El Quisco

{{Infobox settlement  | name = El Quisco | native_name = | native_name_lang = es | settlement_type = Commune | image_skyline = | image_alt = | image_caption = | image_flag = | flag_alt = Flag | image_shield = Escudo de Armas de El Quisco.svg | shield_alt = Coat of arms | image_map = Comuna de El Quisco.svg | map_alt = Map of the El Quisco commune in Valparaíso Region | map_caption = | pushpin_map = Chile | pushpin_map_narrow = yes | pushpin_label_position = bottom | pushpin_map_alt = Location in Chile | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Chile | coordinates = {{coord|33|23|28.71|S|71|41|34.58|W|region:CL-RM|display=inline,title}} | coor_pinpoint = | coordinates_footnotes = | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = Chile | subdivision_type1 = Region | subdivision_name1 = Valparaíso | subdivision_type2 = Province | subdivision_name2 = San Antonio | established_title = | established_date = | founder = | seat_type = | seat = | government_footnotes = <ref name="Official">{{Cite web |url = http://www.elquisco.cl/ |title=Municipality of El Quisco | access-date=20 November 2010|language=es}}</ref> | government_type = Municipality | leader_party = | leader_title = Alcalde | leader_name = José Antonio Jofré | unit_pref = Metric | area_footnotes = <ref name="INE">{{Cite web |url= http://www.ine.cl/canales/chile_estadistico/censos_poblacion_vivienda/censo_pobl_vivi.php |title= National Statistics Institute |access-date=20 November 2010|language=es}}</ref> | area_total_km2 = 50.7 | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = 13 | population_footnotes = <ref name="INE"/> | population_total = 11329 | population_as_of = 2012 Census | population_density_km2 = auto | population_demonym = | population_blank1_title = Urban | population_blank1 = 8931 | population_blank2_title = Rural | population_blank2 = 536 | demographics_type1 = Sex | demographics1_footnotes = <ref name="INE"/> | demographics1_title1 = Men | demographics1_info1 = 4,815 | demographics1_title2 = Women | demographics1_info2 = 4,652 | timezone = CLT<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.world-time-zones.org/zones/chile-time.htm |access-date=2010-07-28 |title=Chile Time |publisher=WorldTimeZones.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070911130719/http://www.world-time-zones.org/zones/chile-time.htm |archive-date=2007-09-11 }}</ref> | utc_offset = -4 | timezone_DST = CLST<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.world-time-zones.org/zones/chile-summer-time.htm |access-date=2010-07-28 |title=Chile Summer Time |publisher=WorldTimeZones.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070911130451/http://www.world-time-zones.org/zones/chile-summer-time.htm |archive-date=2007-09-11 }}</ref> | utc_offset_DST = -3 | postal_code_type = | postal_code = | area_code_type = (+56) 35 | area_code = | website = {{URL|http://www.elquisco.cl/}} | footnotes = }} thumb|right|Heritage house of {{Interlanguage link|Isidoro Dubournais|es}}

'''El Quisco''' is a Chilean city and commune in San Antonio Province, Valparaíso Region. Located in the country's central coast, it serves as a popular summer resort for the population of Santiago and forms part of the Coast of Poets, a cultural space named after four Chilean poets: Pablo Neruda, Vicente Huidobro, Violeta Parra and Nicanor Parra. El Quisco is home to La Casa de Isla Negra, the former house of Chilean poet Pablo Neruda, which is now a museum and Neruda's burial site.

==Etymology== The word "quisco" refers to the Echinopsis chiloensis, a species of cactus native to the central coast of Chile. It is derived from the Quechua word ''khishka'', meaning "spine."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-08-16|title=Echinopsis chiloensis - QUISCO|url=http://www.florachilena.cl/Niv_tax/Angiospermas/Ordenes/Caryophyllales/Cactaceae/Echinopsis%20chiloensis/Echinopsis%20chiloensis.htm|access-date=2021-01-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120816061039/http://www.florachilena.cl/Niv_tax/Angiospermas/Ordenes/Caryophyllales/Cactaceae/Echinopsis%20chiloensis/Echinopsis%20chiloensis.htm|archive-date=2012-08-16}}</ref>

==History==

thumb|180px |El Quisco

=== Early history === There have been important archaeological findings from the pre-ceramic period and the late ceramic period along the coast of El Quisco. El Quisco was a centre of the {{Interlanguage link|El Bato|es|Tradición Bato}} and {{Interlanguage link|Llolleo cultures|es|Cultura Llolleo}}, among others, and their presence coincided with the dates of the El Molle culture further north.<ref>http://www.puc.cl/sw_educ/alfareria/areascult/areas232.htm, ''El Bato y Llolleo'', Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile</ref>

The Bato culture was established between 400 and 300 BC, and shared cultural traits with the Molle culture. Typical of this culture was the use of a tembetá (a metal or stone rod used in lower-lip piercings). In addition, mortars, stones used to grind vegetables and minerals, have been found. Evidence of this group has been found in Trebulco and in La Manresa, located near Lonquén. Its peak development came in 400 to 500 AD, both on the coast and in the interior, and the culture persisted in the Preandean zone until around 900 AD.

