act 436 of 2012 to replace the revived Public Act 72.<ref name=fj4/>

On May 1, 2013, the City of Ecorse was moved from under an emergency manager to a transition advisory board, which includes the previous emergency manager.<ref name=ml>{{cite news|last=AlHajal|first=Khalil|title=Ecorse escapes emergency manager, but state keeps oversight indefinitely|url=http://www.mlive.com/news/detroit/index.ssf/2013/04/ecorse_escapes_emergency_manag.html|accessdate=October 18, 2013|newspaper=Mlive Media Group|date=April 30, 2013 }}</ref> On July 2, a school district dissolution provision was passed into law allowing financially struggling school districts to be dissolved.<ref>{{cite news|title=Struggling school districts can be dissolved under new law|url=http://michiganradio.org/post/struggling-school-districts-can-be-dissolved-under-new-law|accessdate=November 19, 2013|work=Michigan Radio|date=July 3, 2013}}</ref> On July 18 with the Governor's authorization, Detroit's manager filed Chapter 9 bankruptcy.<ref name=ml0>{{cite news|last=AlHajal|first=Khalil|title=Detroit pursues Chapter 9 municipal bankruptcy|url=http://www.mlive.com/news/detroit/index.ssf/2013/07/detroit_pursues_chapter_9_muni.html|accessdate=21 July 2013|newspaper=Mlive.com|date=July 18, 2013}}</ref> In August, a transition advisory board was appointed for the City of Pontiac which included the then emergency manager.<ref name=ml1>{{cite news|last=AlHajal|first=Khalil|title=Advisory board replaces emergency manager in Pontiacy|url= http://www.mlive.com/news/detroit/index.ssf/2013/08/advisory_board_replaces_emerge.html |accessdate=October 18, 2013|newspaper=Mlive Media Group|date=August 19, 2013}}</ref>

For the City of Detroit, the state legislature passed a separate law forming a financial review commission to exercise financial check on city government as it exited bankruptcy and emergency management.<ref name=ml2>{{cite news|last1=AlHajal|first1=Khalil|title=By midnight, Detroit exits bankruptcy and Emergency Manager Kevyn Orr leaves office|url=http://www.mlive.com/news/detroit/index.ssf/2014/12/by_midnight_detroit_exits_bank.html|accessdate=March 15, 2015|work=Mlive Detroit|publisher=MLive Media Group|date=December 10, 2014}}</ref>

As of June 27, 2018, there are no Emergency Managers in Michigan for the first time since 2000.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/local/michigan/2018/06/27/michigan-no-emergency-managers-first-time-since-2000/737947002/|title=Michigan: No emergency managers for first time since '00|work=Detroit News|access-date=2018-07-31|language=en}}</ref>{{Needs update inline|date=April 2025}}

==Procedure==

===Original law=== Public Act 101 of 1988 provided certain triggers for an initial review which included: failure to pay debts, failure to pay employee salaries, a request by local residents or officials, or request by a state legislator or state treasurer. If the review found that a financial emergency existed, the Local Emergency Financial Assistance Loan Board would make the appointment of an emergency financial manager for the governmental unit.<ref name=mr>{{cite news|title=7 things to know about Michigan's emergency manager law| url= http://www.michiganradio.org/post/7-things-know-about-michigans-emergency-manager-law |accessdate=30 January 2013|newspaper=Michigan Radio|date=December 6, 2011}}</ref> Public Act 72 of 1990 broadened the Emergency Financial Manager powers to handle all matters of finances of the city and provided a statute to also apply to public school districts.

