{{short description|Ancient Jewish Christian sect in Sassanid southern Mesopotamia}} {{Jewish Christianity|Ancient groups}} {{Gnosticism}} The '''Elcesaites''', '''Elkasaites''', '''Elkesaites''' or '''Elchasaites''' were an ancient [[Jewish Christian]] sect in [[Lower Mesopotamia]], then the province of [[Asoristan]] in the [[Sasanian Empire]] that was active between the early [[second century]] and the [[fifth century]] CE. The members of this sect, which originated in the [[Transjordan (region)|Transjordan]], performed frequent [[baptism]]s for [[Ritual purification|purification]] and had a [[Gnostic]] orientation.<ref name=ElkJI>{{cite web|last1=Kohler|first1=Kaufmann|last2=Ginzberg|first2=Louis|title=Elcesaites|url=https://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/5513-elcesaites|website=Jewish Encyclopedia|access-date=4 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Drower|first=Ethel Stefana|date=1937|title=The Mandaeans of Iraq and Iran|publisher=Oxford At The Clarendon Press}}</ref>{{rp|123}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Elkesaites|website=Britannica|access-date=4 May 2022|title=Elkesaite | Jewish sect}}</ref>
The movement blended elements of Second Temple Judaism, early Jewish Christianity, Gnosticism, and apocalyptic mysticism, and it is primarily known through the writings of early Church Fathers such as Hippolytus of Rome, Origen, and Epiphanius of Salamis.
The name of the sect derives from the alleged founder, Elkhasaí ({{langx|grc-x-koine|Ἠλχασαΐ}} in Hippolytus), Elksai ({{lang|grc|Ἠλξαί}} in Epiphanius), or [[Elkasai|Elkesai]] ({{lang|grc|Ελκεσαΐ}} in Eusebius, and Theodoret).
==Patristic testimony== The sect is directly mentioned only in the commentaries on "heresies" by [[Early Church Fathers]].
===Hippolytus ({{c.|170|236}})=== [[Hippolytus of Rome]] (''[[Refutation of All Heresies]]'', IX, 8–13) records that in the time of [[Pope Callixtus I]] (217–222 AD), a Jewish Christian called [[Alcibiades of Apamea]] came to Rome, bringing a book which he said had been received in [[Parthia]] by a just man named Elchasai.<ref>'Elchasaí; but [[Epiphanius of Salamis|Epiphanius]] has 'Elksaí and 'Elkessaîoi; Methodius, 'Elkesaîos and [[Origen]], 'Elkesaïtaí.<!-- possibly Kitab al Fihrist "El-Hasaih" --></ref> According to Alcibiades, the book had been revealed by an angel {{convert|96|mi}} high (337,920 cubits), {{convert|16|mi}} broad (56,230 cubits) and {{convert|24|mi}} (84,480 cubits) across the shoulders, whose footprints were {{convert|14|mi}} long, {{convert|6|mi}} wide and {{convert|2|mi}} deep. This giant angel was the [[Son of God]], who was accompanied by his sister, the [[Holy Ghost]], of the same dimensions.<ref>Luomanen 2008 "Son of God and the female was called 'Holy Spirit.' (Haer. 9.13.2–3)"</ref> Alcibiades announced that a new remission of sins had been proclaimed in the third year of [[Trajan]] (100 AD), and he described a [[baptism]] which should impart this forgiveness even to the grossest sinners.
Hippolytus' commentary starts in book 9, chapter 8.<ref name="newadvent1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/050109.htm|title=CHURCH FATHERS: Refutation of All Heresies, Book IX (Hippolytus)|website=www.newadvent.org}}</ref> In his next section, Hippolytus recounts that Alcibiades teaches the natural birth, preexistence and reincarnation of [[Jesus]], which [[Louis Ginzberg]] suggested in 1906 may relate to the concept of [[Adam Kadmon]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/5513-elcesaites|title=ELCESAITES - JewishEncyclopedia.com|website=jewishencyclopedia.com}}</ref> and also that Alcibiades teaches circumcision and the Law of Moses.<ref name="newadvent1"/> Hippolytus then goes on at length to describe the group's teaching on baptism. For all sins of impurity, even against nature, a second baptism is enjoined "in the name of the great and most high God and in the name of His Son the great King", with an adjuration of the seven witnesses written in the book (sky, water, the holy spirits, the angels of prayer, oil, salt and earth). One who has been bitten by a mad dog is to run to the nearest water and jump in with all his clothes on, using the foregoing formula, and promising the seven witnesses that he will abstain from sin. The same treatment – forty days consecutively of baptism in cold water – is recommended for consumption and for the possessed.<ref name="newadvent1"/> In his chapter 11, Hippolytus discusses in more detail the teaching of the book including Elchasai's Sabbatarian teaching and the instruction not to baptise under certain astrological stars.<ref name="newadvent1"/> Hippolytus concludes his review of the Elcesaites in ''Refutations'', book 10, chapter 12 with a general exhortation to avoid heresy which gives away no more information.<ref name="newadvent1"/>
