{{Short description|German physician and resistance fighter against the Nazi regime}} {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}} {{Use British English|date=July 2019}} {{Infobox person | honorific_prefix = Professor | name = Elfriede Paul | honorific_suffix = | image = 225px | landscape = <!-- yes, if wide image, otherwise leave blank --> | alt = <!-- descriptive text for use by speech synthesis (text-to-speech) software --> | caption = Photo for Elfriede Paul | birth_date = {{Birth date|1900|1|14|df=yes}} | birth_place = Cologne | death_date = {{Death date and age|1981|8|30|1900|1|14|df=yes}} | death_place = Ahrenshoop | education = Humboldt University of Berlin | occupation = Physician | partner = Walter Küchenmeister }}
'''Elfriede Paul''' (14 January 1900 – 30 August 1981) was a German physician and resistance fighter against the Nazi regime. Paul, a small and energetic woman, was a communist member of the anti-fascist resistance group that was later called the Red Orchestra by the Abwehr.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dr. Elfriede Paul |url=https://www.stolpersteine-berlin.de/de/biografie/4254 |website=Koordinierungsstelle Stolpersteine Berlin |publisher=AG Stolpersteine Reinickendorf |access-date=2 July 2019 |location=Berlin |language=de}}</ref> Paul was one of the few members of the Red Orchestra Group to survive imprisonment at the hands of the Gestapo. After the war, she was responsible for drafting health policies for the German Democratic Republic.<ref name="GruberGraves1998">{{cite book|author1=Helmut Gruber|author2=Pamela M. Graves|author3=Pamela Graves|title=Women and Socialism, Socialism and Women: Europe Between the Two World Wars|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p3A82M06lPcC&pg=PA168|access-date=24 July 2019|year=1998|publisher=Berghahn Books|isbn=978-1-57181-152-3|page=168}}</ref>
==Life== Elfriede Paul came from a petite bourgeoisie family background and was the daughter of a lithographer.<ref name="mag">{{cite web |last1=Hinze |first1=Lieselotte |title=Paul, Elfriede |url=http://www.uni-magdeburg.de/mbl/Biografien/0573.htm |website=Magdeburger Biographisches Lexiko |publisher=Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg |access-date=4 July 2019 |language=de |archive-date=2 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190702232201/http://www.uni-magdeburg.de/mbl/Biografien/0573.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Between 1905 and 1915, she attended middle school in Görlitz and later Harburg.<ref name="medcv">{{cite web |last1=Schagen |first1=Udo |last2=Schleiermacher |first2=Sabine |title=ELFRIEDE PAUL |url=https://www.soziale-medizin.de/CD_DGSMP/PdfFiles/Biografien/Paul.pdf |website=Deutsche Gesellschaft für Sozialmedizin und Prävention e. V. |publisher=Universitätsklinikum Essen |access-date=4 July 2019 |location=CD-ROM Berlin |language=de |date=2005 |archive-date=4 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190704135005/https://www.soziale-medizin.de/CD_DGSMP/PdfFiles/Biografien/Paul.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> A visit to her father in the infirmary, who had been wounded during the war, and the lack of food during the last years of World War I, led her to contemplate the meaning of war.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Paul |first1=Elfriede |last2=Küchenmeister |first2=Wera |title=Ein Sprechzimmer der Roten Kapelle |date=1987 |publisher=Militärverlag der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik |location=Berlin |isbn=978-3-327-00421-0 |edition=3. Aufl|page=14}}</ref>
Planning to be a fine artist while at school, she was inspired by the anthroposophical ideas of the Austrian philosopher Rudolf Steiner, but determined that she was unlikely to be successful, and would prefer to be an ordinary teacher rather than a mediocre artist.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Paul |first1=Elfriede |last2=Küchenmeister |first2=Wera |title=Ein Sprechzimmer der Roten Kapelle |date=1987 |publisher=Militärverlag der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik |location=Berlin |isbn=978-3-327-00421-0 |edition=3. Aufl|page=16}}</ref>
After attending the lyceum in Harburg for a year, Paul started a teacher training course in 1917. She attended the monastery of St. Johannis in Hamburg and completed the First State Examination of teachers in 1921.<ref name="medcv"/> In 1919, Paul joined the Free German Youth and, unsatisfied with the organization, joined the German Monist League.<ref name="Paul.p20">{{cite book |last1=Paul |first1=Elfriede |last2=Küchenmeister |first2=Wera |title=Ein Sprechzimmer der Roten Kapelle |date=1987 |publisher=Militärverlag der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik |location=Berlin |isbn=978-3-327-00421-0 |edition=3. Aufl|page=20}}</ref> Due to urging from her childhood sweetheart, she became a communist and joined the Communist Party of Germany (KPD) in 1921. Paul found that the Communist Party had the emotional intellect that she had been looking for.<ref name="Paul.p20"/>
While working as a teacher in Hamburg, she started a medical degree in 1926. In 1930 and 1931, Paul worked in Vienna. Later she passed the Staatsexamen in Berlin<ref name="mag"/> and completed her degree in 1933. Between 1934 and 1936, Paul completed two years of general postgraduate medical training<ref name="medcv"/> and then obtained a position at the Institute of Hygiene at the Humboldt University of Berlin to study.
