{{Short description|Doctoral degree}} {{redirect|EdD|other uses|Edd (disambiguation){{!}}Edd}} The '''Doctor of Education''' ('''Ed.D''' or '''DEd'''; Latin ''Educationis Doctor'' or ''Doctor Educationis'') is a research doctorate or professional doctorate in the field of education.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gocke |first=Meghan |date=2024-07-01 |title=EdD vs. PhD in Education: What's the Difference? |url=https://graduate.northeastern.edu/knowledge-hub/edd-vs-phd-in-education/ |access-date=2025-12-04 |website=Northeastern University Graduate Programs |language=en-US}}</ref> It prepares the holder for academic, research, administrative, clinical, or professional positions in educational, civil, private organizations, or public institutions. Considerable differences exist in structure, content and aims between regions.
==History == The history and roots of the Ed.D are in the United States. Other countries or regions have adopted or developed the award, often following different conventions and with different structures. This section, therefore, concerns the United States; for some other regions, information can be found under the regional headings below.
When research universities were established in the late 19th century in the United States, they primarily awarded doctorates in the sciences and later the arts. By the early 20th century, these universities began to offer doctoral degrees in professional fields. The first professional degrees were awarded in medicine and law. Shortly thereafter, in response to the societal demand for expert practitioners, doctorates began to be awarded in education.<ref name="Toma">{{cite conference | first = Douglas J. | last = Toma | title = Legitimacy, differentiation, and the promise of the Ed.D. in higher education | publisher = Education Resource Information Center (ERIC) | pages = 11–12 | date = November 2002 | location = Annual Meeting of the Association for the Study of Higher Education | url = http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/detail?accno=ED482308 | access-date = 30 October 2011}}</ref> The first Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) degree in the field of education was granted at Teachers College, Columbia University in 1893.<ref name="Shulman" /> The first Doctor of Education (Ed.D.) degree was granted at Harvard University in 1921. Henry Holmes, an educator at Harvard College, raised funds to establish the Harvard Graduate School of Education. Holmes saw value in increasing Harvard's role in the professional training of educators<ref name="perryjill">{{cite book |last1=Perry |first1=Jill Alexa |editor1-last=Latta |editor1-first=Margaret |chapter=What does history reveal about the education doctorate?|title=Placing Practitioner Knowledge at the Center of Teacher Education |date=2012 |publisher=Information Age Publishing |isbn= 978-1-61735-738-1|series=Educational Policy in Practice: Critical Cultural Studies|pages=51–75}}</ref> and established doctorate of education, or Ed.D., for students who had had a successful teaching experience, possessed a "working knowledge of biology, psychology, and the social sciences",<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cremin |first1=Larry |title=The education of the educating professions. |date=1978 |publisher=American Association of Colleges for Teacher Education.}}</ref> and who sought a higher position within the school system. The program of study comprised five areas of education plus the study of social theory in education, history of education, and educational psychology.<ref name="perryjill" /> The dissertation served to teach the student to conduct an independent investigation utilizing existing knowledge and producing a "constructive result of importance and value".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cremin |first1=Larry |title=The education of the educating professions. |date=1978 |publisher=American Association of Colleges for Teacher Education.}}</ref> The purpose of the Ed.D. was to offer a rigorous course of study that would enhance candidates’ prior knowledge and skills and better prepare them to lead as school practitioners.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cremin |first1=Larry |title=The education of the educating professions. |date=1978 |publisher=American Association of Colleges for Teacher Education.}}</ref>
The EdD degree was then added by Teachers College in 1934.<ref name=Toma /> Between 1925 and 1940 many institutions, including the University of California-Berkeley, Stanford University, and the University of Michigan followed the steps of Columbia and Harvard and established schools and colleges of education that offered graduate study and eventually, the two doctoral degrees. Despite this growth, however, these and other schools of education struggled to establish their identity as professional schools and were perpetually engulfed in debate over the purpose of the Ed.D.<ref name="perryjill" />
The history of the Ed.D. throughout the 20th century was one of confusion. In many graduate schools of education it was a practitioner degree, while in others it was considered education's research doctorate. Several factors contributed to the confusion: First, offering two doctoral degrees resulted in constant conflict between the "demands of theory and those of practice".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Guthrie & Clifford |title=Ed school: A brief for a professional education. |date=1988 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=0-226-11017-6}}</ref> Second, the advancement of professional training was further complicated as schools of education competed with schools of arts and sciences. Graduate programs in arts and sciences were older and more established. Traditionally arts and science faculty offered doctoral preparation in the form of the Ph.D. Both the school of arts and sciences and its faculty had difficulty relinquishing their expertise in doctoral studies or in acknowledging the need for a professional doctoral degree.<ref name="perryjill" /> Third, from the inception of both doctoral degrees in education, unclear goals and similar programmatic content have confused the degree purposes and plagued professionalization efforts.<ref name="perryjill" />
The Ed.D. is awarded in several countries (see below).