===Public Act 4 of 2011=== Public Act 4 amended and expanded the procedure. The Michigan Department of Treasury would conduct a preliminary examination of troubled local governments. If "probable financial stress" were found, a financial review would be ordered. The Governor of Michigan and other officials would appoint the eight members of a financial review panel, which could report back to the Governor indicating that the local government is in "mild financial stress, severe financial stress or a financial emergency"<ref name=fj1>{{cite news|last=Longley|first=Kristin|title=State panel reviewing Flint's finances asks for up to 30 more days |url= http://www.mlive.com/news/flint/index.ssf/2011/11/state_panel_reviewing_flints_f.html |accessdate=30 November 2011|newspaper=Flint Journal|date=November 4, 2011}}</ref> within 60 days. If a financial emergency existed but local officials had a viable plan to correct the situation, then the panel could recommend a consent agreement. Otherwise, the panel could recommend an emergency manager to take control of the local government.<ref name=fj2>{{cite news|last=Longley|first=Kristin|title=State review panel recommends emergency financial manager be appointed in Flint |url=http://www.mlive.com/news/flint/index.ssf/2011/11/state_review_panel_recommends.html |accessdate=30 November 2011|newspaper=Flint Journal|date=November 8, 2011}}</ref> The Governor was given 10 days after the panel reported its findings to choose an option.<ref name=fj1/> The local government then had seven days to request a hearing by the Governor or his designee to appeal the decision.<ref name=fj2/> Local governments were required to pay the emergency manager.<ref name=fj5>{{cite news|last=Oosting|first=Jonathan|title=Replacement emergency manager law, like right to work, would be immune from Michigan voter referendum|url=http://www.mlive.com/politics/index.ssf/2012/12/replacement_emergency_manager.html|accessdate=21 July 2013|date=December 11, 2012}}</ref>

===Public Act 436 of 2012=== The Local Financial Stability and Choice Act of 2012 includes several triggers for a preliminary review: *board requesting a review via resolution, *local petition of 5 percent of gubernatorial election voters requesting one, *creditor's written request, *missed payroll, *missed pension payments, *deficit-elimination plan breach or lack of such a plan within 30 days after its due day, *a legislative request.<ref>Knake, Lindsay. (May 02, 2013) [http://www.mlive.com/news/saginaw/index.ssf/2013/05/michigan_department_of_educati_2.html Michigan Department of Education: Too early to tell what will happen to Saginaw County's Buena Vista School District]. The Saginaw News. Retrieved on September 4, 2013.</ref>

As with the previous law, various reviews are taken before any actions are made. The State Financial Authority, either the State Treasurer or Superintendent of Public Instruction, must provide an interim report within 20 days of creating a preliminary review to the local government. Then within 30 days, they must provide a final report to the Local Emergency Financial Assistance Review Board (ELB).<ref>[http://www.michigan.gov/treasury/0,1607,7-121-1751_51556-198770--,00.html How a Financial Emergency Works], ''Michigan Department of Treasury'', retrieved on March 15, 2015.</ref> If the review finds a financial emergency exists, the local government is given four different choices: a consent agreement, chapter 9 bankruptcy, mediation or emergency manager.<ref name=fj4>{{cite news| last=Oosting| first=Jonathan|title=Snyder signs replacement emergency manager law: We 'heard, recognized and respected' will of voters |url= http://www.mlive.com/politics/index.ssf/2012/12/snyder_signs_replacement_emerg.html |accessdate=30 January 2013|newspaper=MLive.com|date=December 27, 2012}}</ref> Under this law, the State government pays the manager's pay under this version.<ref name=fj5/> If an emergency manager is appointed, when the manager files his plan with the state, the local governing board may propose an alternative plan which the Local Emergency Financial Board will select which version the manager will implement. After one year, the manager may be removed by a 2/3 vote of the governing body.<ref name=fj4/>

A "transition advisory board" may be appointed after an emergency manager leaves a governmental unit and is to oversee the unit's finances.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Longley|first1=Kristin|title=Flint City Council letter to Gov. Snyder: 'We are on the wrong path' with emergency manager|url=http://www.mlive.com/news/flint/index.ssf/2013/01/flint_city_council_to_gov_snyd.html|accessdate=October 18, 2013|work=The Flint Journal|publisher=Mlive Media Group|date=January 22, 2013}}</ref> The law also allows the governor to impose a model charter or revise the existing one before the municipality exits receivership.<ref>Adams, Dominic. (September 22, 2013) [http://www.mlive.com/news/flint/index.ssf/2013/09/flints_charter_could_be_changi.html Uncharted waters: Next Flint emergency manager could radically change the way city is run]. Mlive Media Group: The Flint Journal. Accessed on October 18, 2013.</ref>