In 1936, she was promoted to D.Phil with a thesis titled ''Die Beeinflussung der Menstruation durch das Landjahr'' (The Influence of Menstruation by the Land Year). In 1954, she completed her habilitation with a thesis titled ''Ursachen und Dauer der Arbeitsunfähigkeit bei der Frau'' (Causes and Duration of Incapacity for Women).<ref name="medcv"/>
==Career== In July 1933, Paul received a tip that her house was going to be searched for banned literature.<ref name="paul.p65">{{cite book |last1=Paul |first1=Elfriede |last2=Küchenmeister |first2=Wera |title=Ein Sprechzimmer der Roten Kapelle |date=1987 |publisher=Militärverlag der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik |location=Berlin |isbn=978-3-327-00421-0 |edition=3. Aufl|page=65}}</ref> The Sturmabteilung officers arrived at 06:30, but found nothing. Paul left a copy of the ''Volkischer Beobachter'' on her desk to assuage their suspicions.<ref name="paul.p65"/>
In 1934, Paul received her license to be a doctor.<ref name="medcv"/> Between 1934 and 1937, Paul worked part time in the Municipal Office of Greater Berlin as a school doctor for infants. At the same time, she was an unpaid assistant in the Hygiene Institute of the University of Berlin.<ref name="medcv"/>
From 1936 to 1939, Paul worked as a doctor for the League of German Girls, a Nazi organization.<ref name="Andresen2005">{{cite book|author=Geertje Andresen|title=Oda Schottmüller: Die Tänzerin, Bildhauerin und Nazigegnerin Oda Schottmüller (1905–1943)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FM4IDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA186|access-date=24 July 2019|date=1 November 2005|publisher=Lukas Verlag|isbn=978-3-936872-58-3|pages=186–188}}</ref> In 1936, Paul settled to become a general practitioner in Wilmersdorf.<ref name="Andresen2005"/> Reich Chamber of Culture official Hans Hinkel lived on the same floor as her practice.<ref name="Andresen2005"/> From 1936 to 1942, Paul continued her general practitioner career.<ref name="medcv"/>
==Resistance== left|thumb|The Schulze-Boysen group in Germany At the end of 1936, Libertas Schulze-Boysen and Walter Küchenmeister, on the advice of Elisabeth Schumacher, sought out Paul.<ref name="Coppi1995">{{cite book|author=Hans Coppi|title=Harro Schulze-Boysen, Wege in den Widerstand: eine biographische Studie |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JacqAQAAMAAJ|access-date=24 July 2019|year=1995 |publisher=Fölbach |language=de |isbn=978-3-923532-28-5 |page=183}}</ref> Küchenmeister, Schumacher, and a Mr. Schwarz were selected to visit Paul's surgery waiting room. The conversation did not proceed in the waiting room, so Schwarz ordered Schumacher to introduce himself but Paul feared arrest and remained on guard and it was only slowly that her confidence was restored.<ref name="paul.p144">{{cite book |last1=Paul |first1=Elfriede |last2=Küchenmeister |first2=Wera |title=Ein Sprechzimmer der Roten Kapelle |date=1987 |publisher=Militärverlag der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik |location=Berlin |isbn=978-3-327-00421-0 |edition=3. Aufl|page=85}}</ref> Paul stated the following:
:''I think I should represent you, sir, and now you are appearing here yourself? The visitor, obviously amazed, does not seem to comprehend the situation. Why is he so embarrassed? His attitude is strangely uncertain anyway, as if he were bowed over, as if he had stomach pains.''<ref name="paul.p144"/>
Paul was right to be wary as Küchenmeister had already been arrested twice by 1936, once in 1933 and once in 1934, including a nine-month jail sentence spent in Sonnenburg concentration camp, where he was infected with tuberculosis.<ref>{{cite book|author=Geertje Andresen|title=Wer war Oda Schottmüller?: zwei Versionen ihrer Biographie und deren Rezeption in der alten Bundesrepublik und in der DDR|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bBp6hiMGdCIC&pg=PA162|access-date=9 May 2019|year=2012|publisher=Lukas Verlag|location=|language=de|isbn=978-3-86732-125-9 |page=162|trans-title=Who was Oda Schottmüller?: Two versions of her biography and its reception in the old Federal Republic and the GDR}}</ref> In 1936, Küchenmeister, by now an invalid, was receiving medical treatment for his tuberculosis from Paul. Küchenmeister and Paul had become good friends and, in March 1937, Küchenmeister abandoned his wife and moved in with Paul, who took up the education of Küchenmeister's two sons.<ref>{{cite book|author=Geertje Andresen|title=Oda Schottmüller: Die Tänzerin, Bildhauerin und Nazigegnerin Oda Schottmüller (1905–1943)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FM4IDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA186|access-date=25 May 2019|date=1 November 2005|publisher=Lukas Verlag|language=de|isbn=978-3-936872-58-3|page=186}}</ref>
