{{short description|American economist (1916–2007)}} {{Use American English|date=November 2022}} {{Use mdy dates|date=November 2022}} {{Infobox academic | name = Eleanor Hadley | birth_date = {{Birth date|1916|07|17}} | death_date = {{Death date and age|2007|06|01|1916|07|17}} | birth_place = Seattle, Washington, U.S. | death_place = Seattle, Washington, U.S. | alma_mater = {{hlist|Mills College|Tokyo Imperial University|Radcliffe College}} | thesis_title = Concentrated Business Power in Japan | thesis_year = 1949 | discipline = Economics | sub_discipline = {{hlist|Japan studies|modern Japanese economy|}} | notable_works = ''Antitrust in Japan'' (1970) | workplaces = {{hlist|Smith College|George Washington University|U. S. Tariff Commission|General Accounting Office}} | image = Eleanor Hadley.png | honorific_prefix = <!-- Doctor --> | honorific_suffix = Order of the Sacred Treasure | occupation = {{hlist|Economist|policymaker|professor|research analyst}} }}
'''Eleanor Martha Hadley ''' (July 17, 1916 – June 1, 2007) was an American economist and policymaker. Because of her relatively rare research specialization in Japanese economics, during World War II Hadley was recruited first into OSS and then the State Department to support the United States' war effort while she was a doctoral candidate in economics at Radcliffe College. Hadley helped draft the United States' plans for dissolving ''zaibatsu'' business conglomerates as part of a planned effort to democratize Japan after the war, and she participated in implementing this economic deconcentration program when the postwar occupation brought her to Japan to work for SCAP as an economist.
After ending her time with SCAP in the occupation of Japan, Hadley completed her dissertation, earning her doctorate at Radcliffe College. Although interested in continuing a career in working for the United States, she discovered that she could not obtain meaningful work in government because Charles A. Willoughby, an ultraconservative military officer in the occupation, had blacklisted her, resulting in the denial of necessary security clearance. Hadley turned to academia, and she taught at Smith College and George Washington University. After Hadley finally cleared her name and achieved clearance, she worked in government for the U. S. Tariff Commission and General Accounting Office from 1967 to 1981.
In 1970, Princeton University Press published Hadley's monograph ''Antitrust in Japan''. Economist George Cyril Allen called ''Antitrust'' "undoubtedly the most comprehensive and authoritative" study on ''zaibatsu'' and their dissolution available in the Western world. Hadley received the Order of the Sacred Treasure, third degree, from the Japanese government in 1986, and in 1997 she received the Association for Asian Studies' Award for Distinguished Contributions.
== Early education == Eleanor Martha Hadley was born July 17, 1916, in Seattle, Washington to parents Homer and Margaret Hadley.<ref name="green">{{Cite news |last=Green |first=Sara Jean |date=June 6, 2007 |title=Eleanor Hadley Spent Her Life Standing up to Oppression, Dies at 90 |work=The Seattle Times |type=obituary |url=https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/eleanor-hadley-spent-her-life-standing-up-to-oppression-dies-at-90/ |url-status=live |access-date=November 6, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071020181047/http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/2003736138_hadleyobit06m.html |archive-date=October 20, 2007}}</ref> Homer Hadley was a locally famous civil engineer and later the namesake of the Homer M. Hadley Memorial Bridge spanning part of Lake Washington.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Matthews |first=Todd |date=November 16, 2012 |title=Fearing Its Demolition, Preservationists Nominate McMillin Bridge to Pierce County's Historic Register |work=Tacoma Daily Index |url=https://www.tacomadailyindex.com/blog/fearing-its-demolition-preservationists-nominate-mcmillin-bridge-to-pierce-countys-historic-register/2173437/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523224340/https://www.tacomadailyindex.com/blog/fearing-its-demolition-preservationists-nominate-mcmillin-bridge-to-pierce-countys-historic-register/2173437/ |archive-date=May 23, 2021}}</ref> Margaret Hadley was a teacher who specialized in preschool education and the education of children with disabilities.