{{Short description|British theologian, proponent of "reparative therapy" to cure homosexuality}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}} {{BLP sources|date=May 2026}}
{{Infobox academic | birth_name = Elizabeth Rosamund Moberly | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1949|09|18|df=y}} | relatives = R. W. L. Moberly (brother)<br>Robert Hamilton Moberly (grandfather)<br>Robert Campbell Moberly (great-grandfather)<br>Walter Hamilton Moberly (great uncle) | alma_mater = Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford<br>University of Cambridge | thesis_title = Suffering, Innocent and Guilty | doctoral_advisor = John Macquarrie | influences = Charles W. Socarides | discipline = Theology | workplaces = Lucy Cavendish College, Cambridge<br>Clare College, Cambridge<br>Saint Vladimir's Orthodox Theological Seminary (visiting) | influenced = A. Dean Byrd<br>Joseph Nicolosi | known_for = Influences in the practice of Conversion therapy }}
'''Elizabeth Rosamund Moberly''' (born 18 September 1949) is a British theologian who resides in the United States.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Babits |first=Chris |date=2024 |title=The Specter of Female Masculinity: How Women Shaped the Ex-gay Movement in the 1970s and 1980s |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S1479244323000276/type/journal_article |journal=Modern Intellectual History |language=en |volume=21 |issue=4 |pages=995–1018 |doi=10.1017/S1479244323000276 |issn=1479-2443 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |url=https://archive.org/details/stvtq_202008/Vol.%2032%20Issue%201%20-%201988/page/44/mode/1up |title=Elizabeth Moberly: Orthodox Theologian |journal=St Vladimir's Theological Quarterly |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=43-60 |year=1988 |last=Zion |first=Basil}}</ref> She is the author of ''Homosexuality: A New Christian Ethic'', in which she suggests several possible causes of male homosexuality and a therapeutic cure. Despite her writings in psychology and psychiatry, and despite her influence on the controversial practice of "conversion therapy" for LGBTQ+ people, Moberly has solely had training in theology and her theories are not based on clinical research.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Strudwick |first=Patrick |date=2011-05-27 |title=Conversion therapy: she tried to make me 'pray away the gay' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/may/27/gay-conversion-therapy-patrick-strudwick |access-date=2026-05-19 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077|quote=And yet reparative therapy is based on the work of self-proclaimed psychologist Elizabeth Moberly, who is not trained – her degree was in theology – and whose theories were not based on clinical research.}}</ref> Her theories have been universally discredited by professionals in the medical, psychiatric, and psychological fields.<ref name=":3">{{Cite thesis |last=SanFilippo |first=Peter James |title=A Bed Undefiled: Foundations for an Orthodox Theology and Spirituality of Same-Sex Love |date=2015 |access-date=2026-05-19 |degree=Master of Arts |publisher=University of St. Michael’s College |url=https://utoronto.scholaris.ca/server/api/core/bitstreams/7c2dcd52-1d8d-41e9-922e-6e7019ae6810/content}}</ref>
==Background== There is limited public record about Elizabeth Moberly, especially regarding her educational background. An article by Basil Zion in St Vladimir's Theological Quarterly profiling her in 1988 described Moberly as an "Anglo-Dutch member of the Orthodox Church and the third member of the Moberly family to write on the theme of the atonement".<ref name=":0" />{{Reference page|page=43}} The family members in question are the Rev Canon Robert Campbell Moberly, known for his 1901 book ''Atonement and Personality'',<ref>{{Cite book |title= Atonement and Personality |year=1901 |url=https://archive.org/details/atonementpersona0000robe |location=London |publisher=John Murray |last=Moberly |first=R. C. |author-link=Robert Moberly (priest)}}</ref> and his son, Sir Walter Hamilton Moberly, who wrote the essay ''"The Atonement"'' 11 years later.