{{Use New Zealand English|date=April 2024}} {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}} {{Infobox company | name = Ellis and Burnand Limited | logo = | image = File:Ellis and Burnand head office.jpg | image_caption = 1905 head office on Bryce St, Hamilton | type = | traded_as = | industry = | founded = 1890 | founder = J. W. Ellis and J. H. D. Burnand | defunct = 1980 | hq_location_city = [[Hamilton, New Zealand|Hamilton]] | area_served = | key_people = | products = | revenue = | operating_income = | net_income = | num_employees = | num_employees_year = 4,000 (1923) | parent = | subsidiaries = | footnotes = | hq_location_country = New Zealand | website = | intl = }} '''Ellis and Burnand''' was a [[New Zealand]] sawmilling and timber retailing company, formed by businessman [[John William Ellis]] and engineer [[Harry Burnand]] in 1891.

Ellis and Burnand Ltd<ref name=":04">{{Cite news|url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/WT19180806.2.27|title=Obituary|date=6 August 1918|work=Waikato Times|access-date=10 February 2018|page=4}}</ref> was [[Incorporation (business)|incorporated]] in 1903.<ref name=":64" /> They were responsible for [[Deforestation in New Zealand|felling much of the native bush]] in the southern [[Waikato]] and northern [[Manawatū-Whanganui#Forestry|Manawatu-Whanganui regions]]. Their operations expanded initially to supply the timber needs of the [[North Island Main Trunk|North Island Main Trunk railway]] as it was extended south. Once the railway opened, new mills were built to exploit previously hard to access areas.

[[Fletcher Challenge|Fletcher Holdings]] bought the company in 1990, rebranding it as [[PlaceMakers]]. [[File:Ellis_and_Burnand_location_diagram.jpg|thumb|locations and start dates of sawmills]] Ellis & Burnand's cutting sites were linked to their sawmills by [[bush tramway]]s, one of which forms the southern end of the [[Timber Trail]] cycleway, opened in 2013.

== Origins == Ellis's first venture into timber milling seems to have started at [[Invasion of the Waikato#Ōrākau|Ōrākau]], near Kihikihi (where he ran a store) in 1884,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/WT18840226.2.29.6|title=Page 3 Advertisements Column 6|date=26 February 1884|work=Waikato Times|access-date=19 May 2018|page=3}}</ref> though the sources differ on several dates in this period, some saying it wasn't until 1886.<ref name=":04"/> He then employed 4 men on 2 saw benches, powered by an 8&nbsp;hp [[Portable engine|portable steam engine]].<ref name=":10">{{Cite web|url=https://natlib.govt.nz/records/31196835|title=1953 jubilee year: half a century of progress in the timber industry of New Zealand, 1903–1953 |type=Library catalog entry |website=National Library of New Zealand |language=en-NZ |access-date=19 May 2018}}</ref>

Having started in 1884, Ellis seems to have left further expansion in milling for a few years. Coulthard Bros had a mill at [[Ohaupo railway station|Ohaupo]], which they moved to Rahu, [[Te Awamutu]] in 1882.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/WT18820318.2.23.5|title=Page 3 Advertisements Column 5|date=18 March 1882|work=Waikato Times|access-date=17 February 2018|page=3}}</ref> Graham joined the mill in 1883,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/WT18830512.2.21.2|title=Page 4 Advertisements Column 2|date=12 May 1883|work=Waikato Times|access-date=17 February 2018|page=4}}</ref> Stephen N Westney in 1885,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19320908.2.17|title=Obituary.|date=8 September 1932|work= [[Auckland Star]]|access-date=21 February 2018|page=3}}</ref> then Ellis seems to have joined them at [[Rangiaowhia|Rangiaohia]] from 1889<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/WT18890406.2.34.5|title=Page 3 Advertisements Column 5|date=6 April 1889|work=Waikato Times|access-date=17 February 2018|page=3}}</ref> to 1890.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/WT18900612.2.2.3|title=Page 1 Advertisements Column 3|date=12 June 1890|work=Waikato Times|access-date=17 February 2018|page=1}}</ref> 'Established 1889' was on the sign over the Ellis & Burnand Ltd head office in 1905 (see photo above).<ref name=":10" />

In 1889 railway engineer, Harry Burnand, and local storekeeper, John Ellis, spent 6 days<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/WH18891228.2.7|title=Saturday, December 28, 1889. the Brazilian Revolution.|date=28 December 1889|work=[[The Wanganui Herald]]|access-date=22 March 2018|page=2}}</ref> taking a canoe down the [[Ongarue River|Ongarue]] and [[Whanganui River]]s from [[Poro-O-Tarao railway station|Poro-o-tarao]] tunnel, where Harry was inspector of works.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH18891223.2.19|title=New Zealand Herald|date=23 December 1889|access-date=16 February 2018|page=4}}</ref>