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pimentel |first=Benjamin |date=June 13, 1991 |title=Teacher Margaret S. Hadley, 102; Had Special Rapport With Disabled |work=The Seattle Times |url=https://archive.seattletimes.com/archive/?date=19910613&slug=1288791 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221110221638/https://archive.seattletimes.com/archive/?date=19910613&slug=1288791 |archive-date=November 10, 2022}}</ref> Growing up, Hadley's family was relatively well off.{{Sfn|Thiry|2007|p=22}}
After graduating from Seattle's Franklin High School in 1934, Hadley enrolled at Mills College in Oakland, California.<ref name="green" /> While a student at Mills, she participated in the nascent Japan–America Student Conferences, attending the program's 1935 conference in Portland, Oregon and its 1936 conference in Japan, the latter as the Mills College delegate.{{Sfn|Thiry|2007|p=22}}{{Sfn|Hadley|Kuwayama|p=19|2003}} Hadley's interest in international affairs continued, and she attended a conference of the International Relations Club at Mills College in 1937.{{Sfn|Thiry|2007|p=22}} Hadley graduated from Mills in 1938 with a degree in politics, economics, and philosophy.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last1=Kuwayama |first1=Patricia Hagan |title=Memoir of a Trustbuster: A Lifelong Adventure with Japan |last2=Patrick |first2=Hugh T. |publisher=University of Hawaiʻi Press |year=2003 |isbn=0-8248-2589-6 |location=Honolulu |pages=1–15 |chapter=Introduction}}</ref>
Hadley received a fellowship from Tokyo Imperial University which financed a stay in Tokyo from 1938 to 1940, during which time she also traveled extensively in Japan and China.<ref name="green" /><ref name=":1" /> In addition to being one of the few Americans to have studied in Japan before the outbreak of war between the United States and Japan,{{Sfn|Hadley|Kuwayama|2003|p=vii}} Hadley was also among the earliest Westerners to go to Nanjing after the Nanjing Massacre three years earlier.<ref name="green" /> After returning to the United States, Hadley continued her education at Radcliffe College (at the time a coordinate institution through which women could attend classes at Harvard University, which only admitted male students), enrolling there in 1941 to seek a doctorate in economics.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Collier |first=Irwin |date=November 24, 2021 |title=Radcliffe/Harvard. Economics Ph.D. alumna Eleanor Martha Hadley, 1949 |url=https://www.irwincollier.com/radcliffe-harvard-economics-ph-d-alumna-eleanor-martha-hadley-1949/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211125002536/https://www.irwincollier.com/radcliffe-harvard-economics-ph-d-alumna-eleanor-martha-hadley-1949/ |archive-date=November 25, 2021 |access-date=November 9, 2022 |website=Economics in the Rear-View Mirror |language=en-US}}</ref>
==State Department career== After the Empire of Japan's December 7, 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor, the United States formally entered World War II.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Great Debate |url=https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/great-debate |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221025062240/https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/great-debate |archive-date=October 25, 2022 |access-date=November 10, 2022 |publisher=The National World War II Museum |language=en}}</ref> After completing her comprehensive examinations but not her dissertation,{{Sfn|Thiry|2007|p=23}} Hadley was recruited by Charles Burton Fahs—chief of the Research and Analysis Division (Far East) at the State Department<ref>{{Cite web |title=Charles B. (Charles Burton) Fahs |url=https://dimes.rockarch.org/agents/8fgdhQozzVZpzKucKCQP9W |url-status= |access-date=November 8, 2022 |website=The Online Collections and Catalog of Rockefeller Archive Center}}</ref>—to work as a research analyst for the Office of Strategic Services (OSS) starting in 1943.<ref name=":0" /> There, Hadley completed a project about Japan's wooden-shipbuilding industry, and she proposed that OSS next study industrial organization. Fortuitously for Hadley, the economic section of the State, War, Navy Coordinating Council (SWNCC)'s economic section needed to draft a paper on the ''zaibatsu'' business combines of Japan's modern economy, related to industrial organization.<ref>{{harvnb|Thiry|2007|p=22}}, {{harvnb|Hadley|Kuwayama|2003|p=50}}</ref>
