{{Short description|American painter (born 1965)}} {{Use mdy dates|date=April 2018}} {{Infobox artist | name = Ellen Gallagher | image = Ellen Gallagher.jpg | image_size = | alt = | caption = | birth_name = Ellen R. Gallagher | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1965|12|16}} | birth_place = Providence, Rhode Island, US | death_date = | death_place = | spouse = | field = {{Flatlist| * Painting * Mixed media }} | training = {{Plainlist| * Oberlin College * Studio 70 * School of the Museum of Fine Arts * Skowhegan School of Painting and Sculpture }} | movement = Contemporary art | works = | patrons = | influenced = | awards = | elected = | website = }} {{Listen|filename = Ellen_Gallagher_bbc_radio4_front_row_01_05_2013.flac |title = Ellen Gallagher's voice |type = speech |description = from the BBC programme ''Front Row'', May 1, 2013.<ref>{{Cite episode | title= Ellen Gallagher |series= Front Row |series-link= Front Row (radio programme) |url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01s4qr3 |station= BBC Radio 4 |date= May 1, 2013 |access-date= January 18, 2014 }}</ref> }}
'''Ellen Gallagher''' (born December 16, 1965)<ref name="ancestry"/> is an American artist. Her work has been shown in numerous solo and group exhibitions and is held in the permanent collections of many major museums. Her media include painting, works on paper, film and video. Some of her pieces refer to issues of race, and may combine formality with racial stereotypes and depict "ordering principles" society imposes.
==Background and education== Gallagher was born on December 16, 1965, in Providence, Rhode Island. Referred to as African American,<ref name="Enwezor"/> she is of biracial ethnicity; her father's heritage was from Cape Verde, in Western Africa (but he was born in the United States), and her mother's background was Caucasian Irish Catholic.<ref name="projo"/> Gallagher's mother was a working-class Irish-American and her father was a professional boxer.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/01/07/arts/up-coming-ellen-gallagher-artist-who-doesn-t-fit-gets-perfect-offer-solo.html|title=UP AND COMING: Ellen Gallagher;An Artist Who Doesn't Fit In Gets the Perfect Offer: a Solo|last=McGee|first=Celia|date=1996-01-07|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-04-29|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
In Rhode Island, Gallagher attended Moses Brown, an elite, Quaker college preparatory school. At sixteen, Gallagher entered her first year at Oberlin College in Ohio (1982–1984) and studied writing.<ref name=":1" /> Gallagher did not finish her education at Oberlin College and ended up joining a carpenters' union in Seattle.<ref name=":1" /> Before her art career, Gallagher worked as a commercial fisherman in Alaska and Maine.<ref name=":1" /> In 1989 she attended Studio 70 in Fort Thomas, Kentucky, before earning a degree in fine arts from the School of the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston in 1992.<ref name="projo"/><ref name="artnet" /> Her art education further continued in 1993 at the Skowhegan School of Painting and Sculpture in Maine.<ref name="artnet"/>
== Career == Gallagher gained recognition as an artist in 1995. Prior to her Gagosian showing, Gallagher had solo shows at Mary Boone in Soho, New York, and Anthony D'Offay in London.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Sirmans|first=F.|date=1998-03-01|title=ELLEN GALLAGHER|url=https://read.dukeupress.edu/nka/article/1998/8/67/48535|journal=Nka: Journal of Contemporary African Art|language=en|volume=1998|issue=8|pages=67|doi=10.1215/10757163-8-1-67|issn=1075-7163|url-access=subscription}}</ref> As her first solo show in New York, Gallagher chose Mary Boone's space because of its neutrality, in which she stated, "because there the abstract qualities of my work stand out first".<ref name=":1" />