== Sites ==

=== Otorohanga === Ellis and Henry Lewis started building a sawmill at [[Otorohanga railway station#Rangitoto Colliery Co. branch|Otorohanga]] early in 1890,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH18901003.2.56|title=Country News.|date=3 October 1890|work= [[The New Zealand Herald]]|access-date=24 March 2018|page=6}}</ref> with a daily capacity of {{Convert|10000|ft||abbr=on}},<ref name=":10" /> milling [[Dacrycarpus dacrydioides|kahikatea]] and [[Dacrydium cupressinum|rimu]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/ROTWKG19190409.2.10|title=The Victory Loan.|date=9 April 1919|work=Rodney and Otamatea Times, Waitemata and Kaipara Gazette|access-date=20 May 2018|page=4}}</ref> and probably including plant from Ellis's 1884 Kihikihi mill.<ref name=":10" /> By the end of the year they were seeking tenders<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH18901003.2.56|title=Country News.|date=3 October 1890|work= [[The New Zealand Herald]]|access-date=16 February 2018|page=6}}</ref> for a short tramway.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/WT18901225.2.28.2|title=Page 3 Advertisements Column 2|date=25 December 1890|work=Waikato Times|access-date=23 March 2018|page=3}}</ref>

Ellis and Burnand became business partners in 1890<ref name=":4"/> (or, more probably, in 1891),<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/WT18910702.2.10|title=Waikato Times|date=2 July 1891|access-date=16 February 2018|page=2}}</ref> when Burnand bought Lewis's interest in the Otorohanga mill<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH18910826.2.45|title=Country News.|date=26 August 1891|work= [[The New Zealand Herald]]|access-date=22 March 2018|page=6}}</ref> and left his railway job.<ref name=":64">{{Cite web|url=https://forms.justice.govt.nz/search/Documents/WT/wt_DOC_806440/Wai%20898%2C%20A025.pdf|title=Maori and the Forestry, Mining, Fishing, and Tourism Industries of the Rohe Potae Inquiry District 1880–2000|last=Cleaver|first=Philip|date=February 2011|website=Waitangi Tribunal}}</ref> Ellis's partnership with Lewis was dissolved on 12 August 1891,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/WT18910822.2.35.3|title=Page 3 Advertisements Column 3|date=22 August 1891|work=Waikato Times|access-date=23 March 2018|page=3}}</ref> the first reference to 'Ellis and Burnand' being later that month.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS18910825.2.3.6|title=Page 1 Advertisements Column 6|date=25 August 1891|work= [[Auckland Star]]|access-date=24 March 2018|page=1}}</ref> The tramway was mentioned in 1892.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH18920713.2.26|title=Floods at Waikato.|date=13 July 1892|work= [[The New Zealand Herald]]|access-date=23 March 2018|page=5}}</ref> The Otorohanga bush was exhausted and the mill closed in 1912.<ref name=":10" />

Though the mill had closed by then, the 1919 Railways Authorisation Bill included a, "''branch line from Otorohanga, along right bank of the Waipa River, to the south boundary of Block VI, Mangaoronga survey district. Length about 7½ miles''." The Railway Atlas indicates the line was horse worked, served the Ellis and [[Harry Burnand|Burnand]] Mill, as well as the Rangitoto Colliery, and existed by 1921.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OsnRPgAACAAJ|title=New Zealand Railway and Tramway Atlas|last1=Yonge|first1=John Roger|date=1993|publisher=Quail Map Company|isbn=978-0-900609-92-3|language=en}}</ref>

=== Mangapehi === [[File:Mangapehi_Sawmill,_Ellis_and_Burnand_Ltd_(21499027915).jpg|thumb|Mangapehi Sawmill, Ellis and Burnand Ltd]] Ellis became the confidential adviser of [[Tāwhiao|King Tāwhiao]], which helped him acquire timber rights over large areas of bush near [[Manunui]], Otorohanga and [[Mangapehi River|Mangapehi]],<ref name=":04"/> so that he focussed on the timber trade and sold his stores about 1897.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/WT19060614.2.24|title=Progress in the King Country|date=14 June 1906|work=Waikato Times|access-date=16 February 2018|page=3}}</ref>

Next year, in 1898, Ellis secured further timber rights over {{Convert|30163|acre||abbr=on}} at [[Rangitoto Range|Rangitoto Tuhua]], also known as Te Tiroa. By 1901, they had a small portable mill at Tiroa, with some of the timber used for building the larger Mangapehi mill.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=https://forms.justice.govt.nz/search/Documents/WT/wt_DOC_806440/Wai%20898%2C%20A025.pdf|title=Maori and the Forestry, Mining, Fishing, and Tourism Industries of the Rohe Potae Inquiry District 1880–2000|last=Cleaver|first=Philip|date=February 2011|website=Waitangi Tribunal}}</ref>