Hadley was transferred to the State Department in late 1944, called upon for what the Association for Asian Studies later described as her "rare expertise on the Japanese economy,"<ref name=":1" /> and she "helped plan the Japanese deconcentration program".{{Sfn|Takemae|2002|p=335}} Hadley went to work studying ''zaibatsu'' in the Business Practice Branch of the International Area Committee for the Far East's Commodities Division, and she concluded that ''zaibatsu'' were "one of the architects of Japan's irresponsible government" in the years of its military aggression.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mayo |first=Marlene J. |url=https://archive.org/details/americansasproco0000unse |title=Americans as Proconsuls: United States Military Government in Germany and Japan, 1944–1952 |publisher=Southern Illinois University Press |year=1982 |isbn=0-8093-1115-1 |editor-last=Wolfe |editor-first=Robert |location=Carbondale |pages=3–51 |chapter=American Wartime Planning for Occupied Japan: The Role of the Experts |ol=3162932M |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/americansasproco0000unse/page/n31 |url-access=registration}}</ref> When SWNCC drafted the Basic Directive—policy directions to guide Douglas MacArthur during the anticipated occupation of Japan—Hadley drafted the research policy paper undergirding the portion of the Directive which recommended dissolving the ''zaibatsu'' in order to democratize the Japanese economy.<ref>{{harvnb|Hadley|Kuwayama|2003|p=|pp=51–54}}, {{harvnb|Thiry|2007|p=23}}.</ref>
== Occupation of Japan == Japan publicly announced its surrender on August 15, 1945, and formally surrendered to the United States on September 2, 1945. The Allied Powers, with the United States leading, began a military occupation of Japan with Douglas MacArthur as Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers (SCAP).{{Sfn|Dower|1999|pp=19, 40, 73}} Early in the occupation, the Yasuda ''zaibatsu'' submitted an economic plan to SCAP which called for dissolving the ''zaibatsu'' holding companies but not the business combines themselves. When MacArthur approved this plan, the American press criticized the decision as too lenient, and United States president Harry S. Truman sent a team of economists led by Corwin Edwards to address these concerns in January 1946.{{Sfn|Thiry|2007|pp=18–19}} Hadley was interested in immediate assignment to work for SCAP as part of the Edwards mission, but she was kept off the all-male team, despite having written the ''zaibatsu'' policy paper, because she was a woman. Hadley, still a doctoral candidate with an in-progress dissertation, finally joined the occupation in April 1946 when SCAP's Government Section issued a request for staff familiar with Japan.{{Sfn|Thiry|2007|pp=19–23}} Hadley worked directly for the Government Section, but she also assisted the Economic and Scientific Section's Anti-Trust and Cartels Division.{{Sfn|Takemae|2002|p=160}} [[File:Eveningstar.jpg|alt="Four of the woman scholars of the 22 who have been awarded fellow ships by the American Association of University Women for the coming year, have special interest for Washingtonians, one being a resident of the city, two being slatedto study here, and one a recipient of the Latin American Fellowship raised by the District branch of the AAUW. [paragraph break] Miss Eleanor M. Hadley, resident of Washington, is an economist in the U. S. Department of State and at present is in Japan on an assignment for the State Department. [paragraph break] She is recipient of the Margaret Snell Fellowship and will make a study of the concentration of industry in modern Japan and of the pressures exerted on the state by the economic oligarchy. A graduate of Mills College, Miss Hadley has taught in Japan and studied in Tokyo in the International Student Institute and the Imperial University. She will gather material while on her present mission for the State Department to use for her AAUW fellowship project which she will carry out at Radcliffe College."