==Australia== In Australia, entry requirements for the Ed.D. are similar to the Ph.D. except that the former requires a number of years professional experience in education or academia.{{citation needed|date=February 2012}}
==Canada== In Canada, the Ed.D. tends to be granted by faculties of education at Universities and is a terminal degree in education. Much like the United States and Great Britain, some universities offer the Ed.D. (Simon Fraser University), while others offer a Ph.D. in education (McGill University, Queen's University, University of Toronto, University of Manitoba, University of New Brunswick), and still others offer both (Ontario Institute for Studies in Education at the University of Toronto, The University of Western Ontario, University of Alberta, University of Calgary, University of British Columbia).<ref>{{cite web|title=Universities Canada Study Program Database - Ph.D. in Education|url=http://www.universitystudy.ca/search-programs/?k=Ph.D.+in+education&program_level_merged=Doctorate&program_language=|website=UniversityStudy.ca|publisher=Universities Canada|access-date=February 26, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Universities Canada Study Program Database - Ed.D.|url=http://www.universitystudy.ca/search-programs/?k=Ed.D.&program_level_merged=Doctorate&program_language=|website=UniversityStudy.ca|publisher=Universities Canada|access-date=February 26, 2016}}</ref>
Much like the UK, in Canada, the Ed.D. is a full academic doctorate that can only be granted by AUCC-accredited institutions and shares equal parity with a Ph.D. (Education). The dissertation to be completed as part of an Ed.D. program differs only in focus but not in breadth of study, nor academic rigour required. Ed.D. programs in Canadian institutions must include an original contribution to knowledge which must be chaired (supervised) by an accomplished researcher and orally defended (viva) to internal and external examiners. In many cases, the only salient difference between the Ph.D. and Ed.D. relates to the professional field of practice of the candidate as Ed.D. programs often tend to focus on existing pedagogical problems.
==India== In India, universities recognized by the U.G.C. can award a Ph.D. in education. Students who have cleared the NET (Education) exam have to choose a guide enlisted by the university. Students who do not pass the NET exam must qualify by taking an exam conducted twice by every university. NET-cleared students are given preference over those not qualified by the NET.
==Ireland== In Ireland, Ed.D. programs have only recently been introduced. They tend to follow the UK model of initial research modules followed by longer research papers and thesis.{{citation needed|date=February 2012}}
==Singapore== In Singapore, the National Institute of Education (Nanyang Technological University) is the sole university that awards the Ed.D. degree. The Ed.D. programme has the rigour and expectations of a Ph.D., but with a professional focus.<ref>{{Cite web | title = Doctor in Education | publisher = Singapore National Institute of Education | url = http://www.nie.edu.sg/edd | access-date = 30 October 2011}}</ref>
==South Africa== In South Africa, following a convention of using Latin in academic designations, the doctorate in education is called ''Doctor Educationis'' (D.Ed.) and, like other doctoral degrees in that country, it is entirely a research-based qualification.{{citation needed|date=February 2012}}
==United Kingdom==
In the United Kingdom, the Ed.D. is a terminal research degree that is equivalent to the Ph.D., both which can only be granted by universities with research-degree awarding powers.
