Edith Sutton

{{Short description|First woman councillor in England, Mayor of Reading and suffragist}} {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}} {{Infobox person | name = Edith Mary Sutton | image = Mayor Edith Sutton (cropped).jpg | caption = Newly installed mayor, alderman Miss E.M. Sutton (10 November 1933) | birth_date = 1862 | death_date = 1957 | known_for = First female councillor, mayor, alderman of Reading, Berkshire | movement = suffragist }} '''Edith Mary Sutton''' (1862–1957)<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|date=2015–2016|title=Madam Mayor|journal=Journal of Liberal History|volume=89|pages=18}}</ref> was the first woman to become a councillor in England,<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|date=5 April 1957|title=Death of Miss E M Hutton|work=Reading Standard}}</ref> the first female mayor in Reading,<ref name=":0" /> and a suffragist.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news|date=18 October 1918|title=Reading Women's Council|page=431|work=The Vote}}</ref>

== Biography == Sutton was a member of the wealthy Sutton Seeds family of Reading.<ref name=":1" /> In 1901, she was elected as a 'Moderate' to Reading School Board; fourth out of seventeen candidates.<ref name=":8">{{Cite news|date=31 March 1901|title=Life in our county town|page=2|work=Newbury Weekly News}}</ref> In the next year, she was involved in establishing a Navvy Mission, for religious instruction and social 'enjoyments' for 400–500 workmen who were to be in the town for at least a year building branch lines.<ref>{{Cite news|date=27 September 1902|title=The Reading Tramway Navvies – A Missioner to be Appointed-The Mayor on the Tramways|page=7|work=The Berkshire Chronicle}}</ref>

When electoral law changed and women could be elected in municipal elections, Sutton was returned unopposed for Reading as the first female councillor.<ref name=":0" />

== Involvement in women's suffrage movement == Dr. Mary Cruickshank was in the chair when the Reading Suffrage Society was formed as part of the National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies in 1906. Although Sutton was absent from the meeting, she was elected vice president. The ''Reading Observer'' also reported her as sending a message:<blockquote> I must confess that at first I did shrink from taking any definite step in this matter of women's suffrage until I realised the cowardice of letting others fight for a position one would be ready enough to step into when the fighting was over<ref>{{Cite news|date=8 December 1906|title=Women Suffrage-Meeting in Reading-Local Society formed|page=8|work=The Reading Observer}}</ref> </blockquote> In 1907, Sutton was to propose a vote of thanks to Millicent Fawcett at the end of a turbulent meeting, during which Mrs Fawcett had been constantly interrupted, by a rowdy element of young men at the back of the hall shouting out, or making noises with hooters, and although present, the police had not intervened. Councillor Sutton quietened the room by simply rising to speak, and referred in her remarks to the trust that the people of Reading had put in herself to serve on the Council, as confirming that women were trusted with voting. She was reported as saying 'Women wanted votes.... or at least some of us do.' And she was heard to affirm that ''when'' women were given the vote, that 'it would be a responsibility which many of them would feel to be a very serious one, which they would regard in a very serious light, as she did her municipal vote.' She claimed that women would 'rise to their responsibility and make good use of it.'<ref>{{Cite news|date=28 November 1907|title=" Women's Suffrage – Lively Meeting in the Small Town Hall – Speakers Refused a Hearing "|page=3|work=The Reading Observer}}</ref>

Sutton headed a group of 70 suffragists from Reading (including working women, teachers, nurses, doctors and members of the Primrose League)<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|date=26 June 1908|title=no title, begins: On Saturday about 70 members of the Reading Suffrage Society...|work=The Berks and Oxon Advertiser}}</ref> who joined the London NUWSS Suffrage March on 13 June 1908 to the Albert Hall. A picture was taken as they set off by train.<ref>{{Cite news|date=20 June 1908|title=Women's Suffrage Demonstration in London on Saturday|page=8|work=The Reading Standard}}</ref> It was reported that the Reading banner was one of the largest,<ref name=":3" /> decorated with the five female heads from the city coat of arms<ref>{{Cite web|title=Five maiden's heads on the arms of Reading borough|url=https://www.heraldry-wiki.com/heraldrywiki/wiki/Reading_(Berkshire)|url-status=live|access-date=16 April 2021|website=Heraldry Wiki|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410133030/https://www.heraldry-wiki.com/heraldrywiki/wiki/Reading_(Berkshire) |archive-date=2021-04-10 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=11 June 1908|title=Branch Societies – Reading|page=593|work=National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies}}</ref> as part of the vast procession of 10,000 participants.<ref>{{Cite web|date=17 June 2012|title=From the Observer archive, 14 June 1908: 10,000 women march for suffrage|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2012/jun/17/archive-1908-suffragette-march|access-date=16 April 2021|website=The Guardian|quote=They marched with spirit. They carried themselves with the air of people who meant to win}}</ref>