<ref>{{Cite ODNB |title=Moberly, Sir Walter Hamilton (1881–1974), philosopher and university administrator |url=https://www.oxforddnb.com/display/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-31451 |access-date=2023-02-04 |date=2004 |language=en |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/31451}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Moberly |first=Walter Hamilton |author-link=Walter Hamilton Moberly |url=http://archive.org/details/foundationsstate00strerich |title=Foundations: A statement of Christian belief in terms of modern thought by seven Oxford men |publisher=Macmillan and Co |others= |year=1913 |orig-year=1912 |edition=Reprinted |location=London |chapter= The Atonement |pages=265-336}}</ref> Sir Walter Moberly also wrote ''The Ethics of Punishment'' (1968),<ref>{{Cite book |last=Moberly |first=Walter |author-link=Walter Hamilton Moberly |url=http://archive.org/details/ethicsofpunishme0000walt |title=The Ethics of Punishment |date= |publisher=Faber & Faber |others= |year=1968 |isbn=0-571-08438-9 |location=London |author-mask=}}</ref> the arguments in which Elizabeth Moberly later built upon in her doctoral thesis ''"Suffering, Innocent and Guilty"''.<ref name=":0" />{{Reference page|page=47}} The same thesis also referenced the writings of Robert Campbell Moberly, her great grand-father, in her works.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last=Anderson |first=David |date=1979 |title=Book Review: Suffering, Innocent and Guilty |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0040571X7908200620 |journal=Theology |language=en |volume=82 |issue=690 |pages=456–457 |doi=10.1177/0040571X7908200620 |issn=0040-571X|url-access=subscription}}<br>{{twlac|doi=10.1177/0040571X7908200620}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wiles |first=Maurice |date=1979 |title=Book Reviews : Suffering |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/001452467909000723 |journal=The Expository Times |language=en |volume=90 |issue=7 |pages=218–218 |doi=10.1177/001452467909000723 |issn=0014-5246|url-access=subscription}}<br>{{Twlac|doi=10.1177/001452467909000723}}</ref><ref name=":0" />{{Reference page|page=49}}
The biographical details described by Basil Zion match with that of an Elizabeth Rosamund Moberly listed in the Moberly family's entry in ''Burke's Landed Gentry'' published in 1972. She was born on 18 September 1949, the elder child and only daughter of Robet Basil Moberly, an English civil servant and author and Elise Maria Hubertina (née Gitmans), originally from Limburg, Netherlands. Her grandfather was Bishop Robert Hamilton Moberly, second son of Canon Robert Campbell Moberly. Walter Hamilton Moberly, her grandfather's elder brother, is therefore Elizabeth Moberly's great uncle. Elizabeth Moberly was educated at Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford and her younger brother, Robert Walter Lambert Moberly (also a theologian), attended New College at the same university.<ref name="Burke">{{Cite encyclopedia |year=1972 |title=Moberly |encyclopedia=Burke's Landed Gentry |publisher=Burke's Peerage |url=https://archive.org/details/burkesgenealogic0003foun_18ed/page/661/ |edition=18th |volume=3 |page= |pages=659-663}}</ref> Elizabeth Moberly also reportedly holds a degree from the University of Cambridge.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":7">{{Cite news |last=Charles |first=Eleanor |date=1993-11-07 |title=WESTCHESTER GUIDE |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/11/07/nyregion/westchester-guide-780093.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180117205852/https://www.nytimes.com/1993/11/07/nyregion/westchester-guide-780093.html |archive-date=2018-01-17 |access-date=2026-05-20 |work=The New York Times |language=en}}</ref> {{Chart top|Family and ancestry of Dr Elizabeth Moberly}} {{Tree chart/start|align=center}} {{Tree chart| | | GGRP |~|y|~|GGRM | | GGRP=Rev. Canon Robert Campbell Moberly |GGRM=Alice Sidney<br>(''née'' Hamilton)}} {{Tree chart| | |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| }} {{Tree chart| | GRU | | GRP |y|GRM| |GRU2| GRU= Sir Walter Hamilton Moberly<br>{{small|''Had children and grandchildren''}}|GRP=Rev. Bishop Robert Hamilton Moberly|GRM=Rosamund Vere<br>(''née'' Smyth) |GRU2=+3 other children}} {{Tree chart| | | | |,|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|.}} {{Tree chart| | | | DAD |y| MUM| | Unc|DAD=Robert Basil Moberly|MUM=Elise Maria Hubertina<br>(''née'' Gitmans)|Unc=Geoffrey Walter Moberly<br>{{small|''Died in 1942, unmarried and without children''}}}} {{Tree chart | ||||,|-|^|-|.}} {{Tree chart ||||Subject||Bro|Subject=Elizabeth Rosamund Moberly<br>''Born in 1949''|Bro=Robert Walter Lambert Moberly<br>''Born in 1952''||boxstyle_Subject=background-color: #bfc;}} {{Tree chart/end}} {{chart bottom}}