==School district dissolution== PA 72 provided statute for school districts to also come under Emergency Financial Manager. These powers were further extended under Public Act 10 of 1999, a separate state control arrangement, under which Detroit Public Schools operated from 1999 through 2005 during the John Engler administration for academic reasons.<ref>[http://www.mackinac.org/7556 Takeover of Detroit Schools Shows Few Intended Results]</ref> At the time the state assumed control in 1999, Detroit Public Schools had a budget surplus of nearly $115 million.<ref>{{cite web|title=2000 Comprehensive Annual Financial Support|url=http://detroit.k12.mi.us/data/finance/docs/2000.06.30_DPS_General_Purpose_Financial_Statements.pdf|website=Detroit Public Schools|accessdate=18 January 2016|archive-date=26 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160326035606/http://detroit.k12.mi.us/data/finance/docs/2000.06.30_DPS_General_Purpose_Financial_Statements.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> At the end of the 2005 school year, the final year of the state's initial period controlling Detroit Public Schools, the district had accumulated a $31 million deficit.<ref>{{cite web|title=2006 Comprehensive Annual Financial Support|url=http://detroit.k12.mi.us/data/finance/docs/2006_Comprehensive_Annual_Financial_Report.pdf|website=Detroit Public Schools|accessdate=18 January 2016|archive-date=26 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160326044141/http://detroit.k12.mi.us/data/finance/docs/2006_Comprehensive_Annual_Financial_Report.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Detroit Public Schools came under a financial emergency in 2009 under PA 72. With the expansion of emergency manager powers with PA 436, other schools have come under emergency management including school districts in the City of Muskegon Heights and City of Highland Park.<ref>[http://sugarlaw.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/Emergency-Manager-Timeline-Background-Facts.pdf Sugar Law] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402154453/http://sugarlaw.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/Emergency-Manager-Timeline-Background-Facts.pdf |date=2015-04-02 }},''Sugar Law Center''. May 2013. Retrieved March 15, 2015.</ref>

On July 2, 2013, a school district dissolution provision was passed into law allowing school districts that are financially struggling to be dissolved <ref>[http://michiganradio.org/post/struggling-school-districts-can-be-dissolved-under-new-law Struggling school districts can be dissolved under new law]. Michigan Radio. Accessed on November 19, 2013.</ref> by the state treasurer and state superintendent<ref>Knake, Lindsay. (July 18, 2013). [http://www.mlive.com/news/saginaw/index.ssf/2013/07/buena_vista_schools_partners_w.html Buena Vista schools partners with charter company Leona Group as possible dissolution looms]. The Saginaw News. Retrieved on August 16, 2013.</ref> with the intermediate school district splitting up the district's territory between neighboring school districts.<ref name=abc>Burns, Candace. (July 31, 2013) [http://www.abc12.com/story/22966432/sisd-officially-dissolves-buena-vista-schools SISD officially dissolves Buena Vista schools] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140818143459/http://www.abc12.com/story/22966432/sisd-officially-dissolves-buena-vista-schools |date=August 18, 2014 }}. ABC12. Retrieved on August 16, 2013.</ref> Dissolved school districts become a tax-collecting unit, under the intermediate school district's control, to pay off debts.<ref>Knake, Lindsay. (July 11, 2013) [http://www.mlive.com/news/saginaw/index.ssf/2013/07/buena_vista_school_district_ow_1.html Buena Vista School District could keep collecting taxes after dissolution to repay debt]. The Saginaw News. Retrieved on August 16, 2013.</ref>

;Dissolved school districts *Buena Vista School District (Michigan), July 30, 2013<ref name=abc/> *Inkster Public Schools, July 25, 2013<ref>Smith, Brian. "[http://www.mlive.com/education/index.ssf/2013/07/inkster_first_schools_to_be_di.html Inkster schools first to be dissolved; students split across 4 districts]." ''Mlive''. July 26, 2013. Retrieved on November 2, 2013.</ref>