==Work== thumbnail|Ellen Gallagher, ''Wiglette from DeLuxe'' 2004–2005 Gallagher is an abstract painter and multimedia artist creating minimalist work with subject narratives.<ref name=":1" /> Gallagher's influences include the paintings of Agnes Martin and the repetitive writings of Gertrude Stein.<ref name="pbs"/> Some of Gallagher's work involves repetitively modifying advertising found in African American focused publications such as ''Ebony'', ''Sepia'', and ''Our World'', including images from Valmor Products ads, as in her ''DeLuxe'' series.<ref name="pbs"/><ref name="Phaidon Editors">{{cite book |title=Great Women Artists |year=2019 |publisher=Phaidon Press |isbn=978-0714878775 |page=147}}</ref> Her most famous pieces are her grid-like collages of magazines grouped together into larger pieces.<ref name="The New York Times">{{cite news|title=60 Ways of Looking at a Black Woman |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/01/23/arts/design/23lewi.html?_r=0|access-date=2013-04-20 | work=The New York Times|first=Edward|last=Lewine|date=January 23, 2005}}</ref> Examples of these are ''eXelento'' (2004), ''Afrylic'' (2004), and ''DeLuxe'' (2005). The series DeLuxe showed multiple creative methods, from photogravure to digital printing. Gallagher used oils to combine different sheets together and add texture. Gallagher pushed the limit between two and three dimensions in her series. She used new technologies to create plates in many layers.<ref>Suzuki, Sarah. Art Journal; New York Vol. 70, Iss. 4, (Winter 2011): 7-25</ref> Each of these works contains as many as or more than 60 prints employing techniques of photogravure, spit-bite, collage, cutting, scratching, silkscreen, offset lithography and hand-building. Gallagher also glues notebook paper drawings onto her canvas to create textured surfaces.<ref name=":1" />
In her artwork, she combines different traits of three art movements. Two of them mentioned by her are Abstract expressionism and Minimalism.,<ref name=":02">{{Cite news |last=McGee |first=Celia |date=1996-01-07 |title=UP AND COMING: Ellen Gallagher;An Artist Who Doesn't Fit In Gets the Perfect Offer: a Solo |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/01/07/arts/up-coming-ellen-gallagher-artist-who-doesn-t-fit-gets-perfect-offer-solo.html |access-date=2022-05-10 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> but by observing her use of specific materials like magazines, newspapers, etc. The use of patterns and repetition series as well as the many printing techniques she uses can relate to her work with Pop-art.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=Caldwell |first=Ellen C. |date=2016-03-08 |title=Ellen Gallagher: Questioning Race |url=https://daily.jstor.org/using-text-and-images-to-question-race/ |access-date=2022-05-10 |website=JSTOR Daily |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":22">{{Cite journal |last=Wilson |first=Judith |date=1996 |title=Sniffing Elephant Bones: The Poetics of Race in the Art of Ellen Gallagher |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3299181 |journal=Callaloo |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=337–339 |doi=10.1353/cal.1996.0074 |jstor=3299181 |s2cid=162244800 |issn=0161-2492|url-access=subscription }}</ref> With stylized allusions to cartoons and childhood toys or via transformed and manipulated advertisements Gallagher's work “seduces the viewer into visceral engagement with images about which we have learned to feel numb.<ref name=":12" /> Her work has been described as singular yet nuanced with these contrasting styles combined to bring life to otherwise static images.<ref name=":32">{{Cite web |title=Ellen Gallagher {{!}} "Ruby Dee", 2005 {{!}} (for Parkett 73) |url=https://www.parkettart.com/editions/p/gallagher-ellen |access-date=2022-05-10 |website=PARKETT books and editions on contemporary art |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite news |last=Goodeve |first=Thyrza Nichols Goodeve |date=2005 |title=Ellen Gallagher "Ruby Dee", 2005 (for Parkett 73) |pages=https://www.parkettart.com/editions/p/gallagher-ellen |work=Parkett Art |url=https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5e614fa6565bfc04478be7be/t/5ea2bdc946c37a5e24656b75/1587723736165/Parkett+73+Gallagher+Ellen.pdf}}</ref>