==Career==
Moberly completed her doctorate in Theology under the supervision of the Rev Dr John Macquarrie. Her thesis was later published by SPCK in 1978 as a monograph entitled ''Suffering, Innocent and Guilty''.<ref name=":0" /> In a review published in the academic journal ''Theology'', David Anderson critiqued the book's lack of coherence as well as the way the way suffering was treated "from a distance".<ref name=":6" />
In 1980, in an article that she wrote for ''Theology'', Moberly is described as a "theologian and psychologist" and a "Guest Member of Lucy Cavendish College, Cambridge".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Moberly |first=Elizabeth |date=1980-05-01 |title=Homosexuality: Structure and evaluation |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0040571X8008300304 |journal=Theology |language=en |volume=83 |issue=693 |pages=177–184 |doi=10.1177/0040571X8008300304 |issn=0040-571X|url-access=subscription }} <br>{{Twlac|doi=10.1177/0040571X8008300304}}</ref> In 1982, the journal ''Salmagundi'' noted that "Moberly teaches at Lucy Cavendish" in its contributors' biography section, without specifying which subject it was that she taught.<ref>{{Cite journal |last= |first= |date=1982 |title=Notes on Contributors, continued from p. 2 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40547570 |journal=Salmagundi |issue=58/59 |pages=220 |issn=0036-3529 |via=JSTOR}} <br>{{Twlac|jstor=40547570}}</ref> By 1984, her affiliation was listed in academic journal articles as that of Clare College, Cambridge.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Moberly |first=Elizabeth |date=1984 |title=Homosexuality |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0040571X8408700511 |journal=Theology |language=en |volume=87 |issue=719 |pages=369–369 |doi=10.1177/0040571X8408700511 |issn=0040-571X|url-access=subscription }} {{Twlac|doi=10.1177/0040571X8408700511}}</ref> Moberly's training and credibility in the field of psychology, or lack thereof, have been called into question.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":8">{{Cite journal |last=Blair |first=Donald |date=1983 |title=Book Review: Homosexuality, a New Christian Ethic |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/002580248302300414 |journal=Medicine, Science and the Law |language=en |volume=23 |issue=4 |pages=293–293 |doi=10.1177/002580248302300414 |issn=0025-8024|url-access=subscription }} <br>{{Twlac|doi=10.1177/002580248302300414}}</ref>
In the late 1970s, Moberly became inspired by the works of Charles W. Socarides, an American psychiatrist who opposed the removal of homosexuality as a disorder in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.<ref name=":2" /> In 1983, her second monograph, ''"Psychogenesis: The Early Development of Gender Identity"'', was published by Routledge and Kegan Paul; the introduction indicated that she had written the book in 1979, during her time at Lucy Cavendish College.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Moberly |first=Elizabeth R. |url=http://archive.org/details/psychogenesisear00moberich |title=Psychogenesis: The early development of gender identity |date= |publisher=Routledge and Kegan Paul |others= |year=1983 |isbn=978-0-7100-9271-7 |location=London and Boston |via=Internet Archive}}</ref> Also published in 1983 was her third book, ''"Homosexuality: A New Christian Ethic"''. A review of both books in the journal ''Psychological Medicine'' described Moberly's arguments as "well-meaning but unconvincing".<ref>{{Cite journal |date=1984 |title=Psychogenesis: The Early Development of Gender Identity. By E. R. Moberly. (Pp. 112; £8.95.) Routledge & Kegan Paul: Henley-on-Thames. 1983. - Homosexuality: a New Christian Ethic. By E. R. Moberly. (Pp. 56; £2.95.) James Clarke: Cambridge. 