This allowed the company to expand, saying in 1909, "''My company hold no Crown land for sawmilling purposes other than the sawmillsites at Manunui and Mangapeehi. Our timber-rights are all in the form of agreements with Natives''." Other mills established in the 1900s found themselves in difficulties due to more restricted access to native bush. Expansion was also assisted by development the [[Lombard Steam Log Hauler|steam hauler]], which replaced [[Bullock cart|bullock teams]] and increased the area of millable bush that could be worked profitably.<ref name=":3">{{cite news|url= https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/parliamentary/appendix-to-the-journals-of-the-house-of-representatives/1909/II/5310|title=REPORT of Commission on the Timber and Timber-Building Industries; together with Minutes of Proceedings and of Evidence.|date=1909}}</ref>

The Mangapehi site was about {{Convert|30|km||abbr=on}} south of [[Te Kūiti]] on the newly opened NIMT railway, near [[Podocarpus totara|totara]] and [[Dacrydium cupressinum|rimu]] bush.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19030930.2.24|title=Trade and Labour Notes.|date=30 September 1903|work= [[Auckland Star]]|access-date=23 March 2018|page=2}}</ref> The railway needed many [[Podocarpus totara|totara]] sleepers. In 1900 10,000 were delivered to Mangapehi, in 1901 20,000 to Ongarue<ref>{{cite news|url= https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/parliamentary/appendix-to-the-journals-of-the-house-of-representatives/1901/I/2767|title=Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives 1901 Session I PUBLIC WORKS STATEMENT BY THE HON. W. HALL-JONES, MINISTER FOR PUBLIC WORKS, 22nd OCTOBER, 1901|website=paperspast.natlib.govt.nz|language=en|access-date=22 March 2018}}</ref> and 5,000 to Mangapehi and another 3,000 to Ongarue in 1903.<ref name=":6" /> [[File:C1922_Mangapehi_sawmill_log_train.jpg|thumb|Climax loco with log train on Mangapehi mill tramway about 1922]] Work started in 1902<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19020303.2.65|title=News from Country. Districts.|date=3 March 1902|work= [[The New Zealand Herald]]|access-date=16 February 2018|page=7}}</ref> and Mangapehi mill opened in 1903,<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7">{{Cite web|url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/biographies/3v2/valder-henry|title=Valder, Henry|last=Taonga|first=New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu|website=teara.govt.nz|language=en|access-date=10 February 2018}}</ref> or 1904,<ref name=":10" /> after lengthy construction, including {{Convert|11|mi||abbr=on}} of tramway.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19030506.2.12.5|title=The Main Trunk Line.|date=6 May 1903|work= [[The New Zealand Herald]]|access-date=23 March 2018|page=3}}</ref> The tramway was still being built in 1904.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/WT19040323.2.7|title=Local and General.|date=23 March 1904|work=Waikato Times|access-date=16 February 2018|page=2}}</ref> In 1905 a [[Climax locomotive#Class B|Climax loco]], able to cope with the 1 in 15 grades,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/WAIGUS19050114.2.7|title=The Waikato Argus. Saturday, January 14, 1905.|access-date=17 February 2018|page=2}}</ref> replaced horses.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/WAIGUS19050418.2.7|title=Waikato Argus|date=18 April 1905|access-date=17 February 2018|page=2}}</ref> By 1909 Mangapehi mill had over {{Convert|14|mi||abbr=on}} of tramway, built at an average cost of over £1,000 per mile.<ref name=":3" />

In 1903, the capital value of Ellis and Burnand's operations was about £30,000. To meet these development costs the company negotiated with the Melbourne-based [[Kauri Timber Company]], which bought a 47.5% stake in Ellis and Burnand in 1904. From then to 1907, the Mangapehi mill did not return a profit, but from 1908 to 1911 the company made net profits of around £10,000 to £18,000 a year.<ref name=":6" /> By 1909 the capital of the company had risen to £75,000. That was represented by 4 [[King Country|King-country]] sawmills and a sash, door, and butter-box factory at Hamilton, the total capacity of the mills being about {{Convert|1500000|ft||abbr=on}} a month, employing 3 to 400 men.<ref name=":3" />