==Local Emergency Financial Assistance Loan Board== The Local Emergency Financial Assistance Loan Board (ELB) is ex officio formed board consisting of the State Treasurer of Michigan, director of licensing and regulatory affairs and the Director of Technology, Management and Budget as members or their respective designees.<ref>[http://www.michigan.gov/treasury/0,4679,7-121-1755_1963-338273--,00.html ELB approves Detroit financing proposals, land transfer], ''Michigan Department of Treasury'', Retrieved on March 15, 2015.</ref> The board selects the emergency manager and chooses between the emergency manager's cost-cutting plan and the local unit board's alternative plan.<ref name=fj4/> The ELB approves all major financial decisions over $10,000 while a municipality is under emergency management, including transfers of publicly owned assets.{{citation needed|date=March 2015}}

==Emergency manager== An emergency manager, formerly an emergency financial manager, is an official appointed by the governor to take control of a local government under a financial emergency in the State of Michigan and is not the same as an emergency manager as defined by the International Association of Emergency Managers (IAEM) and the U.S. Department of Labor job classification.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bls.gov/ooh/management/emergency-management-directors.htm|title=Emergency Management Directors : Occupational Outlook Handbook: : U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics}}</ref> A manager temporarily supplants the governing body, chief executive officer, or chief administrative officer of the local government and has the authority to remove any of the unit's elected officials should they refuse to provide any information or assistance.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Emergency Manager |url=https://www.michigan.gov/documents/snyder/EMF_Fact_Sheet2_347889_7.pdf |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20220322033400/https://www.michigan.gov/documents/snyder/EMF_Fact_Sheet2_347889_7.pdf |archive-date=2022-03-22 |access-date=2026-05-18 |website=www.michigan.gov}}</ref> Managers have complete control over the local unit with the ability to reduce pay, outsource work, reorganize departments and modify employee contracts.<ref name=fj3>{{cite news|last=Longley|first=Kristin|title=Other emergency managers provide glimpse of what Flint can expect under state takeover |url=http://www.mlive.com/news/flint/index.ssf/2011/11/other_emergency_managers_provi.html |accessdate=30 November 2011|newspaper=Flint Journal|date=November 18, 2011}}</ref> Emergency managers assigned to school districts may transfer failing schools to the Education Achievement Authority.<ref>{{cite news|last=Higgins|first=Lori|title=State district for failing schools may expand past DPS earlier than planned|url=http://www.freep.com/article/20111205/NEWS05/112050321/State-district-failing-schools-may-expand-past-DPS-earlier-than-planned|accessdate=5 December 2011|newspaper=Detroit Free Press|date=Dec 4, 2011}}</ref>