1983. |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0033291700003457/type/journal_article |journal=Psychological Medicine |language=en |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=246–246 |doi=10.1017/S0033291700003457 |issn=0033-2917|url-access=subscription }} <br>{{Twlac|doi=10.1017/S0033291700003457}}</ref> Criticising Moberly's lack of evidence and over-reliance on psychoanalysis, a reviewer in the ''International Journal of Social Psychiatry'' mockingly described the book as an example of "the art of using the minimum of words to say nothing".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cundale |first=Sidney A. |date=1983 |title='HOMOSEXUALITY'. A NEW CHRISTIAN ETHIC By Elizabeth R. Moberly. Published by James Clarke |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/002076408302900317 |journal=International Journal of Social Psychiatry |language=en |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=238–238 |doi=10.1177/002076408302900317 |issn=0020-7640|url-access=subscription }} <br>{{Twlac|doi=10.1177/002076408302900317}}</ref> A review of ''"Psychogenesis"'' in particular, published in the ''Medico-Legal Society's Journal'' in 1983, described the book as "full of assertions, generalisations, paradoxes and speculations, unsupported by clinical or statistical observations".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bradley |first=J.J. |date=1983 |title=Review: “Psychogenesis: The Early Development of Gender Identity” |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/002581728305100210 |journal=Medico-Legal Journal |language=en |volume=51 |issue=2 |pages=124–125 |doi=10.1177/002581728305100210 |issn=0025-8172|url-access=subscription }}<br>{{Twlac|doi=10.1177/002581728305100210}}</ref> A later review of the same book in 1986, published in ''The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry'', questioned the strength of Moberly's evidence, pointing to the lack of details on any patients or subjects involved in here research, unconvinced that a mere review of previous writings was adequate to state the case with such "unshakable conviction".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hoenig |first=J. |date=1986 |title=Book Review: Psychogenesis: The Early Development of Gender Identity |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/070674378603100627 |journal=The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry |language=en |volume=31 |issue=6 |pages=598–598 |doi=10.1177/070674378603100627 |issn=0706-7437|url-access=subscription }} <br>{{Twlac|doi=10.1177/070674378603100627}}</ref> Similarly, ''"Homosexuality: A New Christian Ethic"'' was criticised in the journal ''Medicine, Science and the Law'' for its lack of "case histories or statistical figures of therapeutic success" being reported.<ref name=":8" />
Basil Zion, more sympathetic and generous towards Moberly's work, argued that the writer did not "condemn homosexuality as immorality and perversity".<ref name=":0" />{{Reference page|page=53}} She nevertheless saw homosexuality as a "condition" that needs to be "understood and treated", and denounced the practice of "permit[ing] and bless[ing] homosexual erotic behaviour".<ref name=":0" />{{Reference page|page=58}} As she explained in a response to Peter Coleman's review of her books in 1984: "There are no short-cuts to heterosexuality. The needs involved in the homosexual condition are entirely legitimate developmental needs, which must be met and not left unmet, if the capacity for heterosexuality is ever to be attained."<ref name=":5" /> Elsewhere, in a paper published in 1997, Moberly expressed disagreement with gay activists' protests and demonstrations against the "designation of homosexuality as a disorder treatable by psychiatry", epitomising what she saw as a "pattern of pressuring institutions and researchers to produce results favorable to homosexuals and then claiming the results as objective evidence". In the same article, she claimed that her views should not be characterised as "homophobia or bigotry" and urged for respectful debate from "both sides".<ref name=":4" /> In a rebuttal to Moberly's insistence on the pathological nature of homosexuality, in 1980, psychiatrist James Mathers argued on the subjective nature of what is categorised as abnormality or pathology, citing that "all known human societies contain homosexuals, but only some of them regard it as abnormal".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mathers |first=James |last2= |first2= |last3= |first3= |date=1980 |title=Homosexuality |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0040571X8008300510 |journal=Theology |language=en |volume=83 |issue=695 |pages=364–367 |doi=10.1177/0040571X8008300510 |issn=0040-571X|url-access=subscription }} <br>{{Twlac|doi=10.1177/0040571X8008300510}}</ref>