As Mangapehi was remote, the development costs included a public hall, social club, billiard rooms, bowling and croquet greens, tennis courts, football and cricket fields, a post office, a school, stores, medical services, ambulance, public library, a railway station and roads.<ref name=":10" /> [[File:Maraeroa_mill_in_1953.jpg|thumb|Maraeroa mill in 1953]] Ellis & Burnand's profits benefitted from inflation from 1908 to 1924,<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SuoLAQAAIAAJ&q=%22j.+w.+ellis%22+nz&pg=PA567|title=Parliamentary Debates|last=Parliament|first=New Zealand|date=1924|language=en}}</ref> when royalties for timber were increased, with a new agreement signed in 1925.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19250430.2.117|title=Maoris and Timer.|date=30 April 1925|work= [[The New Zealand Herald]]|access-date=23 March 2018|page=10}}</ref> Almost 200 were then working at Mangapehi.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19251119.2.138|title=The King Country.|date=19 November 1925|work= [[The New Zealand Herald]]|access-date=23 March 2018|page=13}}</ref> The mill closed in 1968.

In 1936 3 mills and bush areas were bought from Hayward Timber Company at Waimiha, but were exhausted by 1945 and the cottages, mill and most of the staff were transferred to Mangapehi.<ref name=":10" />

Although most of the logs from Maraeroa (in the centre of [[Pureora Forest Park|Pureora]] forest)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Maraeroa, Manawatu-Wanganui|url=https://www.topomap.co.nz/NZTopoMap/nz54574/Maraeroa/|access-date=2021-09-04|website=NZ Topo Map|language=en}}</ref> were milled at Mangapehi,<ref>{{Cite web|date=Feb 2011|title=MAORI AND THE FORESTRY, MINING, FISHING, AND TOURISM INDUSTRIES OF THE ROHE POT AE INQUIRY DISTRICT, 1880-2000|url=https://forms.justice.govt.nz/search/Documents/WT/wt_DOC_806440/Wai%20898%2C%20A025.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324223757/https://forms.justice.govt.nz/search/Documents/WT/wt_DOC_806440/Wai%20898%2C%20A025.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018 }}</ref> Ellis & Burnand had a large mill at '''Maraeroa''' from 1945 to at least 1965.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=King|first1=Carolyn M.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-c3jCgAAQBAJ|title=The Drama of Conservation: The History of Pureora Forest, New Zealand|last2=Gaukrodger|first2=D. John|last3=Ritchie|first3=Neville A.|date=2015-11-07|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-319-18410-4|language=en}}</ref>

=== Hamilton === Ellis and Burnand's headquarters were transferred from Otorohanga to Hamilton<ref name=":04"/> in 1905<ref name=":7" /> (or 1906)<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=http://www.hamilton.govt.nz/our-services/cemetery-services/about/Documents/Hamilton%20East%20Cemetery%20Heritage%20Walk.pdf|title=Hamilton East Cemetery one hour Heritage Walk|website=Hamilton City Council|access-date=22 May 2018|archive-date=9 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180209065232/https://www.hamilton.govt.nz/our-services/cemetery-services/about/Documents/Hamilton%20East%20Cemetery%20Heritage%20Walk.pdf}}</ref> after they bought Coyle & Jolly's Hamilton sash and door factory in 1904<ref name=":9">{{Cite news|url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/WAIGUS19040702.2.12|title=Messrs Ellis and Burnand, Limited.|date=2 July 1904|work=Waikato Argus|access-date=16 February 2018|page=2}}</ref> and then expanded it.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/WT19050125.2.8|title=Local and General.|date=1905|work=Waikato Times|access-date=17 February 2018|page=2}}</ref> A tramway<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/WT19041022.2.8|title=Local and General.|date=22 October 1904|work=Waikato Times|access-date=17 February 2018|page=2}}</ref> and Grey St West were built to the works in 1904<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/WT19040917.2.11|title=Hamilton Borough Council.|date=17 September 1904|work=Waikato Times|access-date=17 February 2018|page=2}}</ref> and plans made for a [[Wood drying#Kiln drying|drying kiln]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/WT19041201.2.10|title=Local and General.|date=1 December 1904|work=Waikato Times|access-date=17 February 2018|page=2}}</ref> offices and workers housing.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/WAIGUS19041015.2.13|title=Hamilton Borough Council.|date=15 October 1904|work=Waikato Argus|access-date=17 February 2018|page=2}}</ref> By January 1905 the factory had begun production and was employing 40 staff.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/WT19050110.2.13|title=An Important Industry.|date=1905|work=Waikato Times|access-date=17 February 2018|page=2}}</ref> By 1906 it was producing barrels,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/WAIGUS19050913.2.8|title=Ellis and Burnand's Factory|date=13 September 1905|work=Waikato Argus|access-date=18 February 2018|page=2}}</ref> furniture and 1,100 butter boxes a day, employing 53.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/WT19060109.2.34|title=Butter Boxes.|date=1906|work=Waikato Times|access-date=18 February 2018|page=3}}</ref> The Hamilton factory was burnt down in 1916 but a larger one replaced it,<ref name=":64" /> though box making was transferred to Manunui, leaving joinery, doors, planing, resawing and retailing of timber at Hamilton.<ref name=":10" />