The El Molle culture was established in Chile around 300 AD among the Transverse Valleys of the rivers Copiapó and Choapa, with large migrations to the country from Brazil, from the tropical jungles of the Chaco, Argentine pampas, and from Peru.<ref>Cornelly, F.L., 1956: Cultura Diaguita Chilena y Cultura de El Molle. Santiago: Editorial del Pacifico</ref><ref>[http://html.rincondelvago.com/culturas-precolombinas_4.html Historia de América. Pueblos indígenas chilenos. Cultura Molle y Diaguita. Cerámica. Artesanía]</ref> The first settlements were in the interior of the country, in El Molle (in the Valle de Elqui), where the first evidence was found. They mixed with existing populations and adopted some cultural elements and physical features from them. They were the predecessors of the Diaguita culture, and by the time the Spanish arrived (1492) they had already disappeared. This culture was located in what would become regions III (Atacama) and IV (Coquimbo) of modern Chile.

The Aconcagua culture spread along the coast, near the present-day resorts of Algarrobo, El Quisco, Llolleo, El Tabo, Las Cruces, Rocas de Santo Domingo, and Cartagena.

The ceramics of these cultures are commonly called the ''Aconcagua Salmon Type'', for their orange colour with decorative designs in black paint, found in the Late ''Agroalfarero'' ("agro-potter") period of the region, between 800 and 1470, principally in pieces known as ''pucos,'' or bowls. The outer face is often a decoration representing the figure of a ''"Trinaurio",'' or whirlpool with three arms.

=== Mapuche period === {{Main|Picunche}} thumb|left| Quisco beach More recently Picunche people lived between two important rivers: the Choapa and the Itata. They were farmers and thus sedentary, growing gourds, maize, beans and chili pepper. Water was abundant where they lived, and the climate was hot. They raised animals, especially llamas and guanacos, which provided meat for food and wool for clothes. They lived in small villages, in groups of approximately 300 people. Their houses were made of mud, with roofs of totora. About 30 people lived in each house: a father, wives, children, and other close relatives. Men gave the orders and directed the work: the highest authority was the father and after him the oldest son. Only in emergencies, especially in wars, was there a chief as a leader. Nevertheless, the villages were peaceful.<ref>Larrain, Etnogeografía, Geography of Chile, Geographic Military Institute, Santiago, 1987; XVI: 147. In this article Professor Larrain made an extensive investigation of the Picunche population, classifying them as northern and southern Picunches, the Promaucae.</ref>

===Inca period=== {{Main|Qullasuyu|Inca road system}} thumb|right|Banner of the Qulla Suyu

The area was part of the Inca Empire, specifically of Qullasuyu. To assure their domination and introduce Inca customs, Inca sovereigns established numerous colonies of mitimaes, farmers and peaceful craftsmen brought from diverse parts of the empire: Aymara, Quechua and Atacameño. These foreign settlers founded numerous villages with names that recall their places of origin: Limache (people of Rímac or Lima), Collahue (place of the Qulla people or Aymara people), Pomaire and different people of Atacameño origin.

The clothes of Inca soldiers were made from ''Pulla Pulla'' (Zephyranthes párvula Killip), an annual plant of the family Amaryllidaceae, native to the highland Andean provinces, with beautiful flowers that bloom in spring. This bloom is considered an omen of whether the agricultural year would be good or bad. The route from Limache to Las Dichas passed through Lo Orozco, continuing to Portezuelo de Ibacache and finishing at Talagante, where other Mitimae existed. In 1430, Túpac Inca Yupanqui initiated a great military campaign that culminated in the establishment of a border at the Maule river. Ilabe, an Inca noble who commanded the invading forces, established himself in the Picunche Llollehue valley, between the Maipo river and the Mapocho river. He decided to found a colony and a pucará, a task he entrusted to his son, Tala Canta Ilabe.