[[Adolf von Harnack]] (1898) reads "was proclaimed" instead of "has been proclaimed" (as if {{transliteration|grc|eúaggelisthênai}} and not {{transliteration|grc|eúeggelísthai}}), and thus inferred that a special year of remission is spoken of as past once for all – and that Alcibiades had no reason for inventing this, so that [[Adolf Bernhard Christoph Hilgenfeld]] (1884) was right in holding that Elchasai really lived under [[Trajan]], as [[Epiphanius of Salamis]] supposed.<ref>19th Century sources used in source article: Bibliography: Harnack, Dogmengeschichte. 3d ed., i. 288-293; Hilgenfeld, Ketzergeschichte. pp. 433-435; Hilgenfeld, Judentum und Juden-Christentum, pp. 99 et seq.; Ritschl, Ueber die Sekte der Elkesaiten, in Zeitung für Historische, Theologie, xxiii. 573-594; idem, Entstehung der Altkatholischen Kirche; Seeberg, Dogmengeschichte i. 51-52; Uhlhorn, Homilien und Recognitionen, pp. 392 et seq.; idem, in Herzog-Hauck, Real-Encycklopedie. s.v. Elkesaiten.K.</ref>
===Eusebius ({{c.|263–339}})=== [[Eusebius]] (''History'' 6.38) records a summary of a sermon on Psalm 82 delivered in Caesarea by [[Origen]] {{c.|240–250}} AD which warns his audience against the doctrine of "the Elkesaites". Eusebius' record of this sermon forms the second source on the group.<ref>{{cite book|first=Gerard P. |last=Luttikhuizen |author-link=Gerard Luttikhuizen |title=A Companion to Second-Century Christian "Heretics" |chapter=Elchasaites and Their Book |date=2005 |pages=335–364 |publisher=Brill |location=Leiden |editor1-first= Antti |editor1-last=Marjanen |editor2-first=Petri |editor2-last=Luomanen |doi=10.1163/9789047407867_013 |isbn=978-90-04-14464-4 }}</ref> According to Eusebius, [[Origen]] regarded the heresy as quite new, and states that the group deny the writings of Paul, but claim to have received a new book from heaven.<ref>Sources collected and translated in:<br/> {{cite book |title=The Revelation of Elchasai: Investigations into the Evidence for a Mesopotamian Jewish Apocalypse of the Second Century and its Reception by Judeo-Christian Propagandists |date=1985 |author-link=Gerard Luttikhuizen |first=Gerard |last=Luttikhuizen |location=Tubingen |series=Texts and Studies in Ancient Judaism 8 }}</ref> {{quotation|Another error also arose at this time, called the heresy of the Elkesites, which was extinguished in the very beginning. Origen speaks of it in this manner in a public homily on the eighty-second Psalm: "A certain man came just now, puffed up greatly with his own ability, proclaiming that godless and impious opinion which has appeared lately in the churches, styled 'of the Elkesites.' I will show you what evil things that opinion teaches, that you may not be carried away by it. It rejects certain parts of every scripture. Again it uses portions of the Old Testament and the Gospel, but rejects the apostle altogether. It says that to deny Christ is an indifferent matter, and that he who understands will, under necessity, deny with his mouth, but not in his heart. They produce a certain book which they say fell from heaven. They hold that whoever hears and believes this shall receive remission of sins, another remission than that which Jesus Christ has given." Such is the account of these persons.|Book VI. Chapter 38. "The Heresy of the Elkesites."}}
===Epiphanius ({{c.|310/20 – 403}})=== A century and a half later, [[Epiphanius of Salamis]] found it in use among the Sampsæans, descendants of the earlier Elcesaites, and also among the [[Essenes]] and many other Ebionite communities. Epiphanius also mentions that the book condemned virginity and continence and made marriage obligatory. It permitted the worship of [[cult image]]s to escape persecution, provided the act was merely an external one, disavowed in the heart. Prayer was to be made not to the East, but always towards [[Jerusalem]].
Yet all [[animal sacrifice]] was condemned, with a denial that it had been offered by the [[Patriarchs (Bible)|Patriarchs]] or in the [[Torah]]. The [[Prophets in Judaism|Prophets]] as well as the Christian [[Apostles in the New Testament|Apostles]] were rejected, as well as [[Paul the Apostle]] and all his writings.
Epiphanius mentions as Elkesai's brother a man called Jekseos ({{langx|grc-x-koine|Iεξέος}} in Hæreses, xix. 1), and explains the brother's name as being derived from the Hebrew for "hidden power" and Elkesai as "the hidden God." Epiphanius records that the saints of the Elcesaites were two women: Martha ("mistress") and Marthana ("our mistress").