|thumb|The D. C. ''Evening Star'' reporting on Hadley's AAUW fellowship.<ref name=":5" />]] Upon arrival, in addition to being one of the first women professionals to work at SCAP, Hadley soon played what economists Patricia Hagan Kuwayama and Hugh T. Patrick call a "key role" in the occupation because for several months she was "the only member of the Occupation staff with a knowledge of and commitment to the economic deconcentration program" outlined in the Basic Directive she had helped write.<ref name=":1" />{{Sfn|Thiry|2007|pp=23–28}} Breaking up the ''zaibatsu'' was Hadley's role in the occupation.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=July 17, 2017 |title=An Interview with Eleanor Hadley: From the Marlene J. Mayo Oral Histories |url=https://prangecollection.wordpress.com/2017/07/17/an-interview-with-eleanor-hadley-from-mayo-oral-histories/ |access-date= |website=Gordon W. Prange Collection Blog |language=en}}</ref>
Hadley's first memorandum, written to Major General Courtney Whitney in June 1946, pointed out the Yasuda plan's deviation from the Basic Direction, which called for dissolving business combines as well as holding companies. Hadley's memo eventually influenced MacArthur to pursue more vigorous deconcentration policy, including purging more than 1,500 corporate officers as part of dissolving the ''zaibatsu'', and Hadley was assigned to help implement this.<ref>{{harvnb|Thiry|2007|pp=37–41}}, {{harvnb|Hadley|Kuwayama|2003|pp=69–70, 78–79, 99–101}}.</ref> Hadley was also involved in establishing the Japan Fair Trade Commission and creating antitrust competition laws. Ultimately, deconcentration laid the groundwork for modern Japan becoming a "more open and democratic society as well as a more competitive and stronger economy," Kuwayama and Patrick explain.<ref name=":1" />
When Hadley first arrived at SCAP, her rank was P-3, comparable to an army captain, but she "advanced fairly rapidly," as she recalled, to P-5: "the equivalent of a major."{{Sfn|Hadley|Kuwayama|2003|p=62}} Major General Courtney Whitney valued Hadley's work on his staff so much that when she considered returning to the United States in order to accept a fellowship from the American Association of University Women (AAUW), he wrote to the association to request they allow Hadley to defer the fellowship for a year, which the AAAUW granted.<ref name=":1" /> In the meantime, Hadley researched for her dissertation in what spare time she had.{{Sfn|Thiry|2007|p=23}}
In the latter half of 1947, however, anticommunist fears became more prominent in American society, and domestic politics shifted against economic democratization. Businessmen and conservatives in government, such as senator William Knowland, criticized the deconcentration program, and SCAP eventually pursued a "reverse course" on economic reforms.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hadley |first=Eleanor M. |url=https://archive.org/details/americansasproco0000unse |title=Americans as Proconsuls: United States Military Government in Germany and Japan, 1944–1952 |publisher=Southerin Illinois University Press |year=1984 |isbn=0-8093-1115-1 |editor-last=Wolfe |editor-first=Robert |location=Carbondale |pages=138–154 |chapter=From Deconcentration to Reverse Course in Japan |ol=3162932M |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/americansasproco0000unse/page/138/ |url-access=registration |via=Internet Archive}}</ref> Concurrently, Major General Charles Willoughby, the ultraconservative chief of SCAP's intelligence division and an opponent of the deconcentration program, claimed without basis that there was a "leftist infiltration" in SCAP and investigated Eleanor Hadley without the knowledge of those she worked with, resulting in her blacklisting as an uncleared potential security risk in the eyes of the FBI.<ref name=":1" />{{Sfn|Takemae|2002|pp=161–163}} == Post-occupation == Hadley left Japan in September 1947, returning to Radcliffe to complete her doctorate,{{Sfn|Thiry|2007|p=56}} funded by an AAUW fellowship.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news |last=Smith |first=Gretchen |date=May 19, 1946 |title=Fellowship Awards are Made by AAUW to 22 Scholars |page=D-12 |work=Evening Star |department=Washingtonians Interested |location=Washington, D.C. |url=https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045462/1946-05-19/ed-1/seq-61/ |via=Chronicling America}}</ref> She finished her program in 1949 with a dissertation titled "Concentrated Business Power in Japan", about ''zaibatsu'' before World War II.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" />