The Ed.D. usually involves courses and a dissertation, but as with all doctorates requires at least a dissertation. The Ed.D. thesis may be shorter than that of the Ph.D., because the Ed.D. normally includes coursework that includes assessed papers, whereas Ph.D. programs of study are focused on undertaking a thesis without such coursework.<ref name="Doctor in Education">{{cite web | title = Doctor in Education | publisher = Institute of Education, University of London | url = http://www.ioe.ac.uk/study/researchDegrees/RED9_EDU999.html | access-date = 4 February 2012}}</ref><ref name="MPhil or PhD in Education">{{cite web | title = MPhil or PhD in Education | publisher = Institute of Education, University of London | url = http://www.ioe.ac.uk/study/researchDegrees/RMP9_EDU999.html | access-date = 4 February 2012}}</ref> The Ed.D. thesis differs from a Ph.D. thesis only in length and scope but not in quality. As with Ph.D. candidates, all Ed.D. candidates undergo a viva voce examination (comprehensive oral defence of one's thesis/dissertation).
The EdD is generally presented as an opportunity to prepare for academic, administrative or specialised positions in education, placing the graduates for promotion and leadership responsibilities, or high-level professional positions in a range of locations in the broad Education industry. Both the Ed.D. and Ph.D. are recognised for the purposes of appointment as a lecturer or professor in universities.
In 1991, the Doctor of Education programme at the University of Bristol began and was the first taught doctorate outside of North America. The Ed.D. is delivered through a balance of taught units including research methods, theory, argumentation and evaluation skills as well as a major research thesis that must make an original contribution to knowledge. As with other doctoral candidates, participants of the Ed.D. are encouraged to publish articles and books based on their research. An excellence in doctoral level research is the main aim of the Bristol Ed.D.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bristol.ac.uk/education/study/doctoral//|title=Doctoral programmes - School of Education - University of Bristol|first=University of|last=Bristol|website=www.bristol.ac.uk|access-date=3 April 2018}}</ref>
At the Institute of Education in London, the Ed.D. "is for experienced professionals from education and related fields who would like to extend their professional understanding and develop skills in research, evaluation and high-level reflection on practice". Meanwhile, the PhD "is intended to enable [students] to produce [their] own thesis and to develop a range of research and other more generic skills."<ref name="Doctor in Education"/><ref name="MPhil or PhD in Education"/>
The University of Cambridge's Faculty of Education provides a useful comparison between the Ph.D. and Ed.D. programmes for their particular university.<ref>{{cite web | title = Which Doctorate is Right for you? | url = http://www.educ.cam.ac.uk/courses/graduate/doctoral | access-date = 21 Dec 2011}}</ref>
==United States== In the United States, the Ed.D. tends to be granted by the school of education of universities and is a terminal degree in education. Majors within the Ed.D. may include: counseling, curriculum and instruction/curriculum and teaching, educational administration, education policy, educational psychology, educational technology, higher education, human resource development, language/linguistics, leadership or technology/innovation in instruction. The Ed.D. is recognized for appointment as a professor or lecturer in a university. It may also be recognized as preparation for administrative positions in education and human development field, such as superintendent of schools, human resource director, or principal.
