{{Short description|Ancient Egyptian temple, located on the west bank of the Nile in Edfu, Upper Egypt}} {| class="infobox" style="width: 25.5em; font-size: 90%; text-align: left;" |- | colspan="2" style="font-size: larger; text-align: center;" | '''Temple of Edfu''' |- {{!}} colspan="2" style="font-size: smaller; text-align: center;" {{!}} [[Image:Temple Edfou Egypte.jpg|260px]]<br/>The main entrance of Edfu Temple showing the first pylon |- ! colspan="2" style="background-color: #d5a474; text-align: center;" | Monument information |- ! Type | [[Temple]] |- ! Location | [[Egypt]] |- ! [[Nome (Egypt)|Nome]] {{!}} [[Wetjes-Hor]] |- ! [[Egyptian hieroglyphs|Hieroglyphic name]] {{!}} <hiero>bH:d-t:niwt</hiero> (Bḥd.t) |- ! [[List of Egyptian gods|Deity]] {{!}} [[Horus]] (primary), [[Hathor]], [[Harsomtus]] |- ! colspan="2" style="background-color: #d5a474; text-align: center;" | Historical information |- ! Period | Graeco-Roman Period |- ! Dynasty | [[Ptolemaic dynasty]] |- ! Construction start date {{!}} August 23, 237 BC |- ! Completion date {{!}} 57 BC; {{time interval|-57}} ago |- ! colspan="2" style="background-color: #d5a474; text-align: center;" {{!}} Architectural description |- ! Construction material {{!}} [[Sandstone]] |- ! Height {{!}} 36 meters |- ! Width {{!}} 3 76 meters |- ! Length {{!}} 79 meters |} The '''Temple of Edfu''' is an [[Egyptian temple]] located on the west bank of the [[Nile]] in [[Edfu]], [[Upper Egypt]]. The city was known in the [[Hellenistic period]] in [[Koine Greek]] as Ἀπόλλωνος πόλις and in [[Latin]] as ''Apollonopolis Magna'', after the chief god [[Horus]], who was identified as [[Apollo]] under the ''[[interpretatio graeca]]''.<ref>David, Rosalie. Discovering Ancient Egypt, Facts on File, 1993. p. 99</ref> It is one of the best preserved shrines in Egypt. The temple was built in the [[Ptolemaic Kingdom]] between 237 and 57 BC. The inscriptions on its walls provide important information on language, myth and religion during the [[Hellenistic period]] in Egypt. In particular, the Temple's inscribed building texts "provide details of its construction, and also preserve information about the mythical interpretation of this and all other temples as the Island of Creation."<ref name=":0" /> There are also "important scenes and inscriptions of the Sacred Drama which related the age-old conflict between Horus and [[Set (deity)|Seth]]."<ref name=":0" /> They are translated by the [[Edfu-Project]].
==History== Edfu was one of several temples built during the [[Ptolemaic Kingdom]], including the [[Dendera Temple complex]], [[Esna]], the [[Temple of Kom Ombo]], and [[Philae]]. Its size reflects the relative prosperity of the time.<ref>Agnese, Giorgio and Maurizio Re. Ancient Egypt: Art and archaeology of the land of the pharaohs, 2004. p. 23 {{ISBN|0-7607-8380-2}}</ref> The present temple, which was begun "on 23 August 237 BC, initially consisted of a pillared hall, two transverse halls, and a barque sanctuary surrounded by chapels."<ref>Dieter Arnold, Nigel Strudwick & Sabine Gardiner, The Encyclopaedia of Ancient Egyptian Architecture, I.B. Tauris Publishers, 2003. p. 78</ref> The building was started during the reign of [[Ptolemy III Euergetes]] and completed in 57 BC under [[Ptolemy XII Auletes]]. It was built on the site of an earlier, smaller temple also dedicated to Horus, although the previous structure was oriented east–west rather than north–south as in the present site. A ruined [[pylon (architecture)|pylon]] lies just to the east of the current temple; inscriptional evidence has been found indicating a building program under the [[New Kingdom of Egypt|New Kingdom]] rulers [[Ramesses I]], [[Seti I]] and [[Ramesses II]].