=== Dealing with opposition === In November 1908, following an anti-suffragist event by Sir Edward Clarke, K.C., Sutton spoke at a public meeting which had attracted hecklers, even when she claimed that the women's suffrage movement was based on religious principles, in a Christian 'ideal of a social state, every member of the body must do its part and every part must be healthy and sound if the body corporate was to perform the functions for which it was created' (based on 1 Corinthians12:12–26). She was arguing that women's enfranchisement would be good for the whole community but reforms would take time. Despite opposition, her motion was carried that 'Parliamentary franchise should be granted to women as a matter of justice and expediency'.<ref>{{Cite news|date=12 December 1908|title=Women's Suffrage – Reply to Sir E. Clarke – ' A Religious Movement'|page=14|work=The Berkshire Chronicle}}</ref> A year later at Tilehurst, Sutton and suffragist speakers were heckled by young men creating a commotion, with musical instruments, shouting and someone released a mouse into the crowd as she stood up to speak, the resulting mayhem disrupted her throughout. She was reported as saying she hoped they had 'worked off their hysteria'. In speaking against suffragette 'stoning' she reminded them that 'men in Bristol did £14,000 of damage at the time of the Reform Bill' and told the hecklers to 'Put that in your pipes and smoke it!".<ref>{{Cite news|date=27 November 1909|title="Votes for Women" – Lively meeting at Tilehurst – Chase for a Mouse|page=12|work=The Berkshire Chronicle}}</ref> Speaking in Basingstoke<ref>{{Cite news|date=2 October 1909|title=Why shouldn't women have votes?|page=5|work=Hants and Berks Gazette}}</ref> and in Bath, Sutton asked for women to have an equal place in civic society, reflecting "the best civic life based on the best religious life" and supported the stance of Dr Mary Morris, Bath's first woman inspector of schools and fellow suffragist.<ref>{{Cite news|date=6 October 1910|title=Woman Citizenship (sic) – Bath Women's Local Government Association – Address by Miss Sutton of Reading|page=3|work=The Bath Chronicle}}</ref>

=== Gaining support === By 1910, when the editor of ''The Common Cause'' (the NUWSS newspaper), Helena Swanwick attended their meeting, Sutton said that the calm and persistent influence of their society was gaining support for the right of women to vote. Sutton could quote a campaign survey of all 1,057 women householders in Reading, finding 1,046 signed for women's enfranchisement.<ref>{{Cite news|date=19 March 1910|title=Women's Suffrage – Meeting in Reading|page=3|work=The Reading Observer}}</ref>

Councillor Sutton put a proposal to the Reading Council on 5 July 1911, seconded by Councillor E.P. Colber, for the Borough to write formally to the Government in support of the women's franchise bill.<ref>{{Cite news|date=8 July 1911|title=The enfranchisement of women|page=10|work=The Reading Standard}}</ref> The item was debated but ruled as 'party political' and outwith the Council's competent business. A letter in the press stated that in the debate there was a clear majority of councillors in favour of Miss Sutton's proposal and, if voted on, would have passed; 80 other town councils sent such a letter of support.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Dale|first=Beatrice R.|date=29 July 1911|title=Women's Suffrage – to the Editor of the Reading Mercury and Berks County Paper|page=3|work=Reading Mercury, Oxford Gazette, Newbury Herald and Berks County Paper}}</ref> In 1912, Sutton wrote to local MP and Solicitor (Attorney) General Sir Rufus Isaac as reported in ''The London Standard'' referring to the 'Swedish model' of enfranchising householders and their wives.<ref>{{Cite news|date=5 February 1912|title=Sir Rufus Isaac's View|page=13|work=The Standard|url=https://newspaperarchive.com/london-standard-feb-05-1912-p-13/|access-date=16 April 2021}}</ref> In Gloucester she was supporting Harold Baillie-Weaver of the Men's League for Women's Suffrage<ref>{{Cite news|date=23 September 1909|title=Forthcoming Meetings|page=307|work=The Common Cause}}</ref> explaining the useful role of women on councils despite having to be single householders to stand for election, asking: "what if only single men were allowed to stand for election?"<ref>{{Cite news|date=15 February 1912|title=National Union of Women Workers – Lecture by Councillor Edith Sutton|work=The Citizen}}</ref> Sutton was heckled by Labour supporters asking for universal adult suffrage to extend the vote to all men and women on the same terms, rather than to enfranchise women first.<ref>{{Cite news|date=10 February 1909|title=Socialists and Suffragists|page=7|work=The Berkshire Chronicle}}</ref> thumb|Suffrage pilgrims stall during the NUWSS Pilgrimage In July 1913, Sutton welcomed the West Country 'pilgrims', about a hundred people, supplemented by members from the Reading, Crowthorne, Ascot and Wokingham women's suffrage groups who marched to Reading Market Place where the audience were said to be 3000 in total 'mostly orderly and interested'.<ref>{{Cite news|date=8 August 1913|title=News from the Societies and Federations – Berkshire|page=314|work=The Common Cause}}</ref> The emphasis was on the law-abiding nature of the suffragist campaign. This NUWSS Great Pilgrimage, had headed on agreed routes to London,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Robinson|first=Jane|title=Hearts and minds : the untold story of the great pilgrimage and how women won the vote|date=2018|isbn=978-0-85752-391-4|location=London|oclc=987905510}}</ref> gathering support and getting hospitality from local society groups like hers en route, growing at the end to a total of 50,000 people, who gathered peacefully in Hyde Park.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Women's Pilgrimage|url=https://spartacus-educational.com/Wpilgimage.htm|access-date=2021-04-16|website=Spartacus Educational|language=en}}</ref>&nbsp;