From the very beginning, there was a formal division between the Ed.D. and the Ph.D. in education, and the growing popularity of the applied doctorates was met by faculty in the arts and sciences questioning their legitimacy. They argued that practical and vocational aims were inappropriate for doctoral study, which they contended should be focused on producing scholarly research and college professors.<ref name=Toma /> The EdD and the colleges of education that granted them continued to face criticism through the 1980s.<ref name=Toma/> In 2013, Harvard University, the first institution to award the Ed.D. degree, accepted its last Ed.D. cohort and instead now offers both the Doctor of Philosophy in Education and the Doctor of Educational Leadership (Ed.L.D.) degrees.<ref>{{cite web | title = Doctor of Education | publisher = Harvard Graduate School of Education | url = http://www.gse.harvard.edu/doctorate/edd | access-date = 2 November 2014}}</ref>
===Comparisons of the Ed.D. to the Ph.D. in education in the United States=== There are similarities between the Ed.D. and Ph.D. which may cause confusion. In theory, the two degrees are expected to constitute overlapping but distinct categories, where the Ed.D. is a degree that prepares educational practitioners who can solve educational problems using existing knowledge, and the Ph.D. in education is the more theoretical of the two as a traditional social science research degree that prepares students for careers as scholars and academics, often from a particular disciplinary perspective (e.g., sociology of education).<ref name="Shulman" /> In reality, however, distinctions between the two degree programs are generally minimal in both curriculum and dissertation requirements.<ref name=Shulman>{{cite journal| last1 = Shulman | first1 = Lee S.| last2 = Golde| first2 = Chris M.| last3 = Conklin Bueschel| first3 = Andrea| last4 = Garabedian| first4 = Kristen J.| s2cid = 40235013| title = Reclaiming education's doctorates: A critique and a proposal| journal = Educational Researcher| volume = 35| issue = 3| pages = 26| publisher = American Educational Research Association| year = 2006| doi=10.3102/0013189x035003025}}</ref> One study on dissertations submitted between 1950 and 1990 indicated that there were no differences between the two degrees regarding basic versus applied research or the significance of the findings. Nonetheless, that same study indicated that "Ph.D. dissertations contained more multivariate statistics, had wider generalizability, and were more prevalent in certain areas of concentration", whereas "Ed.D. dissertations contained more survey research and were most prevalent in educational administration research." The difference is attributed primarily to which type of degree a particular school offers and if existing research or original research is required in the dissertation.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Nelson | first1 = Jack K. | last2 = Coorough | first2 = Calleen | title = Content Analysis of the PhD Versus EdD Dissertation | journal = Journal of Experimental Education | volume = 62 | issue = 2 | pages = 158–168 | publisher = Taylor & Francis, Ltd. | year = 1994 | jstor = 20152407 | doi = 10.1080/00220973.1994.9943837}}</ref>
The Carnegie Project on the Education Doctorate (CPED) states that "the professional doctorate in education prepares educators for the application of appropriate and specific practices, the generation of new knowledge, and for the stewardship of the profession."<ref>{{Cite web | title = Home | publisher = The Carnegie Project on the Education Doctorate | url = http://www.cpedinitiative.org/ | access-date = 3 February 2012}}</ref> To wit, although the CPED describes the Ed.D. as a professional doctorate, it also states that it prepares students for the generation of new knowledge, and this is corroborated by the fact that both the Ph.D. and Ed.D. degrees are considered research doctoral degrees on the ''Survey of Earned Doctorates'', which is a survey conducted by the National Opinion Research Center at the University of Chicago, sponsored by six federal agencies, and solicited, under the National Science Foundation Act, from graduating doctoral students at all accredited institutions.<ref name=RD>{{Cite web | title = Numbers of U.S. Doctorates Awarded Rise for Sixth Year, but Growth Slower | publisher = National Science Foundation | url = https://www.nsf.gov/statistics/infbrief/nsf10308/ | date = November 2009 | first = Mark | last = Fiegener | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://wayback.archive-it.org/5902/20160210152245/http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/infbrief/nsf10308/ | archive-date = 10 February 2016 }} According to the Survey, a research doctoral degree is "oriented toward preparing students to make original contributions to knowledge in a field and typically entail writing a dissertation."</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Survey of Earned Doctorates | publisher = National Science Foundation | url = https://www.nsf.gov/statistics/srvydoctorates/ | access-date = 3 November 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Survey of Earned Doctorates | publisher = National Opinion Research Center at the University of Chicago | url = http://www.norc.org/Research/Projects/Pages/survey-of-earned-doctorates-%28sed%29.aspx | access-date = 3 November 2011}}</ref>