Some of Gallagher's early influences while attending the School of the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston were the Darkroom Collective, a group of poets living and working out of Inman Square in Cambridge, MA<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Ellen Gallagher|publisher=Institute of Contemporary Art Boston|year=2001|isbn=1-891024-31-0|location=Boston, MA|pages=18}}</ref> and would go on to become the art coordinator of the collective. The Darkroom collective allowed Gallagher to explore her talent and apply her culture as an African-American woman to her work.<ref name=":1" /> One of her first exhibits took place at the Dark Room in 1989.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Wilson|first=Judith|date=1996|title=Sniffing Elephant Bones: The Poetics of Race in the Art of Ellen Gallagher|url=http://muse.jhu.edu/content/crossref/journals/callaloo/v019/19.2wilson.html|journal=Callaloo|language=en|volume=19|issue=2|pages=337–339|doi=10.1353/cal.1996.0074|s2cid=162244800|issn=1080-6512|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Some other influences at the Museum School were Susan Denker, Ann Hamilton, Kiki Smith and Laylah Ali.<ref name=":0" />
Themes related to race are often evident in Gallagher's work, sometimes using pictographs, symbols, codes and repetitions. "Sambo lips" and "bug eyes," references to the Black minstrel shows, are often scattered throughout Gallagher's works. Additionally, Gallagher would use these symbols in her collage pieces, inspired by lined yellow paper schoolchildren use.<ref name=":1" /> Certain characters are also used repeatedly, such as the image of the nurse or the "Pegleg" character that sometimes populate her page's iconography. Gallagher made Wiglette from Deluxe 2004 to 2005, which contains a collection of vintage beauty ads from the 1930s to 70s intended for black American women. Through this art piece Ellen Gallagher is once again exploring the intersection of identity, race and culture.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Adewunmi|first=Bim|date=7 May 2013|title=Interview Ellen Gallagher: wigs, waterworlds and Wile E Coyote|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2013/may/07/ellen-gallagher-artist|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417021029/https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2013/may/07/ellen-gallagher-artist|archive-date=April 17, 2021|website=The Guardian|access-date=April 17, 2021}}</ref> When asked about Wiglette in an interview Gallagher said, “The wig ladies are fugitives. Conscripts from another time and place, liberated from the 'race' magazines of the past. But I transformed them-here on the pages that once held them captive.” <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tate.org.uk/whats-on/tate-modern/exhibition/ellen-gallagher-axme/ellen-gallagher-axme-exhibition-room-guide-3|title = Ellen Gallagher: AxME: Room 4}}</ref> Some of her pieces may explicitly reference the issue of race while also having a more subtle undercurrent related to race.<ref name="Saltz" /> She was inspired by the New Negro movement as well as modernist abstraction.<ref name=":2" /> Gallagher also uses found historical images in her work.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gagosian.com/artists/ellen-gallagher/|title=Ellen Gallagher|date=2018-04-12|website=Gagosian|language=en|access-date=2019-04-29}}</ref> She combines formality (grid lines, ruled paper) with the racial stereotypes to depict the "ordering principles" society imposes.<ref>{{Cite book|title=After the Revolution: Women Who Transformed Contemporary Art|year=2007|isbn=978-3791337326|pages=255–56|last1=Heartney|first1=Eleanor|last2=Posner|first2=Helaine|last3=Princenthal|first3=Nancy|last4=Scott|first4=Sue}}</ref><blockquote>"Blackface minstrel is a ghost story, " Gallagher has noted. "It's about loss; there's a black mask and sublimation...