According to [[Joseph Lightfoot]], the Church Father [[Epiphanius of Salamis|Epiphanius]] (writing in the 4th century CE) seems to make a distinction between two main groups within the Essenes:<ref name=lightfoot1875>{{Cite book|first=Joseph Barber |last=Lightfoot |author-link=Joseph Barber Lightfoot |chapter=On Some Points Connected with the Essenes |title=St. Paul's epistles to the Colossians and to Philemon: a revised text with introductions, notes, and dissertations |year=1875 |url=https://archive.org/details/stpaulsepistles00lighgoog |publisher=[[Macmillan Publishers]] |location=London |oclc=6150927 }}</ref> "Of those that came before his [Elxai (Elkesai), an Ossaean prophet] time and during it, the Ossaeans and the [[Nazarene (sect)#Nasoraean Mandaeans|Nasaraeans]]. "{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20150906041916/http://www.masseiana.org/panarion_bk1.htm#18 Part 19]}}"<ref name="panarion1-19">[[Epiphanius of Salamis]] ({{c.|lk=no|378}}). ''[[Panarion]]''. 1:19.</ref> Epiphanius describes the Ossaeans as following: {{Blockquote|After this Nasaraean sect in turn comes another closely connected with them, called the Ossaeans. These are Jews like the former... originally came from Nabataea, Ituraea, Moabitis, and Arielis, the lands beyond the basin of what sacred scripture called the Salt Sea... Though it is different from the other six of these seven sects, it causes schism only by forbidding the books of Moses like the Nasaraean.<ref name="panarion1-19"/>}}
==Other sources== The [[Cologne Mani-Codex]] (dated from the fourth century) describes the parents of [[Mani (prophet)|Mani]], founder of [[Manichaeism]], as "followers of the prophet Alchasaios", which scholars have identified with Elchasai.<ref>{{citation|last=Ferguson|first=Everett|author-link=Everett Ferguson|title=Church History: From Christ to pre-Reformation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1swbOorjzw0C|date=16 June 2005|publisher=Zondervan|isbn=978-0-310-20580-7|pages=48–49}}</ref> Alchasaios is stated to be a prophet also honoured by Mani. His name appears in several other sources on Manichaeism, but in so altered a form that the identification with Elchasai was clear only with the publication of the Cologne codex.<ref name="iranol-Mani">{{iranica|cologne-mani-codex-parchment}}</ref>
The Codex deals with the Elcesaites extensively, confirms some of the Church Fathers’ statements about them, and depicts Mani as a "reformer" with the purpose to "restore" the true doctrine of prophet Alchasaios, which his followers had "misunderstood". In particular, Mani criticises their repeated baptism rituals.<ref name="iranol-Elk">{{iranica|alchasai-a-sectarian-in-the-early-christian-church-1st-2nd-centuries-a}}</ref>
The Elcesaites may be mentioned in a [[Persepolis]] inscription from the third century, with a sect name ''mktk-'' from the [[Iranian languages|Iranian]] root ''mak-'', "to moisten" or "to wash".<ref name="iranol-Elk"/> Much later, in his ''Fihrist'', the Arabic Muslim scholar [[ibn al-Nadim]], c. 987, found Mogtasilah ("washers"), a sect of [[Sabians]] in the desert who counted al-Hasih (possibly Arabic for "Elchasai") as their founder.<ref>[[Daniel Chwolson]], ''Die Sabier'', 1856, I, 112; II, 543, cited by Salmon.</ref><ref name="iranol-Elk"/>
==Possible common source of Mandaean and Manichaean texts== Van Bladel (2017) suggests that hymns which have close parallels in the Mandaean [[Qulasta]] and ''[[Left Ginza]]'' and the Manichaean ''[[Psalms of Thomas]]'' (earlier suggested by [[Torgny Säve-Söderbergh|Säve-Söderbergh]] (1949) to be due to Manichaean adaptations of Mandaeans hymns<ref name="Torgny">{{cite book|title=Studies in the Coptic Manichaean Psalm-book|first=Torgny|last=Säve-Söderbergh|year=1949|location=Uppsala|publisher=Almqvist & Wiksells Boktryckeri AB|oclc=5687415}}</ref>) may have a common Elchasaite source.<ref name="VanBladel2017">{{cite book|last1=van Bladel|first1=Kevin|year=2017|title=From Sasanian Mandaeans to Ṣābians of the Marshes|location=Leiden|publisher=Brill|doi=10.1163/9789004339460|isbn=978-90-04-33943-9|url=https://brill.com/view/title/34389}}</ref>
==See also== * [[Origins of Christianity]] * [[Mandaeans]] * [[Docetism]]
==Notes== {{reflist}}
== External links == * [http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=124&letter=E&search=Elxai Jewish Encyclopedia: Elcesaites] * {{Catholic Encyclopedia|wstitle=Elcesaites}}
[[Category:Elcesaites| ]] [[Category:Christian denominations established in the 3rd century]] [[Category:Early Gnostic Christian sects]] [[Category:Early Jewish Christian sects]] [[Category:Gnostic religions and sects]] [[Category:Heresy in ancient Christianity]] [[Category:Judean-Israelite Gnostic sects]] [[Category:Religion in the Sasanian Empire]]