After matriculating at Radcliffe, although Hadley received what Kuwayama and Patrick call "an impressive array of offers including academic, nonprofit, and official positions," she instead sought a job in the government because working for SCAP had brought her "professional satisfaction." However, when the CIA recruited her as an analyst, she was denied security clearance and could not be hired. Several other jobs offered to Hadley "disappear[ed]," and she subsequently realized that Willoughby had "blackballed" her such that she could only work on the fringes of government.<ref name=":1" />{{Sfn|Hadley|Kuwayama|p=56|2003}} She did work for President Truman's Commission on Migratory Labor from 1950 to 1951, though only through the recommendation of a SCAP friend who personally knew its executive director, Varden Fuller.<ref name=":0" />{{Sfn|Hadley|Kuwayama|p=134|2003}} The blacklisting was such a demoralizing hit to her reputation that Hadley later reminisced that during this time she "was afraid to get a book out of the library."{{Sfn|Thiry|2007|p=56}}
When Smith College offered Hadley an appointment in its economics department in 1956, she accepted, leaving government for academia.{{Sfn|Hadley|Kuwayama|p=135|2003}} Hadley taught at Smith from 1956 to 1965, taking 1963 to 1965 off to research in Japan on a Fulbright Fellowship.<ref name=":0" />
In 1965, Washington senator Henry M. Jackson began working to help Hadley clear her name from the blacklist.{{Sfn|Thiry|2007|p=56}} Hadley finally received security clearance for executive branch jobs in 1966.<ref name=":0" /> Willoughby had never had any concrete accusations against her.{{Sfn|Thiry|2007|p=57}}
Finally cleared for government work, Hadley worked for the U. S. Tariff Commission as an economist from 1967 to 1974. In 1974, comptroller general Elmer B. Staats hired her to work for the General Accounting Office where she became assistant director of the International Division, working until 1981.<ref name=":0" />{{Sfn|Hadley|Kuwayama|p=148|2003}} While working for the government, Hadley finished writing the manuscript of ''Antitrust in Japan'', subsequently published by Princeton University Press in 1970,<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |url=https://www8.gsb.columbia.edu/sites/cjeb/files/CJEB_AR_0304.pdf |title=Annual Report, 2003–2004 |publisher=Center on Japanese Economy and Business, Columbia Business School |location=New York |page=59 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423123800/https://www8.gsb.columbia.edu/sites/cjeb/files/CJEB_AR_0304.pdf |archive-date=April 23, 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> participated in the interuniversity Japan Economic Seminar,<ref name=":1" /> and taught as a lecturer at George Washington University, from 1972 to 1984.<ref name=":0" />
{{Quote box | title = Excerpt from AAS statement on Hadley's Award for Distinguished Contributions | quote = "As a woman in a profession where women are rare, as a Japan specialist in a discipline that disdained country-and-culture analysis, as a dedicated economist subjected to unfair political discrimination, you surmounted every obstacle—firmly, intelligently, and with consummate grace." | author = Association for Asian Studies, March 14, 1997<ref name=":1" /> | align = left | width = 300px | qalign = center }}
== Later life == Hadley retired from her career on the East Coast in 1984, though thereafter she lectured as a visiting scholar at the University of Washington from 1986 to 1994.<ref name=":1" />{{Sfn|Hadley|Kuwayama|2003|pp=157–158}}