Despite criticisms of her publications, Moberly went on to speak at several high profile academic conferences in the UK and abroad following the release of her books. In 1984, she was a speaker at the annual conference of the Society for the Study of Theology, her paper entitled, "Personal meaning and theological truth".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.theologysociety.org.uk/about-us/archive/speakers/ |title=Speakers and papers |website=Society for the Study of Theology |access-date=2026-05-19}}</ref> In 1985, she gave a guest lecture titled "New Perspectives on Homosexuality" to the Royal Society of Health.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Moberly |first=Elizabeth R. |date=1985 |title=New Perspectives on Homosexuality |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/146642408510500607 |journal=Journal of the Royal Society of Health |language=en |volume=105 |issue=6 |pages=206–210 |doi=10.1177/146642408510500607 |issn=0264-0325|url-access=subscription }} <br>{{Twlac|doi=10.1177/146642408510500607}}</ref> The same year also saw the publication of ''The Psychology of the self and others'', a sequel to ''Psychogenesis'', as well as Moberly's invitation to speak at the Psychoanalytic Self Psychology Conference in New York. Her paper from the conference, ''"The Psychogenesis of Gender Identity"'', was published the following year in ''Bulletin of the British Association of Psychotherapists'', accompanied by a disclaimer of the controversial nature of the speaker's views.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Moberly |first=Elizabeth R. |date=1986 |title=The Psychogenesis of Gender Identity |url=https://www.britishpsychotherapyfoundation.org.uk/app/uploads/2025/10/THE-BRITISH-ASSOCIATION-OF-PSYCHOTHERAPISTS-NUMBER-17-JULY-1986.pdf |journal=Bulletin of the British Association of Psychotherapists |issue=17 |pages=17-25}}</ref> In the late 1980s, Moberly was a guest lecturer at Saint Vladimir's Orthodox Theological Seminary in New York, where she made claims of high success rate in curing men of homosexuality through "reparative therapy". While some audience members were sympathetic, not all were convinced by her claims.<ref name=":3" /> That said, such was the popularity and influence of her theories in the United States, much more than what she had achieved in her native country, that Moberly relocated to Pennsylvania in 1987.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":7" /> That year, she was reported in an article in ''The Daily Intelligencer'' to be Director of psychological education and therapy at the Institute of Christian Healing in Narberth.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1987-10-16 |title=Day One Ministries Set in Quakertown |work=The Daily Intelligencer |location=Doylestown, Pennsylvania |page=97 |via=NewspaperArchive |volume=97 |issue=533}}<br>{{Twlac|https://access-newspaperarchive-com.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/us/pennsylvania/doylestown/doylestown-intelligencer/1987/10-16/page-97}}</ref> An article in the ''Syracuse Herald-Journal'' in 1993 noted Moberly's profession as a "teacher and author", and that she had been on talk shows such as ''The 700 Club'', hosted at the time by the conservative Christian presenter Pat Robertson.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1993-10-09 |title=Homosexuality will be topic of church programme |work=Syracuse Herald-Journal |page=A10 |via=NewspaperArchive |volume=116 |issue=35077}}<br>{{Twlac|https://access-newspaperarchive-com.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/us/new-york/syracuse/syracuse-post-standard/1993/10-09/page-22}}</ref> At some point, she was involved in ministry to homosexuals as Director of Psychosexual Education and Therapy for Bible-Centered Ministries (BCM International).<ref name=":4" />