Prior to the 1913 by-elections, Sutton was holding open air meetings, growing in attendance and 'everywhere friendly and sympathetic' after the pilgrimage visit, and reported ' a complete change of feeling on the suffrage question being reported to have taken place amongst factory hands in the last twelve months.'<ref>{{Cite news|date=7 November 1913|title=By-elections – Reading|page=551|work=The Common Cause}}</ref> She spoke in Leeds on the role of women in local government and the need to get men's support.<ref>{{Cite news|date=22 November 1913|title=Important Educational Meeting in Yorkshire|page=717|work=The Gentlewoman}}</ref>

Sutton was President of the Reading NUWSS branch in 1915.<ref name=":5" /> And in 1916 the society continued in charitable work for a day nursery and women's war hospitals.<ref>{{Cite news|date=16 December 1916|title=Reading Women's Suffrage Society – Annual Meeting|page=4|work=Reading Mercury, Oxford Gazette, Newbury Herald and Berks County Paper}}</ref>

=== Woman's Council === Sutton was chosen as the first Woman's Council Regional Treasurer in 1918, when Anna Munro convened a meeting in which various local women's suffrage groups merged, affiliating 'The Women's Freedom League, the National Union of Women Workers, the National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies, Adult Schools, the Workers' Educational Association, the Women's Co-operative Guild, the Railway Women's Guild, the Independent Labour Party, the British Socialist Party, the Guild of Social Welfare, the National Federation of Women Teachers, the Class Teachers' Association, the Tailoresses' Union, Park Institute.'<ref name=":4" />

== Health and welfare == Throughout her career, Sutton demonstrated her concern for the health and welfare of the local populace. In 1907, she was appointed to a Sub Committee of the Education Department to look into the underfeeding of children.<ref>{{Cite news|date=8 December 1907|title=Children's Help|page=4|work=Berkshire Chronicle}}</ref>&nbsp; Sweated labour and the ‘grinding of the faces of the poor’ was the subject of a talk she gave to the Christian Social Union in Reading in 1908.<ref>{{Cite news|date=23 May 1908|title=Notes and queries|page=5|work=The Reading Standard}}</ref>

In 1910, she spoke of her work on the Old Age Pensions Committee of the local council while at the Women’s Congress in London.<ref>{{Cite news|date=11 June 1910|title=Opening of the Women's Congress|page=1026|work=The Lady}}</ref>

As an active member of&nbsp; the Borough Council, she was also the first woman appointed to the Watch Committee, and served on the Sanitary Committee and sub-committees dealing with the Housing of the Working Classes Act, the Children’s Act, and the&nbsp; First Offenders' Act.<ref>{{Cite news|date=31 January 1914|title=Christian Social Union Lectures|page=5|work=Eastbourne Chronicle}}</ref>