He had the authority to name ''kurakas'' or governors, derived from that of the Inca in Cusco. His mandate allowed him to establish the social, political and economic system characteristic of the Inca Empire, to distribute land and community property, and initiate public works for the common good, like roads, granaries and housing. Agricultural and cattle production was sufficiently developed to allow food exports to the ''pukaras'' of the north.

===Spanish settlement=== {{Main|Conquest of Chile}} <!--Most of this section is very ambiguous, as it is never clear if it is talking about Santiago or Chile in general, or about El Quisco in particular. I have commented out the parts that do not seem especially relevant to El Quisco.

thumb|right|180px|Quisco wharf

In 1541, the captain Pedro de Valdivia, his soldiers, ''yanakuna'' and Indians of service, entered the basin of the Mapocho river for the Inca way by the route that today is called Independence Avenue in Santiago, crossed the Mapocho river, advanced five blocks and took possession of the principal buildings of this administrative center. Within one year, founded a Spanish city bigger than Inca that existed there with a Plaza de Armas initiating with this the Spanish Conquest. This ''Plaza de Armas'' was designed in a standard military fashion based on a grid pattern, taken from the Roman '''Castrum''', of which one of the blocks would be left vacant to form the Plaza de Armas. It is often surrounded by governmental buildings, churches, and other structures of cultural or political significance. The name derives from the fact that this area would be a refuge in case of an attack upon the city, from which arms would be supplied to the defenders. In the time of Valdivia, the presence of Indian fishermen was recorded in the Central Zone.

{{Quote|" Aliamapu (Valparaíso) was inhabited ... for that special race of aborigines that preserves still its type, its name and even its humble navigation... the former Changos " " | Benjamín Vicuña Mackenna, 1936}}

The term "chango" appears not only in the toponymy, but also in the documents of the colonial era, alluding to the Indian fishermen. According to the historian Joaquín Santa Cruz (1926), they were living fundamentally by fishing and hunting seafood and marine mammals.

Towards 1562 a great number of Changos of the central coast had already disappeared already because they had been moved, chased off or exterminated.

{{Quote|''"Vicuna Mackenna affirms that the colonists of Santiago had news of a ship that had smashed against the coasts of Topocalma and the few survivors, among whom was a black, they were cruelly murdered for the Indians who there were living, for such a motive " .. they happened in avenging them killing hundred for one, as it was the eye for an eye rule in such cases"'' |Szmulewicz, 1984}}--> The first indications of Spanish colonization in the El Quisco area date to 1570, when the Spanish family of Alonso de Córdoba took control. Previously it was named ''Huallilemu'' ''(Mapudungun: forest of oakwood)'', and then ''El Totoral'' after the many totoras there.

==== Pirates ==== {{Main|Piracy}} thumb|left|A replica of Golden Hind After 1578, El Quisco and nearby places became bolt holes for pirates such as the Englishmen Francis Drake, Thomas Cavendish, and Richard Hawkins and Dutchmen like Oliver Van Noort and Joris van Spilbergen. Francis Drake probably moored his galleon the ''Golden Hind'' in the bay in December 1578. He travelled with two people known only by their Christian names, Christopher and Cosmas, the first Japanese explorers to circumnavigate the globe. <!--==== Ginés de Lillo==== {{Main|Ginés de Lillo}} Ginés de Lillo recorded Chilean society of the 17th century and knew from diverse documents of the time that the peoples of the interior had fishermen in the coves of the coast. He mentioned three types in the basin of the Maipo river: *Melipilla's Indians had fishermen in Quebrada de Calbín and Alonso de Córdova's lagoon<ref>Ginés de Lillo [1602-1605] 1942:199</ref> *Pico Indians had fishermen in Paico and extracted gold in Temumu<ref>Ginés de Lillo [1602-1605]1942:199,249,372</ref> *Huechún Indians (Melipilla) had relatives or fishermen in Duca Duca.<ref>Ginés de Lillo [1602-1605] 1942:6</ref><ref>The original one in National File, Royal(Real) Hearing, Vol. 310. Fide Domingo Amunátegui. The aborigens' Commissions in Chile, Stgo., 1909, II:10.</ref> ''Duca Duca'' ( mapudungun: " ''doka doka'' = Many Carpobrotus aequilaterus. Creeping plant of the aizoaceas family called "berrir of the sea") around the lagoon south of Las Cruces, Chile known today as El Peral.