[B]lackface minstrel was the first great American abstraction, even before jazz. It's the literal recording of the African body into American public culture. Disembodied eyes and lips float, hostage, in the electric black of the minstrel stage, distorting the African body into American blackface."<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kaplan|first=Cheryl|date=January 2006|title='History and Drag,' Ellen Gallagher in Conversation with Cheryl Kaplan|url=http://db-artmag.de/archiv/2006/e/1/1/408.html|journal=DB Artmag|access-date=March 5, 2016}}</ref></blockquote> As well as using racially charged imagery, Gallagher is known to portray bodies and include elements of poetry and pop culture in her work.<ref name=":3" /> She uses golden tones to portray the racial binary in society.<ref name=":3" /> Her media includes paintings, works on paper, film and video. She has made innovative use of materials, such as creating a unique variation on scrimshaw by carving images into the surface of thick sheets of watercolor paper and drawing with ink, watercolor and pencil. Her extensive ongoing series begun in 2001 and titled, ''Watery Ecstatic'', consists of paintings, sculptural objects, and animations to depict sea life through Afrofuturist aesthetics.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Chan|first=Suzanna|date=2017|title="Alive … again." Unmoored in the Aquafuture of Ellen Gallagher's Watery Ecstatic|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/653216|journal=WSQ: Women's Studies Quarterly|language=en|volume=45|issue=1–2|pages=246–263|doi=10.1353/wsq.2017.0001|s2cid=90137016|issn=1934-1520}}</ref> Gallagher creates different sea creatures to symbolize slave ancestors who died during the transatlantic slave trade across the Atlantic Ocean.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ART-PRESENTATION: Ellen Gallagher|url=https://www.dreamideamachine.com/en/?p=48262|access-date=2021-04-17|language=en-US}}</ref> These works depict sea creatures, of the mythical undersea world of Drexciya, which were the progeny of slaves who had drowned.<ref name="pbs" /><ref name="freud" /><ref name="forde" /> This mythology had been conceived by a musical duo of that name, from Detroit.<ref name="irish" /> Gallagher commented upon the process of creating these pieces: "The way that these drawings are made is my version of scrimshaw, the carving into bone that sailors did when they were out whaling. I imagine them in this overwhelming, scary expanse of sea where this kind of cutting would give a focus, a sense of being in control of something."<ref name="ecstatic" /> Some of Gallagher's work would also consist of codes made from cut out letters.<ref name=":3" /> In some of her early pieces, she painted and drew on sheets of penmanship paper (ruled paper used for handwriting practice) she had pasted onto canvas.<ref name="pbs" /> Her choice of penmanship paper is significant, in an interview with Jessica Morgan, she says "the sense of a neutral surface that can accommodate any mark seems an ideal way of communicating freedom,"<ref>{{Cite book|title=Ellen Gallagher|last1=Gallagher|first1=Ellen|last2=Morgan|first2=Jessica|last3=Medvedow|first3=Jill|last4=Tate|first4=Greg|last5=Storr|first5=Robert|publisher=The Institute of Contemporary Art|year=2001|isbn=1891024310|location=Boston, MA|pages=21}}</ref> which is described by her as "idiosyncratic" and "inscrutable".<ref>{{cite book|author=The Institute of Contemporary Art|title=Ellen Gallagher|year=2001|publisher=D.A.P/Distributed Art Publishers, Inc|location=Boston|isbn=1-891024-31-0|page=21}}</ref> As her previous work has been critiqued for being too racially charged, her newer work contains less explicit racial images to challenge viewers.<ref name=":3" />
In 1995, Gallagher's work was exhibited at the Whitney Biennial and the Venice Biennale in 2003.<ref name="gagosian"/> Artist Chuck Close created a 2009 tapestry portrait of Gallagher.<ref name="stone" /> Gallagher is represented by Gagosian Gallery (New York) and Hauser & Wirth (London). She is based in the United States (New York City) and the Netherlands (Rotterdam).<ref name="artnet" />