Beginning in 1937, the group began copying and disseminating leaflets and pamphlets from the waiting room of Paul's surgery in Wilmersdorf, using information about the Spanish Civil War received from Harro Schulze-Boysen.<ref name="Brysac2002">{{cite book|author=Shareen Blair Brysac|title=Resisting Hitler: Mildred Harnack and the Red Orchestra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5nEXxloJxQYC&pg=PT376|access-date=23 July 2019|date=23 May 2002|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-992388-5|page=376}}</ref> The group would target friends and acquaintances to try and make them aware of the "animalistic behaviour" of the Fascists.<ref name="Brysac2002"/> Secrecy was essential and even getting paper and stamps became difficult. Paul would drive around, under the guise of making house calls, and mail carefully disguised anonymous leaflets from distant post boxes.<ref name="Brysac2002"/>
In April 1939, Küchenmeister's tuberculosis had advanced so much that Paul advised him to attend a sanatorium, recommending alpine air. Paul had obtained a guarantee of a cure for Küchenmeister and hoped he would recover completely. Küchenmeister, Paul, and the Schumachers travelled to Leysin in Switzerland, finding the trip to be less suffocating than Berlin under Nazi rule.<ref>{{cite book|author=Geertje Andresen|title=Oda Schottmüller: Die Tänzerin, Bildhauerin und Nazigegnerin Oda Schottmüller (1905–1943)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FM4IDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA207|access-date=27 May 2019|date=1 November 2005|publisher=Lukas Verlag|language=de|isbn=978-3-936872-58-3 |pages=214–222}}</ref> Küchenmeister stayed in Switzerland for seven months, receiving treatment at the sanatorium in Leysin. Paul wrote to Küchenmeister five times over the seven months.<ref>{{cite book|author=Geertje Andresen|title=Oda Schottmüller: Die Tänzerin, Bildhauerin und Nazigegnerin Oda Schottmüller (1905–1943)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FM4IDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA207|access-date=23 June 2019|date=1 November 2005|publisher=Lukas Verlag|isbn=978-3-936872-58-3|page=207}}</ref> Over the next several years, Paul was intimately involved in the group.
==Arrest== On 16 September 1942, two Gestapo agents arrived at 6:30 in the morning. Küchenmeister knew what the arrival of the agents meant, and instructed Paul to switch off the fridge and to "come along".<ref name="paul.p144"/> Paul, Küchenmeister and his son Rainer were arrested. Both Paul and Rainer were taken to a holding cell on Alexanderplatz. Paul was sentenced by the 2nd Senate of the Reichskriegsgericht on 6 February 1943 to six years in prison for "preparation for high treason".<ref name="paul.p144"/>
Küchenmeister was taken to Dachau concentration camp.<ref name="paul.p144"/> He was sentenced to death by the 2nd Senate of the Imperial War Court for belonging to the resistance organization, the Red Orchestra, and was executed on 13 May 1943 in Plötzensee Prison in Berlin.<ref name="bio">{{cite web |title=Küchenmeister, Walter |url=https://www.bundesstiftung-aufarbeitung.de/wer-war-wer-in-der-ddr-%2363;-1424.html?ID=4657 |website=Bundesstiftung zur Aufarbeitung der SED-Diktatur |publisher=Karl Dietz Verlag Berlin |access-date=13 April 2019 |language=de}}</ref> Due to the Nazi concept that the family shares responsibility for a crime, known as Sippenhaft, Küchenmeister's son Rainer was also jailed.<ref name="Loeffel2012">{{cite book|author=Robert Loeffel|title=Family Punishment in Nazi Germany: Sippenhaft, Terror and Myth|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YxHxaq6sMroC&pg=PA41|access-date=27 May 2019|date=29 May 2012|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-0-230-34305-4|page=41}}{{Dead link|date=June 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> He was sent to Moringen concentration camp, and in March 1945 was sent to strafbataillon, a penal battalion, and survived the war.