At the Reading Women's Suffrage Society Annual Meeting in 1915, Sutton not only reported on the popularity of the organisation's nursery provision, but that 1,314 meals were provided to hungry children in association with the National Relief Fund.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|date=13 November 1915|title=Reading Women's Suffrage Society's Day Nursery|page=3|work=Reading Mercury, Oxford Gazette, Newbury Herald and Berks County Paper}}</ref>

When a Tuberculosis Dispensary Care Association was formed in Reading in 1916, Sutton became its first chairman;<ref>{{Cite news|date=9 December 1916|title=Treatment of tuberculosis|page=2|work=The Reading Observer}}</ref> she was still chair in 1933.<ref>{{Cite news|date=14 July 1933|title=The late Mr S R Whitley|page=18|work=The Reading Standard}}</ref> Two years after that, Sutton was the chairman of the Special Needs Committee of the Royal Berkshire Hospital which raised money to provide equipment for the hospital.<ref>{{Cite news|date=18 October 1935|title=Hospital's New Equipment: Special Needs Committee's Presentation to Royal Berks|page=24|work=The Reading Standard|url=}}</ref>

Sutton was one of the speakers at a meeting in Reading in 1923 supporting the 'Thirteen Counties Scheme', which supported women and girls financially after their release from Holloway Jail.<ref>{{Cite news|date=21 September 1923|title=In aid of the Discharged Prisoners of Holloway Gaol, Women and Girls (The Thirteen Counties' Scheme)|page=4|work=The Reading Observer}}</ref>

When awarded the Freedom of Reading in 1954, her many years as member and later chairman of the committee responsible for the care of the 'mentally defective' was formally acknowledged.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|date=14 May 1954|title=Two receive Freedom of Reading|page=11|work=Reading Standard}}</ref> Her involvement had started in 1914, when she was appointed to a committee set up by Reading Council in response to the Mental Deficiency Act passed by Parliament the preceding year.<ref>{{Cite news|date=11 April 1914|title=Reading Town Council|page=4|work=Reading Mercury, Oxford Gazette, Newbury Herald and Berks County Paper}}</ref>

Sutton was quoted as summing up her approach in 1922 – that the line in which women would work in public life was ‘the human line’.<ref name=":7">{{Cite news|date=28 April 1922|title=Women workers, where they help in local government|page=11|work=Hastings and St Leonard’s Observer}}</ref>

== Roles in policing and justice == Sutton became the first woman in the country to be appointed to a Watch Committee, just two years after her election to the council in 1909.<ref>{{Cite news|date=19 March 1909|title=Progress of women|page=451|work=Votes for Women}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=7 May 1910|title=Personal and county news|page=5|work=The Reading Standard}}</ref> She was then appointed to a new sub-committee set up to look into suitable detention places for children and young people.<ref>{{Cite news|date=30 October 1909|title=Seedsmen win|page=5|work=Berkshire Chronicle}}</ref> This role expanded in 1914 when she became a Visitor of the Place of Detention, as provided for in the 1908 Children’s Act.<ref>{{Cite news|date=5 December 1914|title=Watch Committee|page=2|work=The Reading Mercury}}</ref>

Barnett House in Oxford was the location in 1916 of Sutton’s lecture on the work of the Police and Watch Committee, where she outlined the long history of such committees, but noted only three women in the whole country were currently appointed to serve. She ended by ‘praising very highly the work of women police ‘.<ref>{{Cite news|date=16 December 1916|title=Work of the Watch Committee|page=9|work=The Reading Standard}}</ref> While speaking in the Metropole Assembly Rooms in Hastings six years later, she noted that there had been two women police in Reading at the start of the war who has been the ‘best friends of the girls and the men stationed in the town'<ref name=":7" /> Sutton served on the Reading Watch Committee continuously for thirty years.<ref>{{Cite news|date=10 March 1939|title=Thirty years on Watch Committee|page=8|work=The Reading Standard}}</ref>

Sutton was also appointed Reading's first female Justice of the Peace in 1920,<ref>{{Cite news|date=14 August 1920|title=Lady Magistrate takes her seat: Miss E M Sutton appointed|page=10|work=The Reading Standard}}</ref> and served until 1940, by which time she was chairman of the magistrates.<ref>{{Cite news|date=5 January 1940|title=Magistrates tribute|page=5|work=The Reading Standard}}</ref>

== Educational responsibilities == Sutton's earliest formal educational role was when she stood for the local school board election in 1901. In an election meeting speech, she "hoped that, though a woman, she would show that she was a practical woman".<ref>{{Cite news|date=9 March 1901|title=Reading School Board Election|page=8|work=The Berkshire Chronicle}}</ref><ref name=":8" />