===List of emergency managers=== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Local Government !! Term !! Manager !! Governor |- | City of Allen Park ||data-sort-value=201210|October 2012–September 2014 || Joyce A. Parker || Rick Snyder<ref name=mc>{{cite news|last=Moore|first=Lynn|title=Highland Park Schools added to Muskegon Heights emergency manager's responsibilities|url=http://www.mlive.com/news/muskegon/index.ssf/2012/10/highland_park_schools_added_to.html|accessdate=21 July 2013|newspaper=Muskegon Chronicle|date=October 25, 2012}}</ref><ref>[http://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/local/wayne-county/2014/09/25/allen-park-financial-emergency-resolved-snyder/16213405/ Allen Park financial emergency resolved, Snyder says], The Detroit News, Retrieved on March 15, 2015</ref> |- |City of Lincoln Park |July 2014 - December 2015 |Brad Coulter |Rick Snyder |- | rowspan=2 | City of Benton Harbor ||data-sort-value=201004| Apr 2010 - Jan 2013 || Joseph Harris || Jennifer Granholm |- |data-sort-value=201301| January 2013–March 2014 || Tony Saunders || Rick Snyder<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.michigan.gov/treasury/0,4679,7-121-1755_1963-292933--,00.html |title=TREASURY - Emergency Loan Board Appoints Tony Saunders II Successor-Emergency Financial Manager in Benton Harbor |access-date=2013-10-04 |archive-date=2013-09-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921171334/http://www.michigan.gov/treasury/0,4679,7-121-1755_1963-292933--,00.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Terry |last=Stanton |title=Emergency Loan Board Appoints Tony Saunders II Successor-Emergency Financial Manager in Benton Harbor? |url=http://www.michigan.gov/treasury/0,4679,7-121-1755_1963-292933--,00.html |work=Michigan.gov |date=January 11, 2013}}</ref><ref>[http://www.mlive.com/lansing-news/index.ssf/2014/03/benton_harbor_run_by_emergency.html Four years later, Benton Harbor's financial emergency is over, according to manager], ''MLive.com'', Retrieved on March 15, 2015.</ref> |- | City of Detroit ||data-sort-value=201303| March 2013– {{dts|2014|12|10}} || Kevyn Orr || Rick Snyder<ref name=ml2/> |- | City of Ecorse ||data-sort-value=200910| Oct 2009 - Apr 2013 || Joyce A. Parker || Jennifer Granholm |- | rowspan=6 | City of Flint ||data-sort-value=200207| Jul 2002 - Jun 2004 || Ed Kurtz || John Engler |- |data-sort-value=201112| Dec 2011 - Aug 2012 || Michael Brown || Rick Snyder |- |data-sort-value=201208| Aug 2012 - July 2013 || Ed Kurtz || Rick Snyder |- |data-sort-value=201307| July 2013 - October 2013 || Michael Brown || Rick Snyder |- |data-sort-value=201310| October 2013 - January 2015 || Darnell Earley || Rick Snyder<ref>Adams, Dominic. (September 11, 201) [http://www.mlive.com/news/flint/index.ssf/2013/09/darnell_earley_readies_to_take.html Darnell Earley promises bold steps as Flint emergency manager]. MLive Media Group: The Flint Journal. Accessed on October 18, 2013.</ref> |- |data-sort-value=201501 | January 2015–{{dts|2015|4|30}}<ref name=fj6/> || Jerry Ambrose || Rick Snyder<ref name=ml3>{{cite news|title=Jerry Ambrose named Flint's fourth emergency manager as Darnell Earley heads to Detroit|url=http://www.mlive.com/news/flint/index.ssf/2015/01/jerry_ambrose_tapped_as_next_e.html|accessdate=January 13, 2015|work=The Flint Journal|publisher=Mlive Media Group|date=January 13, 2015}}</ref> |- | rowspan=3 | Hamtramck City || 1988-?<ref name=mr/> || || |- |data-sort-value=200011| December 2000<ref name=migov0>[http://michigan.gov/treasury/0,1607,7-121-1751_51556-253021--,00.html Past Financial Emergency Information]. State of Michigan: Department of Treasury. Accessed on November 4, 2013</ref>- Feb 2007 || Louis Schimmel || John Engler<ref>[http://www.michigan.gov/som/0,4669,7-192-29943_34759-153424--,00.html State Board Recommends Revocation of Hamtramck Financial Emergency], ''Michigan.gov'', Retrieved on March 15, 2015.</ref> |- |data-sort-value=201307| July 2013 – Dec 2014 || Cathy Square || Rick Snyder <ref>[http://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/local/wayne-county/2014/12/18/hamtramck-emerges-emergency-management/20599645/ Hamtramck emerges from emergency management], ''The Detroit News'', Retrieved on March 15, 2015.