In February 1945, Paul, along with 300 other women, was transported in a cattle car to Leipzig. While imprisoned, she was allowed to volunteer in the prison hospital. She found 300 women patients in a hall in the hospital.<ref name="paul.p144"/> The women had every disease imaginable and the place was full of vermin.<ref name="paul.p144"/> While working as a doctor there, she contracted tuberculosis in her left lung.<ref name="paul.p144"/> Due to the bombing, it was impossible to bury the dead, so she stacked the dead bodies in a shed in the hospital grounds.
==After World War II== On 7 May 1945, Paul and the rest of the prisoners were released when an American tank from the US 2nd Infantry Division drove through the garden wall. The tank crew released all the prisoners and gave what rations they could.<ref name="paul.p144"/> After recovering, Paul returned to Berlin, now bombed to destruction.<ref name="paul.p144"/> Paul started back to work as a physician but found it difficult to visit her patients in the American occupation zone and Soviet occupation zone, so she decided to go live with her sister Elsbeth in Burgdorf, Hanover.<ref name="paul.p187">{{cite book |last1=Paul |first1=Elfriede |last2=Küchenmeister |first2=Wera |title=Ein Sprechzimmer der Roten Kapelle |date=1987 |publisher=Militärverlag der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik |location=Berlin |isbn=978-3-327-00421-0 |edition=3. Aufl|page=187}}</ref>
During this period she worked for the reformation of the KPD in Hanover and the surrounding districts, as old colleagues returned from the concentration camps and prisons.<ref name="paul.p189">{{cite book |last1=Paul |first1=Elfriede |last2=Küchenmeister |first2=Wera |title=Ein Sprechzimmer der Roten Kapelle |date=1987 |publisher=Militärverlag der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik |location=Berlin |isbn=978-3-327-00421-0 |edition=3. Aufl|page=189}}</ref> After a two-week holiday in Burgdorf, she decided to settle there, when the KPD asked for her help, as they had insufficient staff in the Hanover officer and the Berlin KPD office was well staffed.<ref name="paul.p189"/>
In 1945, Paul opened a practice<ref name="medcv"/> and, with some help, she treated patients from Camp Ohio, a large resettlement camp close to Burgdorf that contained hundreds of women, children and old people. Paul stated of the experience:
:I saw unspeakable misery. Primarily separated from each other by blankets, many families lived in a single large barrack, and there was no prospect of returning to their own home in the foreseeable future. The county seat [of] Burgdorf and certainly the villages of this Lower Saxon area had, as I said, barely known the horrors and hardships of the war. Most of the farmers were hard-hearted. They did not give the mothers a drop of milk for their children, not a piece of bread.<ref name="paul.p192">{{cite book |last1=Paul |first1=Elfriede |last2=Küchenmeister |first2=Wera |title=Ein Sprechzimmer der Roten Kapelle |date=1987 |publisher=Militärverlag der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik |location=Berlin |isbn=978-3-327-00421-0 |edition=3. Aufl|page=192}}</ref>
In 1946, Paul became a Minister for Construction, Labour and Welfare of the State of Hanover as a member of the Landtag of the Communist Party of Germany. The position only lasted for a year as Hanover was in the British Zone of Occupation and became part of Lower Saxony in 1946 and Paul's position as a member of the assembly was dissolved.<ref name="medcv"/> On 1 May 1947, Paul returned to Berlin. [[File:Ahrenshoop, Grabstätte von Elfriede Paul auf dem Friedhof (2023-02-26).jpg|thumb|Gravestone in Ahrenshoop]] For the next two years, Paul was director of the Division for Occupational Health Care in the German Economic Commission.<ref name="medcv"/> The following year she was medical director of the Insurance Institute Berlin.