The ethnic center of Picones more eminent seems to have taken root in the payment of Pico, placed in the surroundings of Melipilla. Precisely, seventy aborigens picones were entrusted the bishop Rodrigo Gonzalez Marmolejo, for Valdivia.<ref name="ReferenceA">CDIHCh, her(it)., the XIth: 319 and 356; 444-446.</ref> He later the enjoyment of the commission, Antonio Gonzalez Montero, nephew of the ecclesiastic.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> In the 18th century, [km] existed near Pomaire, the people of Pico, located in the estate of the same name, to approximately 8 km northwest from Melipilla ({{coord|33|37|31.28|S|71|16|16.19|W |}}).<ref>Enrique Espinoza, Descriptive Geography of the Republic of Chile, Stgo., 1903: 273.</ref>

Pico was probably very important, since a cacique with this name appeared among the lofty "heads" of the Kingdom, in Valdivia times.<ref>Mariño de Lovera, 1595: 272</ref> In another order, the same conquistador donated to Juan Bautista Pastene a commission, in 1550, in that they were included:

{{Quote|''The so called chiefs Antequilica and Chumavo or Catalogna with all your Indians ... that have his (her, your) land in the province of the picones and so called Poangui valley ... with more lands and seat that the above-mentioned chiefs have near the river Maipo, so called Beak(Peak), to sow the years that are of drought that for water does not have the Poangue's above-mentioned valley they are going to sow there and to have it for his last times''|CDIHCh, la., XVIII: 445.}}-->

At the end of the colonial era, many foreign ships already engaged in illegal trade on the Chilean coast, including English, Dutch, French and American pirates. The foreign pirates generally operated with the support of Chilean Creoles, born in Chile but of European descent,<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/place/Chile/Colonial-period Chile: Colonial Period], Encyclopædia Britannica</ref> saw the attempts of the Spanish authorities to interfere as one more proof of the arrogance of the colonial Spanish system. <!--===Roads after Chilean Independence===

==== 19th century ==== In general, and with exception of the villages founded expressly by the Spanish, the majority of the settlements in the region began as hamlets that were located in the boundaries of some of three roads that were crossing from north to south the country, in the colonial period.

===== The Royal Middle Road ===== The Royal road was planned by the hills of the coast, going from Santiago to Melipilla, from there to Colchagua was entering for Peumo, was still for Pichidegua and the people of Colchagua, today Santa Cruz. Lolol was continuing towards, Nilahue, Las Palmas and [El Coipo], coming to Peralillo and close to Mataquito river, was approaching to the jurisdiction of Maule. It as that of major use during the 16th and 17th centuries. Nowadays there are in use diverse sections of this route.

===== The Road of the Coast ===== The third way " the costino or of the salt's road ", was dividing from Valparaíso passing for Casablanca, Llolleo and Santo Domingo. To Colchagua was entering for Navidad and Rapel, until [Cáhuil] came to the Boyeruca lagoon and Bucalemu. Of the salt mines of this zone they were taking the salt to the capital and of there your name. followed it Route of Camino del Inca nearest to the ''Polleros Road''. Had a lot of deviations that correspond to the current road Casablanca to Algarrobo that was parting with this one at a height of El Totoral and the road from El Totoral to Punta de Tralca .

=====Frontier road ===== The way of the Border was crossing the Central Valley and it corresponds to a great extent to the current Longitudinal one. Rancagua was passing for the villas of Rengo and San Fernando, already founded. Real backbone of the communications of the kingdom, it was used by ranchers and landowners to extract your products, which forced it continuous overhauling. Often these agricultural properties were in the habit of having a front towards this route, to bring houses, settlements and chapels over.-->

===Today=== thumb|180px|View north, towards the Peñablanca cape at El Canelo from El Quisco. The commune of El Quisco was incorporated on August 30, 1956, under the presidency of Carlos Ibáñez del Campo under Statutory order Nº 12110.

==Demographics== [[File:Patrullera Clase Defender atracando en El Quisco.JPG|thumb|300px|Defender class boat docking in a dock at El Quisco, Chile ]] According to the 2002 census of the National Statistics Institute, El Quisco spans an area of {{convert|50.7|sqkm|0|abbr=on}} and has 9,467 inhabitants (4,815 men and 4,652 women). Of these, 8,931 (94.3%) lived in urban areas and 536 (5.7%) in rural areas. The population grew by 55.3% (3,370 persons) between the 1992 and 2002 censuses.<ref name= "INE"/>

==Administration== As a commune, El Quisco is a third-level administrative division of Chile administered by a municipal council, headed by an alcalde who is directly elected every four years. The 2008-2012 alcalde is Natalia Carrasco Pizarro.<ref name="Official"/> * Cristofer Ceballos Lira (UDI) * Juan Andrés Berrios Olmedo (PPD) * José Moraga Lira (RN) * Maria Magdalena Bianchi Berroeta (PDC) * Guillermo Romo Díaz (JPM) * Guillermo Vidal Devia (UDI)

Within the electoral divisions of Chile, El Quisco is represented in the Chamber of Deputies by María José Hoffmann (UDI) and Víctor Torres (PDC) as part of the 15th electoral district, together with San Antonio, Santo Domingo, Cartagena, El Tabo, Algarrobo and Casablanca. The commune is represented in the Senate by Francisco Chahuán Chahuán (RN) and Ricardo Lagos Weber (PPD) as part of the 6th senatorial constituency (Valparaíso-Coast).