==Awards and fellowships== Among the honors that Gallagher has earned are:<ref name="hauser"/> * Ann Gund Scholarship, Skowhegan School of Art, Skowhegan, ME (1993) * Traveling Scholar Award, School of the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, MA (1993) * Provincetown Fine Arts Work Center Fellow (1995) * MacDowell Colony, New Hampshire (1996) * Joan Mitchell Fellowship (1997) * American Academy Award in Art (2000) * Medal of Honor, School of the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston (2001) * Elected Honorary Royal Academician (HonRA) (2021)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ellen Gallagher {{!}} Artist {{!}} Royal Academy of Arts |url=https://www.royalacademy.org.uk/art-artists/name/ellen-gallagher-hon-ra |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230219171739/https://www.royalacademy.org.uk/art-artists/name/ellen-gallagher-hon-ra |archive-date=19 Feb 2023 |website=Royal Academy of Arts}}</ref>
==Selected exhibitions== Ellen Gallagher's work has been featured in solo exhibitions at numerous galleries and institutions including:<ref name="artnet"/> * Drawing Center, New York City, ''Preserve'' (2001)<ref>[http://www.drawingcenter.org/en/drawingcenter/5/exhibitions/14/past/212/ellen-gallagher/ Drawing Center exhibitions] Ellen Gallagher. March 2, 2002 – April 20, 2002.</ref> * Institute of Contemporary Art, Boston USA, "Watery Ecstatic" (2001)<ref>{{cite web|title=Ellen Gallagher|url=http://www.gagosian.com/artists/ellen-gallagher|website=Gagosian|access-date=March 6, 2016|archive-date=March 7, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307055802/http://www.gagosian.com/artists/ellen-gallagher|url-status=dead}}</ref>
== Publications == ''Murmur. Orbus'' in collaboration with Edgar Cleijne. Hauser & Wirth London/Fruitmarket Gallery Edinburgh (ed.) 2005. English, 5 books holding together with magnet, 990 pages. With "Blizzard of White" (2003, 55 min loop, 16 mm). {{ISBN|3039390333}}
==Collections== Gallagher's work is held in many permanent collections including the Addison Gallery of American Art, Goetz Collection, Hamburger Bahnhof, Studio Museum in Harlem, Walker Art Center, San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, Moderna Museet, Sammlung Goetz and the Centre Georges Pompidou.<ref name="projo"/><ref name="gagosian"/><ref name="cyclopedia"/><ref name="WAC">{{cite web|title=Untitled|url=http://www.walkerart.org/collections/artworks/untitled-2149|website=Collections|publisher=Walker Art Center|access-date=February 9, 2017}}</ref><ref name="SMH">{{cite web|title=Ellen Gallagher Deluxe|url=https://www.studiomuseum.org/exhibition/permanent-collection/ellen-gallagher-deluxe|website=Studio Museum Harlem|access-date=February 9, 2017|archive-date=February 11, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211075601/https://www.studiomuseum.org/exhibition/permanent-collection/ellen-gallagher-deluxe|url-status=dead}}</ref>
Specific works include: {{div col}} * ''Doll's Eyes'', 1992, Rose Art Museum, Waltham, MA * ''Afro Mountain'', 1994, Whitney Museum of American Art, New York, NY * ''Tally'', 1994, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, MA * ''Untitled'', 1995, Institute of Contemporary Art, Boston, MA * ''Delirious Hem'', 1995, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY * ''Host'', 1996, Seattle Art Museum, Seattle, WA * ''Paper Cup'', 1996, Tate Modern, London * ''Teeth Tracks'', 1996, The Broad, Los Angeles, CA * ''Untitled'', 1996, The Broad, Los Angeles, CA * ''Untitled'', 1997, Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles, CA * ''Untitled'', 1998, National Galleries of Scotland * ''Untitled'', 1999, Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, IL * ''Blubber'', 2000, Princeton University Art Museum, Princeton NJ<ref name="Blubber">{{cite web|title=Blubber, 