</ref> |- | rowspan=3 | City of Highland Park |data-sort-value=201210| Dec 2000 - Mar 2005 || Ramona Henderson Pearson || John Engler<ref>{{cite news |url= http://html.clickondetroit.com/det/news/stories/news-20001206-140225.html |title= State Will Manage Highland Park's Finances |publisher= WDIV-TV |date= 2000-12-06 |accessdate= 2010-01-11 |url-status= dead |archiveurl= https://archive.today/20120715093738/http://html.clickondetroit.com/det/news/stories/news-20001206-140225.html |archivedate= 2012-07-15 }}</ref> |- |data-sort-value=200503| Mar 2005 - Apr 2009 || Arthur Blackwell || Jennifer Granholm<ref>"[http://www.michigan.gov/treasury/0,4679,7-121-1755_1963-213134--,00.html Mason Named Highland Park Financial Manager]." ''Department of Treasury''. April 18, 2009. Retrieved on April 29, 2009.</ref> |- |data-sort-value=200904| Apr 2009 - Jul 2009 || Robert Mason || Jennifer Granholm<ref>[http://www.pressbox.co.uk/cgi-bin/links/page.cgi?g=detailed%2F343151.html;d=1 Treasury EFM Robert Mason Transfers Control Back to Highland Park] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415043422/http://www.pressbox.co.uk/cgi-bin/links/page.cgi?g=detailed%2F343151.html;d=1 |date=2012-04-15 }}, Pressbox Press Release, July 17, 2009</ref> |- | rowspan=2 |City of Pontiac ||data-sort-value=201008| Aug 2010 - Oct 2011 || Michael Stampfler || Jennifer Granholm |- |data-sort-value=201110| Oct 2011 - August 2013 || Louis Schimmel || Rick Snyder<ref name=fj3/> |- | Three Oaks Village ||data-sort-value=2008 | December 2008 - December 2009 || Pam Amato || Jennifer Granholm<ref>{{cite news|title=Pam Amato's time in Three Oaks ends well|url=http://www.harborcountry-news.com/articles/2009/12/10/local_news/20091210-archive.txt|accessdate=September 19, 2014|work=Harbor County News|date=December 10, 2009}}</ref> |- | rowspan=3 | Detroit Public Schools ||data-sort-value=200903| Mar 2009 - May 2011 || Robert Bobb || Jennifer Granholm<ref>{{cite web |author= Duggan, Daniel |url= http://www.crainsdetroit.com/article/20091104/FREE/911049989 |title= Freman Hendrix asked about Detroit Public Schools' $13 million lease in 2001 |publisher= Crain's Detroit Business |date= November 4, 2009 |accessdate= November 7, 2009}}</ref> |- |data-sort-value=201105| May 2011 – January 2015 || Roy Roberts || Rick Snyder<ref>{{cite news |last=Chambers |first=Jennifer |title=Official revives DPS fight |url=http://detnews.com/article/20111128/SCHOOLS/111280328/1026/schools/Official-revives-DPS-fight |accessdate=5 December 2011 |newspaper=The Detroit News |date=November 28, 2011 }}{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |- |data-sort-value=201501 | January 2015 - February 2016 ||Darnell Earley || Rick Snyder<ref name=ml3/> |- | Muskegon Heights School District ||data-sort-value=201204 | April 2012 - October 2016 ||Donald Weatherspoon || Rick Snyder<ref>{{cite news|last=Moore|first=Lynn|title=Governor names emergency manager for Muskegon Heights Public Schools|url=http://www.mlive.com/news/muskegon/index.ssf/2012/04/governor_names_emergency_manag.html|accessdate=21 July 2013|newspaper=Muskegon Chronicle|date=April 19, 2012}}</ref> |- | rowspan="4" | Highland Park Schools ||data-sort-value=201201| Jan 2012– October 2012 ||Jack Martin || Rick Snyder<ref>{{cite news|last=Foley|first=Aaron|title=From state-of-the-art to state takeover: The rise and fall of Highland Park Public Schools|url=http://www.mlive.com/news/detroit/index.ssf/2012/02/highland_park_schools.html|accessdate=2 February 2012|newspaper=mlive.com|date=February 2, 2012}}</ref> |- |data-sort-value=201210 |October 2012 - February 2016 || Donald Weatherspoon || Rick Snyder<ref name=mc/> |- |Feb 2016 - October 2016 |Steve Schiller |Rick Snyder<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.michigan.gov/som/0,4669,7-192-26847-396225--,00.html|title=SOM - New emergency manager appointed for Highland Park School District|website=www.michigan.gov|language=en|access-date=2018-07-31}}</ref> |- |October 2016 - May 2018 |Kevin Smith |Rick Snyder<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.crainsdetroit.com/article/20180627/news/664761/highland-park-schools-regain-local-control-no-emergency-managers-in|title=Highland Park schools regain local control; no emergency managers in place in Michigan|date=2018-06-27|work=Crain's Detroit Business|access-date=2018-07-31}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> |}