In 1986, the Japanese government bestowed upon Hadley the Order of the Sacred Treasure, third degree. A decade later, on March 14, 1997, Hadley received an Award for Distinguished Contributions to Asian Studies from the Association for Asian Studies (AAS).<ref name=":1" />
Hadley died June 1, 2007, at Swedish Medical Center in Seattle. There is a scholarship in her name with Mortar Board: the Eleanor Hadley Scholarship.<ref name="green" />
== Publications ==
=== ''Antitrust in Japan'' === Published in 1970 by Princeton University Press,<ref name=":2" /> ''Antitrust in Japan'' examines the results of the deconcentration program Hadley had participated in by comparing the prewar and postwar economies of Japan to see the impact of ''zaibatsu'' dissolution. Hadley examines ''zaibatsu'', ''keiretsu'', ''kombinato'', and subsidiaries, among other structures, as well as how the Japanese government influences the economy.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Yoshino |first=M. Y. |date=July 1971 |title=''Antitrust in Japan''. By Eleanor M. Hadley |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2351350 |journal=Journal of Business |volume=44 |issue=3 |pages=339–341 |doi=10.1086/295387 |jstor=2351350 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> ''Antitrust'' advocates for free market economics, and the book generally assumes that American capitalism and its institutions are superior to Japan's economy.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Allen |first=G. C. |author-link=George Cyril Allen |date=December 1970 |title=''Antitrust in Japan''. By E. M. Hadley |url=https://academic.oup.com/ej/article-abstract/80/320/951/5236273?redirectedFrom=fulltext |journal=The Economic Journal |volume=80 |issue=320 |pages=951–953 |doi=10.2307/2229917 |jstor=2229917 |via=Oxford Academic|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Nevertheless, Hadley organizes and productively analyzes the large amount of information on ''zaibatsu'' and deconcentration, and she offers multiple novel interpretations, such as on banking group behavior and oligopoly.<ref name=":3" /> Amid critical assessments of the Japanese economy, in ''Antitrust'' Hadley also sympathizes with Japanese people and admires Japanese culture. Economist George Cyril Allen wrote that ''Antitrust'' was "undoubtedly the most comprehensive and authoritative" study on ''zaibatsu'' and their dissolution then available to "Western readers."<ref name=":4" /> In a reference to ''Antitrust'', political scientist Meredith Woo-Cumings called Hadley a "leading chronicler of the anti-trust experiment in Japan during the Occupation."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Woo-Cumings |first=Meredith |url=https://archive.org/details/bridgetoglobalmi0000unse |title=The Bridge to a Global Middle Class: Development, Trade, and International Finance |publisher=Kluwer Academic Publishers |year=2003 |isbn=1-4020-7329-1 |editor-last=Mead |editor-first=Walter Russell |location=Doldrecht |pages=439–512 |chapter=Economic Crisis and Corporate Reform in East Asia |ol=19288988M |editor-last2=Schwenninger |editor-first2=Scherle |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/bridgetoglobalmi0000unse/page/440 |url-access=registration}}</ref> === Selected writings === * {{Cite journal |last=Hadley |first=Eleanor |date=July 1948 |title=Trust Busting in Japan: Cartels and Government–Business Cooperation |journal=Harvard Business Review |volume=94 |issue=5 |pages=1064–1084 |doi=10.2307/1340689|jstor=1340689 }} * {{Cite thesis |last=Hadley |first=Eleanor M. |title=Concentrated Business Power in Japan |author-mask=1 |date=1949 |degree=PhD |publisher=Radcliffe College}}<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rotwein |first=Eugene |date=November 1976 |title=Economic Concentration and Monopoly in Japan—A Second View |url=https://read.dukeupress.edu/journal-of-asian-studies/article/36/1/57/329907 |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |language=en |volume=36 |issue=1 |page=58n2 |doi=10.2307/2053842 |jstor=2053842 |s2cid=161244807 |issn=0021-9118|url-access=subscription }}</ref> * {{Cite journal |last=Hadley |first=Eleanor |author-mask=1 |date=December 14, 1949 |title=Japan: Competition or Private Collectivism? |url=https://online.ucpress.edu/as/article-abstract/18/25/289/35595/Japan-Competition-or-Private-Collectivism?redirectedFrom=fulltext |journal=Far Eastern Survey |volume=18 |issue=25 |pages=289–294 |doi=10.2307/3024204|jstor=3024204 |url-access=subscription }} * {{Cite book |last=Hadley |first=Eleanor |url=https://archive.org/details/antitrustinjapan0000hadl/ |title=Antitrust in Japan |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=1970 |isbn=0691041946 |ol=5630552M |author-mask=1 |url-access=registration |via=Internet Archive}} Translated into and published in Japanese by Toyo Keizai as 日本財閥の解体と再編成 (1973).