2000|url=http://artmuseum.princeton.edu/collections/objects/41296|website=Princeton University Art Museum|access-date=February 8, 2017}}</ref> * ''They Could Still Serve'', 2001, Museum of Modern Art, New York, NY * ''Bouffant Pride'', 2003, Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH<ref name="CMA">{{cite web|title=Bouffant Pride, 2003|url=http://www.clevelandart.org/art/2003.340|website=Cleveland Museum of Art|access-date=February 8, 2017}}</ref> * ''Water Ecstatic'', 2003, Saint Louis Art Museum, St. Louis, MO * ''Duke'', 2004, Fogg Museum, Cambridge, MA * ''DeLuxe'', 2004–2005, Institute of Contemporary Art, Boston, MA<ref name="ICA1">{{cite web|title=Deluxe|url=https://www.icaboston.org/art/ellen-gallagher/deluxe|website=Collection|publisher=Institute of Contemporary Art, Boston|access-date=February 8, 2017}}</ref> * ''Bird in Hand'', 2006, Tate Modern, London, England {{div col end}}
==References== {{Reflist|colwidth=33em|refs=
<ref name="ancestry">''U.S. Public Records Index'' Vol. 1 (Provo, UT: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc.), 2010.</ref>
<ref name="artnet">{{cite web|title=Ellen Gallagher Biography and Links|url=http://www.artnet.com/artists/ellen-gallagher/biography-links|publisher=artnet|access-date=February 13, 2012}}</ref>
<ref name="cyclopedia">{{cite web|url=http://www.artcyclopedia.com/artists/gallagher_ellen.html|title=Ellen Gallagher|work=ArtCyclopedia|access-date=February 18, 2012}}</ref>
<ref name="ecstatic">{{cite web|url=http://www.art21.org/images/ellen-gallagher/watery-ecstatic-series-2001|title=Watery Ecstatic Series (2001)|work=Public Broadcasting Service: Art21|access-date=February 18, 2012|archive-date=September 6, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906021520/http://www.art21.org/images/ellen-gallagher/watery-ecstatic-series-2001|url-status=dead}}</ref>
<ref name="Enwezor">{{cite journal |last=Enwezor |first=Okwui |date=May 1996 |title=Ellen Gallagher |journal=Frieze |issue=28 |url=http://www.frieze.com/issue/review/ellen_gallagher/ |access-date=February 13, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130519142544/http://www.frieze.com/issue/review/ellen_gallagher/ |archive-date=May 19, 2013 }}</ref>
<ref name="forde">{{cite journal |last=Forde |first=Kate |date=June–August 2009 |title=Ellen Gallagher |journal=Frieze |issue=124 |url=http://www.frieze.com/issue/review/ellen_gallagher1/ |access-date=February 19, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120108070745/http://www.frieze.com/issue/review/ellen_gallagher1/ |archive-date=January 8, 2012 }}</ref>
<ref name="freud">{{cite web|url=http://www.freud.org.uk/exhibitions/10539/ichthyosaurus/|title=''Ichthyosaurus''|date=November 2005|work=Freud Museum|access-date=February 18, 2012|location=London|archive-date=May 16, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120516092600/http://freud.org.uk/exhibitions/10539/ichthyosaurus/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
<ref name="gagosian">{{cite web|url=http://www.gagosian.com/artists/ellen-gallagher/|title=Ellen Gallagher|work=Gagosian Gallery|access-date=February 18, 2012}}</ref>
<ref name="hauser">{{cite web|url=http://www.hauserwirth.com/artists/7/ellen-gallagher/biography/|title=Ellen Gallagher|work=Hauser & Wirth|access-date=February 20, 2012}}</ref>
<ref name="irish">{{cite news|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-24910021.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181115081408/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-24910021.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 15, 2018|title=The evolution of African-American consciousness|date=October 3, 2007|newspaper=The Irish Times|publisher=via HighBeam Research |access-date=April 25, 2012}}</ref>
<ref name="pbs">{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/art21/artists/ellen-gallagher|title=Ellen Gallagher|work=Public Broadcasting Service: Art21|access-date=February 13, 2012|archive-date=February 10, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120210182948/http://www.pbs.org/art21/artists/ellen-gallagher|url-status=dead}}</ref>