A new head office was started in 1924 on the corner of Bryce and Victoria Streets.<ref name=":64" /> It was sold in 1953 and replaced by a new office at the Bryce St yard. By then the Hamilton yard also had an {{Convert|18000|ft2||abbr=on}} [[Prefabricated home|pre-fabricated house factory]] able to build over 100 houses a year, and a [[wiktionary:blockboard|block board]] factory with three [[Wood drying#Kiln drying|drying kilns]].<ref name=":10" /> The houses had been produced for some years prior to 1953,<ref name=":64" /> probably about 1934.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Ruapuke: the early days|last=Trolove|first=Frederick Jack|date=1970|publisher=A.O. Rice|location=Hamilton|oclc=153881844|language=English}}</ref> A seaside cottage was being sold for £55 in 1925.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ELLIS AND BURNAND, LTD. WAIKATO TIMES|url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/WT19250605.2.78|last=|first=|date=5 Jun 1925|website=paperspast.natlib.govt.nz|access-date=2020-05-25}}</ref> Houses were displayed at Waikato Winter Shows,<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Waikato Winter Show|url=https://heritage.hamiltonlibraries.co.nz/objects/979/the-waikato-winter-show|website=Hamilton Libraries Heritage Collection Online|language=en|access-date=2020-05-25}}</ref> including a 4-room 'Economy Cottage' in 1932.<ref>{{Cite web|title=THE ECONOMY COTTAGE. WAIKATO TIMES|url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/WT19320602.2.80|last=|first=|date=2 Jun 1932|website=paperspast.natlib.govt.nz|access-date=2020-05-25}}</ref> The former yard is now the site of [[Public transport in Hamilton and Waikato#Transport Centre|Hamilton Transport Centre]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hamiltonheritagecollections.co.nz/nodes/view/2030|title=View of CBD across intersection of Anglesea and Bryce streets|website=Hamilton|access-date=2018-09-15|archive-date=15 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915225613/http://hamiltonheritagecollections.co.nz/nodes/view/2030}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.co.nz/maps/@-37.7864199,175.2788605,3a,75y,310.7h,86.3t/data=!3m6!1e1!3m4!1saZGIgCRy0nMjAvLqb30-mw!2e0!7i13312!8i6656!5m1!1e1|title=Google Maps|language=en|access-date=2018-09-15}}</ref>

=== Manunui === [[File:Ellis_and_Burnand's_sawmill_and_timber_yard_at_Manunui_(21638826165).jpg|thumb|Manunui mill before 1915 fire]] After extension of the railway to [[Taumarunui]] in 1903, the [[North Island Volcanic Plateau|Waimarino]] (renamed [[Manunui]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/king-country-places/page-7|title=7. – King Country places – Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand|last=Taonga|first=New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu|website=teara.govt.nz|language=en|access-date=21 May 2018}}</ref> to Ohotaka tramway was built,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19050216.2.101|title=News from Country Districts.|date=16 February 1905|work= [[The New Zealand Herald]]|access-date=17 February 2018|page=7}}</ref> with a {{Convert|340|ft||abbr=on}} bridge over the [[Whanganui River]] in 1905,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZTIM19050722.2.17|title=Local and General.|date=22 July 1905|work=New Zealand Times|access-date=18 February 2018|page=4}}</ref> though it had only been put out to tender at the beginning of the year.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/WAIGUS19050117.2.16.2|title=Page 3 Advertisements Column 2|date=1905|work=Waikato Argus|access-date=21 May 2018|page=3}}</ref> By 1909 Manunui had over {{Convert|5|mi||abbr=on}} of steel tramway.<ref name=":1">{{cite news|url= https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/parliamentary/appendix-to-the-journals-of-the-house-of-representatives/1909/II/5302|title=REPORT of Commission on the Timber and Timber-Building Industries; together with Minutes of Proceedings and of Evidence.|date=1909|via=Papers Past}}</ref>

The timber mill and box factory opened at Manunui in 1907 and a plywood<ref name=":64" /> and veneer factory in 1911.<ref name=":7" /> Manunui became a mill village, with mill workers' houses on acre blocks.<ref name=":1" /> During the [[History of New Zealand#Great Depression|depression]] work for all 270 staff<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19270907.2.41|title=Timber Trade Problem.|date=7 September 1927|work= [[The New Zealand Herald]]|access-date=21 February 2018|page=10}}</ref> was cut to 4 days a week. The main work then was milling kahikatea for butter boxes<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19270909.2.49|title=Butter Box Timber.|date=9 September 1927|work= [[The New Zealand Herald]]|access-date=21 February 2018|page=10}}</ref> and strawberry baskets.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/EP19270611.2.53|title=Timber Industry|date=11 June 1927|work=[[The Evening Post (New Zealand)|The Evening Post]]|access-date=21 February 2018|page=8}}</ref>