In 1907 she was appointed as Chairman of the School Management Sub-Committee of Reading's Education Committee,<ref>{{Cite news|date=23 November 1907|title=Reading Education: To the charitable|page=7|work=The Berkshire Chronicle}}</ref> and only two years later became a member of the governing body of Reading High School.<ref>{{Cite news|date=24 July 1909|title=Notices: Reading High School|page=4|work=The Reading Observer}}</ref>

Sutton was invited to deliver an address on women's work on public bodies to the Yorkshire Ladies' Council of Education in Leeds in 1913, in which she highlighted "how much women are needed and can do in municipal work ".<ref>{{Cite news|date=22 November 1913|title=Important educational meeting in Yorkshire|page=717|work=The Gentlewoman}}</ref> The following year she was one of the three delegates from Reading to the National Union of Teachers AGM in Lowestoft.<ref>{{Cite news|date=8 April 1914|title=National Union of Teachers|page=3|work=The Reading Standard}}</ref>

Sutton was the only Reading councillor to be sent to London in 1916 as representative to the Conference of the Association of Education Committees;<ref>{{Cite news|date=22 April 1916|title=Education Conference|page=5|work=The Reading Standard}}</ref> in 1933 she was nominated by Reading Education Committee and five others to serve on the executive committee of the same organisation,<ref>{{Cite news|date=23 August 1933|title=Reading Education Committee|page=19|work=The Reading Standard}}</ref>

During her speech at the Abbey School (Reading) prize-giving ceremony in 1916, Sutton stated that no longer should girls' "aim and characteristic" be self-repression but instead "self-expression" and that their aim should be the "fullest and best they could possibly be".<ref>{{Cite news|date=23 December 1916|title=The Abbey School|page=3|work=The Reading Standard}}</ref>

Sutton was appointed vice chair of the Reading Education Committee in 1918, and was still carrying out the same responsibility in 1938.<ref>{{Cite news|date=29 July 1938|title=Headmistress retires|page=6|work=The Reading Standard}}</ref> In the former year she was also appointed to the county council (Berkshire) Education Committee.<ref>{{Cite news|date=9 November 1918|title=Berks County Council|page=7|work=The Reading Standard}}</ref>

She was in distinguished company in the platform party at the Reading & District Teachers’ Conference in 1920. The conference speakers included Lena Ashwell (who spoke on the subject of children's self-expression), and the R Hon H A L Fisher, whose topic was the value of history to children.<ref>{{Cite news|date=9 October 1920|title=Teachers in conference|page=10|work=The Reading Observer}}</ref>

In 1928 Reading Education Committee appointed her as its representative manager on the governing body of the Greycoat Foundation (Queen Anne’s School Caversham)<ref>{{Cite news|date=1 December 1928|title=Reading Education Committee|page=13|work=The Reading Standard}}</ref> and by 1930 she was chairman of the board of governors of Kendrick Girls’ School.<ref>{{Cite news|date=24 May 1930|title=German Students' Art Work|page=13|work=The Reading Standard}}</ref>

== Civic career == Sutton became the first female councilor in England in 1907,<ref name=":0" /> representing Battle Ward.<ref>{{Cite news|date=19 October 1907|title=Municipal Elections|page=9|work=The Berkshire Chronicle}}</ref> In the 1930s, she become first alderman (1931) and then mayor (1933),<ref name=":6">{{Cite news|date=22 September 1933|title=Reading's Next Mayor – Alderman Miss Sutton to succeed Councillor Tudor -First Woman Chief Magistrate|page=11|work=The Reading Standard}}</ref> and moved from an independent to Labour<ref>{{Cite thesis|title=Progress and patterns in the election of women as councillors, 1918 – 1938|url=http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/id/eprint/17514/|publisher=University of Huddersfield|date=March 2012|degree=doctoral|language=en|first=Anne|last=Baldwin|page=170}}</ref> and became the second Labour and first woman mayor in Reading.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite news|date=29 September 1933|title=Reading's First Woman Mayor|page=306|work=The Vote}}</ref> Sutton was also made a Freeman of Reading in 1954 in recognition of her 38 years' civic service.<ref name=":2" />

Sutton lived until she was 95 years of age, dying in Reading in 1957, and leaving £24,600.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" />

== References == {{Reflist}}

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Sutton, Edith}} Category:1862 births Category:1957 deaths Category:Mayors of Reading, Berkshire Category:English suffragists Category:Women mayors of places in England Category:Women councillors in England Category:Councillors in Berkshire