<ref name="projo">{{cite news | url=http://www.projo.com/art/content/artsun-Ellen_Gallagher21_02-21-10_3BHG37U_v22.1aa0d6c.html | title=Artist Ellen Gallagher humbled by new honor | work=The Providence Journal | date=February 21, 2010 | access-date=February 18, 2012| last=Van Siclen | first=Bill | location=Providence, Rhode Island | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100330224849/http://www.projo.com/art/content/artsun-Ellen_Gallagher21_02-21-10_3BHG37U_v22.1aa0d6c.html | archive-date=March 30, 2010 | url-status=dead}}</ref>
<ref name="Saltz">{{cite news|url=http://www.villagevoice.com/2004-10-12/art/in-black-and-white/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091005064020/http://www.villagevoice.com/2004-10-12/art/in-black-and-white/|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 5, 2009|title=In Black and White|last=Saltz|first=Jerry|date=October 12, 2004|work=The Village Voice|access-date=February 13, 2012}}</ref>
<ref name="stone">{{cite web |url=http://www.magnoliaeditions.com/Content/Close/F00006.html |title=Magnolia Editions – Chuck Close – ''Ellen'' |last=Stone |first=Nick |work=Magnolia Editions |access-date=February 23, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120106190426/http://www.magnoliaeditions.com/Content/Close/F00006.html |archive-date=January 6, 2012 }}</ref> }}
==Further reading== * Butler, Cornelia, ''Modern Women: Women Artists at The Museum of Modern Art'', The Museum of Modern Art, New York, 2010. {{OCLC|501397424}} * Barson, Tanya, Gorschlüter, Peter (eds), ''Afro Modern: Journeys Through the Black Atlantic'', London: Tate Publishing, 2010. * Ellen Gallagher. ''Coral Cities'', London: Tate Publishing, 2007. * Gallagher, Ellen, Cleijne, Edgar, Murmur. ''Water Ecstatic, Kabuki, Blizzard of White, Super Boo, Monster, in: Heart of Darkness'', New York, NY: Walker Art Centre, 2006. pp. 81–104, ill. * {{cite book|title=Art Now|editor-first1=Uta|editor-last1=Grosenick|editor-first2=Burkhard|editor-last2=Riemschneider|publisher=Taschen|location=Köln|edition=25th anniversary|year=2005|pages=108–111|isbn=9783822840931|oclc=191239335}} * De Zegher, Catherine, Jeff Fleming & Robin D.G. Kelley. ''Preserve''. New York: D.A.P., 2002. * Grosenick, Uta. ''Women Artists''. Cologne: Taschen, 2001. pp. 144–149. * Coleman, Beth. ''Ellen Gallagher: Blubber''. New York: Gagosian Gallery, 2001. * Kertess, Klaus, John Ashbery, Gerald M. Edelman et al. ''1995 Biennial Exhibition''. New York: Whitney Museum of American Art / Harry N. Abrams, 1995. * Suzanne P. Hudson. "1000 Words: Ellen Gallagher". ''ArtForum'', vol.42, no.8, April 2004, pp. 128–31. * Chan, Suzanna. "Astonishing Marine Living: Ellen Gallagher's ''Ichthyosaurus'' at the Freud Museum," in G. Pollock (ed.), ''Visual Politics of Psychoanalysis'', London: I.B.Tauris, 2013. {{ISBN|978-1-78076-316-3}} * Tate, Greg; Robert Storr; Jill Medvedow. ''Ellen Gallagher'', Institute of Contemporary Art in association with D.A.P./Distributed Art Publishers, Inc. 2001. {{ISBN|1-891024-31-0}}
==External links== * "Gauging the Power of the Print" at [https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/17/arts/design/print-out-and-printin-at-the-museum-of-modern-art.html ''The New York Times'']
{{Ellen Gallagher|state=expanded}} {{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Gallagher, Ellen}} Category:1965 births Category:Living people Category:American contemporary painters Category:African-American contemporary artists Category:21st-century African-American painters Category:21st-century African-American women artists Category:Painters from Rhode Island Category:Artists from Providence, Rhode Island Category:20th-century American women painters Category:20th-century American painters Category:21st-century American women painters Category:21st-century American painters Category:Skowhegan School of Painting and Sculpture alumni Category:20th-century African-American painters Category:20th-century African-American women artists