The mill closed in 1942, when the bush had been felled.<ref name=":10" /> A fire burnt down the sawmill in 1949, but the Ellis Veneer works and offices were saved.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/BOPT19490407.2.25|title=King Country Mill Destroyed|date=7 April 1949|work=Bay of Plenty Times|access-date=18 February 2018|page=3}}</ref> In 1953 they were producing about {{Convert|7000000|ft||abbr=on}} of [[plywood]] a year.<ref name=":10" />

=== Ongarue === [[File:Price locomotives of Ellis and Burnand Tramway on spiral (true to side).png|thumb|upright|[[A&G Price]] locomotives on the [[Ellis and Burnand Tramway, Ongarue|Ellis & Burnand Tramway, Ongarue]]]]

Ellis & Burnand bought the Taumarunui Totara Co mill and started to replace it with a much larger one at [[Ongarue]] in 1913.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/WC19130201.2.30|title=The Timber Industry.|date=1 February 1913|work=Wanganui Chronicle|access-date=28 April 2018|page=6}}</ref> Ongarue mill closed in 1914<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/RAMA19141112.2.3|title=Taihape Notes.|date=12 November 1914|work=Rangitikei Advocate and Manawatu Argus|access-date=28 April 2018|page=2}}</ref> and reopened in 1920<ref name=":64" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/KCC19200626.2.35|title=Ongarue Notes.|date=26 June 1920|work=King Country Chronicle|access-date=28 April 2018|page=5}}</ref> with {{Convert|10|mi||abbr=on}} of tramway.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19200908.2.3.8|title=Page 1 Advertisements Column 8|date=8 September 1920|work= [[The New Zealand Herald]]|access-date=28 April 2018|page=1}}</ref> By 1953 the tramway extended {{Convert|25|mi||abbr=on}} from the mill and had 2 locomotives.<ref name=":10" /> During the period of maximum output the annual production was 16m feet of native timber.<ref name=":64" /> The mill was still registered in 1961.<ref>{{Cite web|date=16 Nov 1961|title=New Zealand Gazette|url=http://www.nzlii.org/nz/other/nz_gazette/1961/73.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904103914/http://www.nzlii.org/nz/other/nz_gazette/1961/73.pdf |archive-date=4 September 2021 }}</ref> Since 2011 part of the [[Ellis and Burnand Tramway, Ongarue|old tramway]] has formed the [[Timber Trail]].

=== Waihou and Herriesville === Ellis & Burnand began its first milling of plantation grown ''[[Pinus radiata]]'' near [[Te Aroha]], at Herriesville and [[Waihou River|Waihou]],<ref name=":10" /> both on the former [[Thames Branch#Stations|East Coast Main Trunk railway]], from at least 1919<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/WT19191127.2.2.4|title=Page 1 Advertisements Column 4|date=27 November 1919|work=Waikato Times|access-date=22 May 2018|page=1}}</ref> to 1923.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19230730.2.27|title=Auckland Star|date=30 July 1923|access-date=2018-05-23|page=4}}</ref>

=== Waimiha === 2 mills were bought at Waimiha in 1936.<ref name=":64" />

=== Putaruru === By 1953 ''Pinus radiata'' formed over 40% of Ellis & Burnand's total timber production of {{Convert|16000000|ft||abbr=on}} from its Mangapehi, Ongarue and Putaruru mills,<ref name=":10" /> which represented about 3% of the national milling output of {{Convert|573000000|ft||abbr=on}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www3.stats.govt.nz/New_Zealand_Official_Yearbooks/1953/NZOYB_1953.html?_ga=2.107847041.285022366.1526981523-829993992.1526370356|title=New Zealand Official Yearbook 1953}}</ref> Sawmills were established at<!-- ??--> Putaruru<!-- ??-->, producing in the aggregate,<!-- over,--> after they bought a block of pines at Lichfield and a {{Convert|30|acre||abbr=on}} mill site in 1951. Cutting started in May 1952.<ref name=":10" /> This was their last mill cutting about 6m feet of pine annually.<ref name=":64" />