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hadley |first=Eleanor M. |date=Winter 1976–77 |title="Industrial Organization" by Caves and Uekusa: A Review Essay |journal=Japanese Economic Studies |volume=5 |issue=2 |page=64 |doi=10.2753/JES1097-203X050264}}</ref> * {{Cite journal |last=Hadley |first=Eleanor M. |author-mask=1 |date=Winter 1976–77 |title='Industrial Organization' by Caves and Uekusa: A Review Essay |journal=Japanese Economic Studies |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=64–82 |doi=10.2753/JES1097-203X050264}} * {{Cite book |last=Hadley |first=Eleanor M. |title=Japan And The United States: Economic And Political Adversaries |publisher=Westview Press |year=1980 |isbn= 9780429051449|editor-last=Hollerman |editor-first=Leon |chapter=U. S. Trade Problems with Particular Reference to Japan |pages=57–78 |doi=10.4324/9780429051449-4 |s2cid=195380294 |author-mask=1 |chapter-url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429051449-4/trade-problems-particular-reference-japan-eleanor-hadley}} Reissued (2018). New York: Routledge. {{ISBN|978-0-367-02158-0}}. * {{Cite book |last=Hadley |first=Eleanor |title=Japan's Export Competitiveness in Third World Markets |publisher=Export Competitiveness Project, Center for Strategic and International Studies, Georgetown University |year=1981 |isbn=9780892060290 |location=Washington, D.C. |author-mask=1}} * {{Cite journal |last=Hadley |first=Eleanor M. |author-mask=1 |date=March 1982 |title=Is the U. S.–Japan Trade Imbalance a Problem? Economists Answer 'No,' Politicians 'Yes' |journal=Journal of Northeast Asian Studies |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=35–56 |doi=10.1007/BF03029982 |s2cid=150726735 |via=SpringerLink}} * {{Cite magazine |last=Hadley |first=Eleanor M. |author-mask=1 |date=September 1982 |title=Industrial Policy for Competitiveness |url=https://www.jef.or.jp/journal/pdf/view_8209.pdf |magazine=Journal of Japanese Trade & Industry |pages=45–49}} * {{Cite book |last=Hadley |first=Eleanor M. |url=https://archive.org/details/americansasproco0000unse |title=Americans as Proconsuls: United States Military Government in Germany and Japan, 1944–1952 |publisher=Southern Illinois University Press |year=1984 |isbn=0-8093-1115-1 |editor-last=Wolfe |editor-first=Robert |location=Carbondale |pages=138–154 |chapter=From Deconcentration to Reverse Course in Japan |ol=3162932M |author-mask=1 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/americansasproco0000unse/page/138/ |url-access=registration |via=Internet Archive}} * {{Cite magazine |last=Hadley |first=Eleanor M. |author-mask=1 |date=May–June 1983 |title=The Secret of Japan's Success |magazine=Challenge |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=4–10 |doi=10.1080/05775132.1983.11470836}} * {{Cite book |last=Hadley |first=Elearnor M. |url=https://archive.org/details/politicalpowerof0000unse |title=The Political Power of Economic Ideas: Keynesianism Across Nations |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=1989 |isbn=0-691-07799-1|editor1-link=Peter A. Hall |editor-last=Hall |editor-first=Peter A. |pages=291–310 |chapter=The Diffusion of Keynesian Ideas in Japan |doi=10.1515/9780691221380-013 |ol=2054633M |author-mask=1 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/politicalpowerof0000unse/page/290 |url-access=registration |via=Internet Archive}} * {{Cite book |last=Hadley |first=Eleanor |title=Memoir of a Trustbuster: A Lifelong Adventure with Japan |publisher=University of Hawaiʻi Press |year=2003 |isbn=0-8248-2589-6 |location=Honolulu |author-mask=— With Kuwayama, Patricia Hagan}} Translated into and published in Japanese by Toyo Keizai<ref name=":2" /> as 財閥解体: ''GHQ'' エコノミストの回想.