<ref name="medcv"/> In 1950, Paul returned to work at the Hygienic Institute of the University of Berlin, where she had been an assistant before the war. Paul remained in the position until 1954 when she was appointed as Head of the Occupational Health Inspectorate of the Health Department of the Berlin City Council.<ref name="medcv"/> In 1956, Paul was appointed to the Chair of Social Hygiene at the Institute of Social Hygiene at the Medical Academy Magdeburg,<ref>{{cite web |title=Geschichte der Hochschulmedizin in Magdeburg - Rückblick auf über ein halbes Jahrhundert |url=http://www.med.uni-magdeburg.de/Patienten+_+G%C3%A4ste/Willkommen/Wir+%C3%BCber+uns/Geschichte.html |website=MEDICAL SCHOOL UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL MAGDEBURG A. ö.R. |publisher=Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg |access-date=9 August 2019 |language=de|trans-title=History of University Medicine in Magdeburg - Review of more than half a century}}</ref> the University of Magdeburg, which is now called the Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg.<ref name="medcv"/>
In 1957, Paul also undertook a lectureship in occupational medicine at the Medical Academy Magdeburg. As a social hygienist, she included clinicians from various fields in the lecture series ''Occupational Hygiene''. From 1960, she was also a city counsellor for Magdeburg. She retired in 1964.
==Awards and honours== * 1958: Hufeland Medal * 1958: Medal for Fighters Against Fascism * Patriotic Order of Merit in bronze (1959), silver (1965) and gold (1975) * Honour clip for the Patriotic Order of Merit in Gold (1980)<ref>Neues Deutschland, 7 March 1980, p.2</ref>
Paul received the majority of the honours in the 1960s and 1970s. * In Templin, the children's home, Elfriede Paul of ''Lebenshilfe,'' was named after her. * On 13 October 2010, a Stolperstein, or stumbling block, was laid in front of their last house before the Gestapo arrested them in the Saxon Palace, located at 63a Sächsische Strasse in Wilmersdorf.
==Odonymy== * In Hanover, Paul has a street after her, called ''Elfriede Paul Alley'' (Elfriede-Paul-Allee).
==Bibliography==
===Red Orchestra=== * {{cite book |last1=Paul |first1=Elfriede |last2=Küchenmeister |first2=Wera |title=Ein Sprechzimmer der Roten Kapelle |date=1987 |publisher=Militärverlag der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik |location=Berlin |isbn=978-3-327-00421-0 |edition= 3rd |language=de|oclc= 884412492|trans-title=A consulting room of the Red Orchestra}}
===Medical studies=== This is a representative list of medical articles and books written or co-written by Paul.
* {{cite book |last1=Paul |first1=Elfriede |title=Untersuchungen über Ursachen und Dauer der Arbeitsunfähigkeit bei der Frau; Analyse der gesundheitlichen Lage der werktätigen Frauen auf Grund von Erhebungen in sechs Berliner Betrieben. |date=1956 |publisher=Verlag Volk und Gesundheit |location=Berlin |language=de|oclc=14663198|trans-title=Studies on the causes and duration of inability to work for women; Analysis of the health status of working women based on surveys in six Berlin companies.}} * {{cite book |last1=Paul |first1=Elfriede |last2=Braun |first2=Renate |last3=Verlag Volk und Gesundheit |first3=Berlin |title=Gesundheitsschutz |date=1979 |language=de|oclc=5764963|series=Lehrbuch für die medizinische Fachschulausbildung|trans-title=Health}} * {{cite book |last1=Elfriede |first1=Paul |last2=Kruschwitz |first2=S |last3=Zunk |first3=S |title=Gesundheitsschutz der Frau in unserer Landwirtschaft |date=1974 |publisher=Verlag Volk u. Gesundheit, VEB |location=Berlin |language=de|oclc=1672864|series=Medicus:kleine medizinische Bücherei für alle|trans-title=Health protection of women in our agriculture}} * {{cite book |last1=Elfriede |first1=Paul |title=Organisation des Gesundheitsschutzes in der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik Einf. f. Lernende an medizin. Schulen |date=1968 |publisher=Verl. Volk