A [[naos (hieroglyph)|naos]] of [[Nectanebo II]], a relic from an earlier building, is preserved in the inner sanctuary, which stands alone while the temple's barque sanctuary is surrounded by nine chapels.<ref>Arnold, Strudwick & Gardiner, op. cit., p. 78</ref>
Over the centuries, the temple became buried to a depth of 12 metres (39 ft) beneath drifting desert sand and layers of river silt deposited by the Nile. Local inhabitants built homes directly over the former temple grounds. Only the upper reaches of the temple pylons were visible by 1798, when the temple was identified by a French expedition. In 1860 [[Auguste Mariette]], a French [[Egyptology|Egyptologist]], began the work of freeing Edfu temple from the sands.
The Temple of Edfu is nearly intact and a good example of an ancient Egyptian temple.<ref name=":0">David., op. cit., p. 99</ref> Its archaeological significance and high state of preservation have made it a center for [[tourism in Egypt]] and a frequent stop for the many [[riverboat]]s that cruise the Nile. In 2005, access to the temple was revamped with the addition of a visitor center and paved carpark.<ref>{{cite web |title=SPOTLIGHT INTERVIEW 2005 – Dr. Zahi Hawass |url=http://guardians.net/spotlite/spotlite-hawass-2005.htm |accessdate=2007-04-25}}</ref> A lighting system was added in late 2006 to allow night visits.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sis.gov.eg/En/EgyptOnline/tourism/000003/0204000000000000002517.htm|title=Night visits to Temple of Horus allowed as of New Year|accessdate=2007-04-26|archive-date=2007-01-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070124182357/http://www.sis.gov.eg/En/EgyptOnline/tourism/000003/0204000000000000002517.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>
<gallery mode="packed" class="center" heights="160"> File:S10.08 Edfu, image 9886.jpg|North side of court of Temple of Edfu File:S10.08 Edfu, image 9885.jpg| Door of the Pylon File:Temple of Edfu sanctuary.jpg|Inside the sanctuary at the centre of the temple. File:Edfu89.JPG|The forecourt of the temple, looking south-east </gallery>
==Religious significance== The temple of Edfu is the largest temple dedicated to [[Horus]] and [[Hathor]] of [[Dendera]].<ref name=":0" /> It was the center of several festivals sacred to Horus. Each year, "Hathor travelled south from her temple at [[Dendera Temple complex|Denderah]] to visit Horus at Edfu, and this event marking their sacred marriage was the occasion of a great festival and pilgrimage."<ref name=":0" />
== Creation myth of the temple ==
The creation myth of the temple of Edfu consists of several related scenes, which are found primarily on the inside of the perimeter walls of the temple.
They tell the story of the beginning of the world, when it was still entirely covered by water. During the struggle between land and primeval water, the land managed to come close to the surface. Where this happened, reeds grew with the help of a falcon, which were strengthened by the gods The Far and The Large. The reeds were the germ cell for the temple of Edfu, and here [[Horus]] landed, as a falcon. A force approached, in the form of a bird, and fed Horus, the lord of Edfu; This ritual was the beginning of the cult of Edfu.