==Description== El Quisco has four sectors that are both geographically and culturally distinct: * '''El Quisco proper''' * Punta de Tralca * Isla Negra * El Totoral

== Tourism == The area is a favourite tourist destination in central Chile. One of its advantages is its short distance from Santiago. There are many residences and hotels for lodging,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.elquisco.cl/elquisco.htm |title=Ilustre Municipalidad de el Quisco |access-date=2009-01-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080221222331/http://www.elquisco.cl/elquisco.htm |archive-date=2008-02-21 |url-status=dead }}</ref> as well as many restaurants and inns for enjoying typical Chilean food. Marine sports are available, including scuba diving and swimming.

== Famous inhabitants ==

thumb|left|Playa Las Conchitas beach * Pablo Neruda, winner of the Nobel Prize of Literature<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?V=Dz6YQMEOIug*feature=related YouTube - Paul Neruda - " I like when you are quiet ... " in his (her, your) voice <! - Title(Degree) generated by a bot ->]</ref> * Violeta Parra, singer and composer.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?V=PRpCDnXyHpE YouTube - Violeta Parra Chile <! - Title(Degree) generated by a bot ->]</ref> Parra spent long seasons at Isla Negra, where she created works such as "El Rin de Angelito". * Enrique Silva Cimma, ex-foreign minister of Chile * Clara Solovera (1909–1992), folklorist.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch? V=zqDIKxQo8LY YouTube - Uncle Héctor and Manirita - " To sing of my Guitar " <! - Title(Degree) generated by a bot ->]</ref> Her daughters Cecilia and Marcela spread her ashes in the sea across from her house in El Quisco. * René Ríos Boettiger, Chilean cartoonist, creator of Condorito.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch? V=zhKQ-rdBSFs YouTube - Condorito <! - Title(Degree) generated by a bot ->]</ref> * Camilo Mori, painter who designed the official seal of the city of El Quisco * Sonia Tschorne, vice-minister of Housing, Urbanism and National Assets * Osvaldo Puccio, politician * Christian von Wernich, priest and collaborator with the Argentinian dictatorship who took refuge in El Quisco's Catholic church until he was identified in 2003.<ref>''International Herald Tribune'' 17 September 2007, [http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/09/17/america/argentina.php Argentine priest testifies about church's role in 'dirty war']</ref>

== External links == *[http://www.elquisco.cl Municipality of El Quisco] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20090116065311/http://www.guiaelquisco.cl/ Guía EL Quisco, Complete Turisitic guide about El Quisco] *[http://www.elquiscochile.cl Turistic Web El Quisco] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20220612195939/http://www.geocities.com/veguiiii/CR/Llagostera.doc Ocupaciones tempranas y la aparición del pescador en la costa pacífica de Sudamérica”] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20090118211146/http://playaelquisco.cl/ Sitio turístico del Quisco] *[http://www.radiovacaciones.cl FM Radio online El Quisco ] *[http://www.litoral.cl Compañía eléctrica de la Comuna] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20090123232251/http://elquiscoeltabo.cl/ El Quisco y El Tabo] *[http://www.nuestrorefugio.com Nuestro Refugio] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200203072644/http://www.nuestrorefugio.com/ |date=2020-02-03 }} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20071013103913/http://www.fundacionpabloneruda.cl/ Fundación Pablo Neruda] *[http://www.elquiscochile.cl Sitio del Quisco] *[http://www.litoralcentralchile.com Central Coast of Chile Directory] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200529040127/http://www.litoralcentralchile.com/ |date=2020-05-29 }} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20090224051420/http://www.colegioelquisco.cl/ Colegio del Quisco]

==Notes and references== {{Commons category|El Quisco}} {{Reflist|2}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Quisco, El}} Category:Populated places in San Antonio Province Category:Coasts of Valparaíso Region

El Quisco

Connections

Linked from (47 total)

Links to (133 total)