Moberly and other women became less prominent in the pro-conversion therapy movement by the 1990s, with their positions replaced by white men such as Joseph Nicolosi.<ref name=":2" /> As of 1997, she worked full-time in cancer research.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Moberly |first=Elizabeth |url=https://www.firstthings.com/article/1997/03/homosexuality-and-the-truth |title=Homosexuality and the Truth |journal=First Things |volume=71 |year=1997 |pages=30-33}}</ref>
=== Influences on conversion therapy === Moberly's work has continued to be influential in the controversial practice of conversion therapy. Her work inspired that of A. Dean Byrd<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Babits |first=Chris |date=2026-02-16 |title=Masculinizing Mormon Patriarchs: A. Dean Byrd and Reparative Therapy with Latter-day Saint Men |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0009640726102960/type/journal_article |journal=Church History |language=en |pages=1–21 |doi=10.1017/S0009640726102960 |issn=0009-6407 |doi-access=free}}</ref> and Joseph Nicolosi, even as the latter gained more prominence and popularity compared to hers later on.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Babits |first=Chris |date=2024 |title=A war against the natural order: Joseph Nicolosi, Reparative Therapy, and the Christian Right. |url=https://doi.apa.org/doi/10.1037/hop0000159 |journal=History of Psychology |language=en |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=54–74 |doi=10.1037/hop0000159 |issn=1939-0610|url-access=subscription }}</ref> In 2010, an undercover investigation into conversion therapy in the UK by ''The Independent'' noted that her work was referenced by a conversion therapist, specifically her theory about "the cannibalistic nature of homosexual sex".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-02-01 |title=The ex-gay files: The bizarre world of gay-to-straight conversion |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/the-exgay-files-the-bizarre-world-of-gaytostraight-conversion-1884947.html |access-date=2026-05-19 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref> Moberly's influence in conversion therapy was referenced again in the GMC's investigation into another practitioner, as reported by ''The Guardian'' in 2011.<ref name=":1" /> In 2021, she was named in the UK Government's research into conversion therapy as an influential figure in the controversial practice.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-29 |title=Conversion therapy: an evidence assessment and qualitative study |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/conversion-therapy-an-evidence-assessment-and-qualitative-study/conversion-therapy-an-evidence-assessment-and-qualitative-study |access-date=2026-05-19 |website=GOV.UK |language=en}}</ref> As argued by historian Chris Babits, the legacy of the work of Moberly and her contemporaries in conversion therapy is "profound and lasting psychological harm" to the people who have been subject to this so called "therapy".<ref name=":2" />
==Bibliography== * ''Suffering, Innocent and Guilty'' (1978), S.P.C.K. * ''Psychogenesis: The Early Development of Gender Identity'' (1983), Routledge and Kegan Paul. * ''Homosexuality: A New Christian Ethic'' (1983), James Clarke & Co. {{ISBN|0-227-67850-8}}; {{ISBN|978-0-227-67850-3}} * ''The Psychology of Self and Other'' (1985), Tavistock Publications. {{ISBN|0-422-79740-5}}; {{ISBN|978-0-422-79740-5}}
== References == {{Reflist}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Moberley, Elizabeth}} Category:Sexual orientation change efforts Category:Living people Category:British psychologists Category:20th-century British non-fiction writers Category:20th-century British women writers Category:1949 births Category:English emigrants to the United States Category:Alumni of Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford Category:Alumni of the University of Cambridge Category:Academics of the University of Cambridge