The snakelike [[Apep|Apophis]] tried to impede the creation. Horus shuddered in fear, yet a harpoon, one of the forms of [[Ptah]], came to the rescue. The enemy was defeated and the creation continued. A falcon formed the sky dome, its wings reaching from horizon to horizon, and the sun began its daily cycle. Then the first temple of Edfu was designed by the gods [[Thoth]] and [[Seshat]], one responsible for wisdom, the other for scripture. The godly master-builder constructed the temple according to these plans, but initially not of stone, but of reed.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kurth |first=Dieter |title=Religion und Philosophie im alten Ägypten |year=1991 |pages=189–202 |language=de |trans-title=Religion and Philosophy in ancient Egypt |chapter=Über den Ursprung des Tempels von Edfu |trans-chapter=About the Origin of the Temple of Edfu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dieter |first=Kurth |date=2006 |title=Edfu |url=https://www.bibelwissenschaft.de/stichwort/16819/ |page=5 |language=de}}</ref>
The foundation ritual of the temple consists of multiple elements: First, the ground-plan was laid out with the stretching-the-cord ritual. When the construction was completed, the king handed the temple over to a triad of gods. To protect the building against external threats, 60 gods formed a living wall around the temple.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Budde |first=Dagmar |title=Diener des Horus |year=2008 |pages=17–40 |language=de |trans-title=Servants of Horus |chapter=Dreißig Götter der Genese des Tempels |trans-chapter=Thirty Gods of the Genesis of the Temple |chapter-url=https://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/propylaeumdok/4700/1/Budde_Dreissig_Goetter_der_Genese_2008.pdf}}</ref>
==Influence on British architecture== The Temple of Edfu provides the model for the [[Temple Works]] in [[Holbeck]], [[Leeds]]. The courtyard columns at Edfu are closely copied in the frontage of the Works.
==Gallery== <gallery widths="170px" heights="170px"> File:Edfu temple relief by John Campana.jpg|Reliefs on the walls of the Temple of Edfu John Beasly Greene (American, born France - (Edfou, Sculptures et Inscriptions de la Façade Orientale du Mur d'Enceinte) - Google Art Project (6832099).jpg|1854 photography by [[John Beasley Greene]] John Beasly Greene (American, born France - (Edfou, Sculptures et Inscriptions de la Façade Orientale du Mur d'Enceinte) - Google Art Project.jpg|1854 photography by John Beasley Greene File:GD-EG-Edfou033.jpg|Rear File:Edfou-Horus 006.jpg|Horus File:GD-EG-Edfou013.JPG|A breastfeeding scene in the interior walls File:Edfu Tempel 42-2.jpg|[[Wadjet]] and [[Nekhbet]], the [[Two Ladies]] flank the pharaoh File:Edfu Tempel Nilometer 01.jpg|Nilometer for measuring the height of the Nile River File:Edfu-Relief4.jpg|Relief File:Edfu-Relief2.jpg|Relief File:Edfu-Relief.jpg|Relief File:Edfu-Detail.jpg|Detail File:Temple of Edfu, Ceiling, Egypt.jpg|Ceiling File:Temple of Edfu, Corridors, Egypt.jpg|Corridor File:Temple of Edfu, Statue of Horus 2, Egypt.jpg|Statue of Horus in the courtyard of the temple </gallery>
==See also== *[[List of ancient Egyptian sites]], including sites of temples * [[Ancient Egyptian architecture]] * [[Edfu South Pyramid]]
==Notes== {{Reflist|33em}}
===References=== {{Commons category|Edfu Temple}} * Oakes, Lorna and Lucia Gahlin. ''Ancient Egypt: An illustrated reference to the myths, religions, pyramids and temples of the land of the pharaohs''. 2006. {{ISBN|0-7607-4943-4}} * Kurth, Dieter. ''The Temple of Edfu''. 2004. American University in Cairo Press. {{ISBN|977 424 764 7}} * [[Émile Gaston Chassinat]], Maxence de Rochemonteix, ''Le temple d'Edfou'', 14 vols. (1892–1934).
{{Ancient Egypt topics}} {{Authority control}} {{Coord|24|58|40|N|32|52|24|E|region:EG_type:landmark_scale:2500|display=title}}
[[Category:3rd-century BC religious buildings and structures]] [[Category:1798 archaeological discoveries]] [[Category:Former religious buildings and structures in Egypt]] [[Category:Hellenistic architecture]] [[Category:Egyptian temples]] [[Category:Religious buildings and structures destroyed by arson]] [[Category:Tourist attractions in Egypt]] [[Category:Horus]] [[Category:3rd-century BC establishments in Egypt]]