=== Raglan === From 1957 to 1980 there was a timber yard in [[Raglan, New Zealand|Raglan]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tlsnz.co.nz/new-zealand/nz-adult-non-fiction/900-history-biography-geography-amp-travel/st-pauls-church-te-uku-stpaulschurc|title=St Pauls Church Te Uku by Amoore, Elizabeth|website=www.tlsnz.co.nz|language=en|access-date=2018-06-10|archive-date=12 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612142015/http://www.tlsnz.co.nz/new-zealand/nz-adult-non-fiction/900-history-biography-geography-amp-travel/st-pauls-church-te-uku-stpaulschurc|url-status=dead}}</ref> between Bankart and Stewart Streets.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://natlib.govt.nz/records/22883771|title=Raglan|date=1 January 1957|website=natlib.govt.nz|language=en-NZ|access-date=2018-06-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://natlib.govt.nz/records/23038791|title=Raglan, on Raglan Harbour|date=1 January 1975|website=natlib.govt.nz|language=en-NZ|access-date=2018-06-10}}</ref> A 1964 advert listed sawn and dressed timbers, hardware, paints, wallboards, joinery, doors and plywood, under the slogan "E. & B's are a veritable Aladdin's treasure house".<ref>{{Cite book|title=Raglan by the sea|year=1964}}</ref>

== Directors ==

The company was originally run by Ellis and Burnand. In 1903 [[Henry Valder]] went into partnership with them as the company became the largest sawmiller in the King Country. Valder became managing director from 1908<ref name=":7" /> until 1932, was chairman of the board from 1918 until 1942, and a long-time district representative and vice president (1917–26) on the Dominion Federated Sawmillers' Association.<ref name=":7" /> Other managing directors were H Holder in 1919,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/EP19191028.2.83|title=Labour and Capital|date=28 October 1919|work=[[The Evening Post (New Zealand)|The Evening Post]]|access-date=28 April 2018|page=8}}</ref> C V Valder in 1920,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/DOM19200619.2.69|title=New Zealand Forestry|date=19 June 1920|work=Dominion|access-date=28 April 2018|page=7}}</ref> S Valder in 1928,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19270211.2.125|title=Timber for Building.|date=11 February 1927|work= [[The New Zealand Herald]]|access-date=29 April 2018|page=14}}</ref> Henry Valder in 1931,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19310603.2.170|title=Obituary.|date=3 June 1931|work= [[The New Zealand Herald]]|access-date=29 April 2018|page=12}}</ref> A B Collier 1932–1944,<ref name=":10" /> Arthur E McCracken in 1945<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/WAIKIN19450907.2.21|title=Timber Industry|date=7 September 1945|work=Waikato Independent|access-date=2018-06-10|page=3}}</ref> and A H Delaney in 1953.<ref name=":10" />

== Remnants == Fletcher Holdings proposed to take over in 1979.<ref>{{Cite web |title=0198 - Shareholder Notices - Other |url=http://www.fclarchives.co.nz/index.php?action=list_series&id=0198 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150123061926/http://fclarchives.co.nz/index.php?action=list_series&id=0198 |archive-date=2015-01-23 |url-status=deviated |website=[[The Fletcher Trust Archives]]|access-date=20 February 2018}}</ref> Purchase was completed in 1980<ref>{{Cite web |title=1486 - Fletcher Challenge Corporate Office |url=http://www.fletcherarchives.co.nz/index.php?action=list_series&id=1486 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180127084830/http://www.fletcherarchives.co.nz/index.php?action=list_series&id=1486 |archive-date=2018-01-27 |url-status=deviated |website=[[The Fletcher Trust Archives]]|access-date=20 February 2018}}</ref> and branches were converted to the PlaceMakers brand.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fclarchives.co.nz/item.php?id=%2027894|title=Staff members of Ellis & Burnand Placemakers at official opening of the revamped Bryce St Branch – 0011P/3|date=1982|website=www.fclarchives.co.nz|access-date=20 February 2018}}{{Dead link|date=October 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref> In Huntly the Ellis & Burnand name was last in the phone book in 1994.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ir.canterbury.ac.nz/bitstream/handle/10092/4873/thesis_fulltext.pdf?sequence=1|title=Rogernomics and Rupture: Huntly's Response to the Corporatisation of State Coal Mines In 1987|last=Dillon|first=Helena|date=2010|website=}}</ref> $1.96m was paid by the Forestry Service to end Pureora contracts in 1981.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SGQrAQAAIAAJ&q=%22ellis+and+burnand%22+1979&pg=PA3391|title=Parliamentary Debates|last=Representatives|first=New Zealand Parliament House of|date=1981|language=en}}</ref>

The Hamilton head office and yard site were used for [[Public transport in Hamilton and Waikato#Transport Centre|Hamilton Transport Centre]] in 2001.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://natlib.govt.nz/records/22682093|title=Hamilton|date=1 January 1961|website=natlib.govt.nz|language=en-NZ|access-date=19 May 2018}}</ref>

Houses, furniture and fittings made by the company remain, as do parts of their tramways, the Timber Trail being especially accessible. A station building remains at Mangapehi,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/philbraithwaitenz/6632190157|title=Mangapehi Rail Station (3)|work=Flickr|access-date=20 May 2018|language=en-us}}</ref> an [[NZR F class]] 230 was donated in 1957 for static display at [[Lake Rotoroa (Hamilton, New Zealand)|Lake Rotoroa]] after use as a yard engine at Mangapehi<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nzrsr.co.nz/view_page.php?page=3|title=Rolling Stock Register|website=www.nzrsr.co.nz|access-date=20 May 2018}}</ref> and 5 locomotives are at the [[Bush Tramway Club]].