== See also == {{Portal|Biography|Business and economics|Japan|United States}}
* 1946 in Japan * Beate Sirota Gordon * Cold War * Economy of Japan * McCarthyism * New Deal
==Notes== {{reflist}}
==References== * {{Cite book |last=Dower |first=John W. |url=https://archive.org/details/embracingdefeatj00dowe |title=Embracing Defeat: Japan in the Wake of World War II |publisher=W. W. Norton & Company and The New Press |year=1999 |isbn=0-393-04686-9 |edition= |location=New York |ol=23243950M |url-access=registration}} * {{Cite book |last1=Hadley |first1=Eleanor M. |title=Memoir of a Trustbuster: A Lifelong Adventure with Japan |last2=Kuwayama |first2=Patricia Hagan |publisher=University of Hawaiʻi Press |year=2003 |isbn=0-8248-2589-6 |location=Honolulu}} * {{Cite book |last=Takemae |first=Eiji |url=https://archive.org/details/insideghqalliedo00 |title=Inside GHQ: The Allied Occupation of Japan and Its Legacy |publisher=Continuum |year=2002 |isbn=0826462472 |location=New York |translator-last=Ricketts |translator-first=Robert |ol=6796320M |translator-last2=Swann |translator-first2=Sebastian |url-access=registration |via=Internet Archive}} * {{Cite thesis |last=Thiry |first=Martin |title=Domestic Politics and Foreign Policy, U.S. 1946–1954: Three at the Intersection and What It Wrought |date=August 2007 |degree=MA |publisher=University of Hawai'i |url=https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/3d9747a7-aad9-475a-bf55-e25c7f6e9c28/content}}
== Further reading == * {{Cite book |last=Barnes |first=Dayna L. |title=Architects of Occupation: American Experts and Planning for Postwar Japan |publisher=Cornell University Press |year=2017 |isbn=9781501707834 |location=Ithaca}} * {{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/americansasproco0000unse |title=Americans as Proconsuls: United States Military Government in Germany and Japan, 1944–1952 |publisher=Southern Illinois University Press |year=1984 |isbn=0-8093-1115-1 |editor-last=Wolfe |editor-first=Robert |editor-link=Robert Wolfe |location=Carbondale |ol=3162932M |url-access=registration |via=Internet Archive}}
== External links ==
* [https://www.ndl.go.jp/constitution/e/shiryo/01/036/036tx.html Basic Initial Post Surrender Directive to Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers for the Occupation and Control of Japan] hosted by the National Diet Library, Japan * [https://prangecollection.files.wordpress.com/2016/10/hadleyeleanorm.pdf Oral history interview of Eleanor M. Hadley], November 4, 1978, Gordon W. Prange Collection, University of Maryland Libraries * [https://iiif.lib.harvard.edu/manifests/view/drs:427973292$21i Eleanor Hadley's doctoral degree conferred] * [https://archiveswest.orbiscascade.org/ark:/80444/xv45904 Eleanor M. Hadley collection, 1915–1947] at University of Washington Libraries, Special Collections {{Authority control}}
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