u. Gesundheit VEB |location=Berlin |language=de|oclc=73845723|trans-title=Organization of health protection in the German Democratic Republic Einf. F. Apprentices in medicine. schools}} * {{cite book |last1=Elfriede |first1=Paul |title=Silikose und Silikatose Zusammenstellg v. Arbeiten aus d. sowjet. Zeitschriftenliteratur |date=1954 |publisher=Verl. Volk u. Gesundheit |location=Berlin |language=de|oclc=72194641}} * {{cite book |author=Elfriede Paul |title=Gesundheitliche und soziologische Probleme der berufstätigen Mutter: Arbeitstagung mit internationaler Beteiligung vom 27. - 29. Oktober 1966, Rostock |date=1967 |location=Rostock |publisher=Deutsche Gesellschaft für die Gesamte Hygiene; Ges. für Gesundheitsschutz, Sekt. Hygiene u. Gesundheitsschutz d. Frau |language=de|oclc=314021388|trans-title=Health and sociological problems of the working mother: Workshop with international participation 27–29 October 1966, Rostock}} * {{cite book |last1=Paul |first1=Elfriede |last2=Schennetten |first2=Felix P N |title=Einführung in die kardiologische Dispensairebetreuung als Grundlage zur Rehabilitation |date=1959 |publisher=VEB Verlag Volk und Gesundheit |location=Berlin |language=de|oclc=14623203|trans-title=Introduction to cardiological dispensary care as a basis for rehabilitation}} * {{cite book |last1=Elfriede |first1=Paul |last2=Lambert |first2=Franziska |title=Frau und Volkshochschule |date=1947 |publisher=Westermann |location=Braunschweig |language=de|oclc=73618882|series=Bausteine der Volkshochschule, H. 9.|trans-title=Woman and community college}} * {{cite book |last1=Elfriede |first1=Paul |title=Grundzüge der Arbeitshygiene: Eine Schrift f. nichtärztl. Mitarb. d. Betriebsgesundheitswesens |date=1956 |publisher=Verl. Tribüne |location=Berlin |language=de|oclc=73618887|trans-title=Main features of occupational hygiene: A font f. nichtärztl. Al. d. Operating Outlet}} * {{cite book |last1=Elfriede |first1=Paul |title=Untersuchungen über Ursachen und Dauer der Arbeitsunfähigkeit bei der Frau. |date=1956 |publisher=Verl. Volk u. Gesundheit |location=Berlin |language=de|oclc=252051007|trans-title=Investigations on causes and duration of inability to work in the woman}}
==References== {{Reflist}}
==Further reading== * {{cite thesis |last=Grumpelt |first=Uta |date=1983 |title=Das Wirken von Prof. Dr. med. habil. Elfriede Paul am Lehrstuhl für Sozialhygiene der Medizinischen Akademie Magdeburg im Zeitraum von 1956-1964 |type=Med. Akad., Diplomarbeit |publisher=Magdeburg |oclc= 918222066}} * {{cite book |last1=Albrecht |first1=Günter |last2=Hartwig |first2=Wolfgang |title=Ärzte: Erinnerungen, Erlebnisse, Bekenntnisse |date=1988 |publisher=Buchverlag der Morgen |location=Berlin |isbn=978-3-371-00164-7|oclc=29823117|pages=93–117, 480–482}} * {{cite book |last1=Ernst |first1=Anna-Sabine |title=Die beste Prophylaxe ist der Sozialismus. Ärzte und medizinische Hochschul-Lehrer in der SBZ/DDR 1945–1946 |date=1997 |publisher=Waxmann |location=Munster |pages=360–365|trans-title=The best prophylaxis is socialism. Doctors and medical university teachers in the SBZ/DDR 1945-1946}} * {{cite book |last1=Steinbach |first1=Peter |last2=Adam|first2=Ursula|last3= Tuchel|first3=Johannes |title=Lexikon des Widerstandes 1933-1945 |date=1994 |publisher=Beck |location=Munich |isbn=978-3-406-37451-7 |page=145|oclc=185509632|series=Beck'sche Reihe, 1016}}
{{People of the German Rote Kapelle resistance group}} {{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Paul, Elfrieda}} Category:1900 births Category:1981 deaths Category:Red Orchestra (espionage) Category:Medical doctors from Cologne Category:Communist Party of Germany politicians Category:Communists in the German Resistance Category:Medical doctors from Berlin Category:Moringen concentration camp survivors Category:East German medical doctors Category:East German women Category:20th-century German women medical doctors Category:Humboldt University of Berlin alumni