== ''"Puke Puke Express"'' == [[File:Logging train laden with logs, the "Puke Puke Express", near Pukepuke in Oroua County (21474181866).jpg|thumb|Logging train laden with logs, the "Puke Puke Express"]] The title ''"Puke Puke Express"'' was etched by [[William Archer Price]] onto one of his photographic plates following a visit to the Ellis and Burnard Ltd Sawmill and bush tramway, Mangapehi, between 1905 and 1920. The locomotive shown in this photograph, is a Class B [[Climax locomotive]], a 20-ton engine, numbered 522 and built in 1904. It was one of the seven Climax locomotives delivered to New Zealand. Note the distinctive angled cylinders in the photograph and the spark-arrest smoke stack.<ref>[https://www.oocities.org/nzclimax/history.html ''Climax locomotives, History.'']</ref> More detail can be seen on Alexander Turnbull collection version of this image.<ref name="natlib.govt.nz">[https://natlib.govt.nz/items?text=1%2F2-000021-G ''Logging train laden with logs, the "Puke Puke Express", near Pukepuke in Oroua County.'']</ref>

The Alexander Turnbull collection also has a 1920 image of the same locomotive by Albert Godber with the smokestack slightly modified.<ref>[https://natlib.govt.nz/items?text=APG-0851-1%2F2-G ''"Climax" locomotive at Mangapehi, in 1920.'']</ref> This engine survives in a dilapidated state, housed in the [[Tokomaru Steam Engine Museum]].

William Archer Price's 4 "Puke Puke" plates were numbered 1660–1663. Plate 1659 is labelled Mangapehi<ref>[https://natlib.govt.nz/items?text=1%2F2-000754-G ''Mangapehi settlement.'']</ref> as is plate 1673,<ref>[https://natlib.govt.nz/items?text=1%2F2-000756-G ''Mangapehi Sawmill, Ellis & Burnand Ltd.'']</ref> another indication that the "Puke Puke" plates were taken on his Mangapehi visit. This "Puke Puke" photographic series is currently mis-catalogued in the Alexander Turnbull collection as "Oroua County" with the caveat "Other - A library client thinks this image is more likely to have been taken in the Mangapehi-Tiroa area or Pukemako."<ref name="natlib.govt.nz"/> The bush and terrain in the 4 photos fit with the Mangapehi interior.

<gallery> File:Logging railway track through bush at Pukepuke in Oroua County (20877641153).jpg|Logging railway track through native bush near Mangapehi File:Logging railway track through bush at Pukepuke in Oroua County (21473734700).jpg|Logging railway track near Mangapehi File:Pukepuke, sawmilling settlement under construction in Oroua County (21645533151).jpg|A sawmilling settlement near Mangapehi File:"Climax" locomotive at Mangapehi, in 1920. ATLIB 289736.png|Climax Locomotive 522 at Mangapehi, 1920 </gallery>

== References == {{Reflist}}

== External links == Photos –

* [https://kura.aucklandlibraries.govt.nz/digital/collection/photos/id/180051 1905 Mangapehi] * [https://kura.aucklandlibraries.govt.nz/digital/collection/photos/id/190126 1906 Mananui Tramway bridge over Whanganui River] * [https://kura.aucklandlibraries.govt.nz/digital/collection/photos/id/215393 1915 Mananui Mill after fire] * [http://hamiltonheritagecollections.co.nz/nodes/view/641 1930 Victoria St head office, beside railway crossing] * [https://kura.aucklandlibraries.govt.nz/digital/collection/photos/id/297874 1945 Hamilton yard] *[http://www.mapspast.org.nz/?zoom=14&x=1805584&y=5732369&layerid=NZMS1%201959 1956 one inch map of Mangapehi and tramway] * [http://hamiltonheritagecollections.co.nz/nodes/view/2030 1976 Bryce St head office] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915225613/http://hamiltonheritagecollections.co.nz/nodes/view/2030 |date=15 September 2018 }}

[[Category:Manufacturing companies of New Zealand]] [[Category:Companies based in Hamilton, New Zealand]] [[Category:Logging railways in New Zealand]]