==Other== *Bankruptcy **Detroit (in addition to emergency manager) ({{dts|2013|7|21}}-<ref name=ml0/>{{dts|2014|12|10}}<ref name=ml2/>) *Consent agreements **Inkster, March 2012-<ref>Oosting, Jonathan. (March 09, 2012) [http://www.mlive.com/news/detroit/index.ssf/2012/03/gov_snyder_agrees_with_review.html Gov. Snyder approves consent agreement -- not emergency manager -- for Inkster]. Mlive.com. Accessed on November 3, 2013.</ref> **Detroit (March 2012- ) <ref>Oosting, Jonathan. (March 13, 2012) [http://www.mlive.com/news/detroit/index.ssf/2012/03/state_treasury_to_present_detr.html#incart_river_default State Treasury to present Detroit City Council with language of proposed consent agreement]. Mlive.com. Accessed on November 3, 2013.</ref> -August 8, 2012 **Pontiac Public Schools<ref name=migov>[http://michigan.gov/treasury/0,4679,7-121-1751_51556_64472-201116--,00.html Emergency Manager Information]. Michigan Department of Treasury. Accessed on November 4, 2013.</ref> *Court order receivership **Ecorse (1986-1990) *Financial review commission **Detroit<ref name=ml2/> *Transition advisory board **Ecorse (May 1, 2013 – present<ref name=ml/>) **City of Pontiac (August 2013 – present<ref name=ml1/>) **City of Allen Park (September 2014 – present)<ref>{{cite news|last1=Kalish|first1=Jenny|title=Special Transition Advisory Board meeting in Allen Park set for Thursday|url=http://www.thenewsherald.com/articles/2015/03/10/news/doc54ff3fb6b663b564073311.txt|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304052410/http://www.thenewsherald.com/articles/2015/03/10/news/doc54ff3fb6b663b564073311.txt|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 4, 2016|accessdate=March 19, 2015|work=The News-Herald|date=March 10, 2015}}</ref> **City of Flint ({{dts|2015|4|30}}<ref name=fj6>{{cite news|last1=Fonger|first1=Ron|title='A heavy burden' lifted from Flint as Gov. Rick Snyder declares end of financial emergency|url=http://www.mlive.com/news/flint/index.ssf/2015/04/a_heavy_burden_lifted_from_fli.html|accessdate=July 18, 2015|work=Flint Journal|publisher=Mlive Media Group|date=April 29, 2015}}</ref>-{{dts|2019|1|11}}<ref>{{cite news |last1=Goodin-Smith |first1=Oona |title=State board OKs giving financial powers back to Flint officials |url=https://www.mlive.com/news/flint/2018/01/flint_rtab_moves_to_return_dai.html |accessdate=14 January 2020 |work=MLive.com |date=11 January 2019}}</ref> )

==See also== {{portal|Michigan}} *Chapter 9, Title 11, United States Code, a chapter of the United States Bankruptcy Code, available exclusively to municipalities, that assists them in the restructuring of debts. *Education Achievement Authority, a Michigan statewide school system for failing schools *Municipal Assistance Corporation, New York State receivership agencies

== References == {{Reflist}}

==External links== *[http://michigan.gov/treasury/0,4679,7-121-1751_51556---,00.html Local Government Fiscal Health], State of Michigan Department of Treasury website central page regarding financial emergencies and local unit audits

{{Detroit Public Schools|state=collapsed}}

Category:Government of Michigan Category:United States bankruptcy law Category:Local government in Michigan