Colleges and universities in the United States that offer doctorates in education choose to offer only the Doctor ''of'' Education (e.g. Webster University<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.webster.edu/doctoral/|title = Academic Program Finder}}</ref>), only the Doctor of Philosophy ''in'' education (e.g., Stanford University), or both (e.g., UCLA, University of Missouri, and University of Pennsylvania). The distinction between the Ph.D. and the Ed.D. in this last group can take different forms. At the University of Illinois, for example, the Ph.D. in education dissertation requires an original contribution to academic knowledge, whereas the EdD dissertation "is intended to demonstrate the candidate's ability to relate academic knowledge to the problems of professional practice."<ref>{{Cite web | title = Ed.D. Degree Requirements | publisher = University of Illinois College of Education Student Academic Affairs Office | url = http://education.illinois.edu/saao/grad_handbook/edd.html | access-date = 9 October 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120308054514/http://education.illinois.edu/saao/grad_handbook/edd.html | archive-date = 8 March 2012 | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title = Pd.D. Degree Requirements | publisher = University of Illinois College of Education Student Academic Affairs Office | url = http://education.illinois.edu/saao/grad_handbook/phd.html | access-date = 9 October 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120308043728/http://education.illinois.edu/saao/grad_handbook/phd.html | archive-date = 8 March 2012 | url-status = dead }}</ref> At Teachers College, Columbia University the PhD is designed for students who wish specifically to pursue an academic career, whereas the Ed.D. is designed for broader aims including educational administration and policy work.<ref>{{Cite web | title = Ph.D. Degree Requirements | publisher = Teachers College, Columbia University | url = http://www.tc.edu/philosophy/index.asp?Id=Degrees+Offered&Info=Ph%2ED%2E#Degrees%20Offered | access-date = 12 October 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title = Ed.D. Degree Requirements | publisher = Teachers College, Columbia University | url = http://www.tc.edu/philosophy/index.asp?Id=Degrees+Offered&Info=Ed%2ED%2E#Degrees%20Offered | access-date = 12 October 2011}}</ref> In St. Louis University's Educational Studies program, the Ed.D. requires "successful completion of a culminating project dealing with a problem in educational practice" and the Ph.D. requires a dissertation and an "oral defense of the dissertation proposal and [of] the final dissertation. Most Ed.D., Psy.D. and Ph.D. programs require a dissertation and an oral defense while others have a research project leading to publication as an alternative."<ref>{{Cite web | title = Educational Studies Graduate Programs | publisher = Saint Louis University | url = http://www.slu.edu/x12511.xml#ed | access-date = 18 October 2011}}</ref> Finally, some schools frame the Ed.D. specifically in terms of applied research, such as New York University, The University of Texas at Austin, and the University of California, Berkeley.<ref>{{Cite web | title = Ed.D. and Ph.D | publisher = New York University Steinhardt School of Education | url = http://steinhardt.nyu.edu/alt/highered/phd | access-date = 2012-02-04 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120203211013/http://steinhardt.nyu.edu/alt/highered/phd | archive-date = 2012-02-03 | url-status = dead }}</ref>
In addition to educational settings, the Ed.D. degree is designed to address real-world issues including clinical mental health counseling and human resource development.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.alleydog.com/psychology-edd-degree.php|title=Psychology Ph.D. Degree|work=alleydog.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.alleydog.com/psychology-edd-degree.php#ixzz3hPVYF0yU|title=Psychology Ph.D. Degree|work=alleydog.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title = Doctoral Degree | publisher = University of Texas | url = http://www.edb.utexas.edu/education/departments/sped/programs/grad-prog/doc-deg/ | access-date = 3 February 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title = Ed.D. Language, Literacy, Culture | publisher = University of California Berkeley Graduate School of Education | url = http://www-gse.berkeley.edu/Program/llcedd/llcedd.html | access-date = 3 February 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120204113037/http://www-gse.berkeley.edu/program/LLCEDD/llcedd.html | archive-date = 4 February 2012 | url-status = dead }}</ref>
===Criticism=== Lee Shulman, President of the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, stated that the lack of distinction between the Ed.D. and the Ph.D. has meant the Ed.D. has come to be seen as little more than "Ph.D.-lite", and the Ph.D. in education has likewise suffered.<ref name="Inside">{{cite web| last = Elizabeth | first = Redden| title = Envisioning a New Ed.D| website = Inside Higher Ed| date = 10 April 2007| url = http://www.insidehighered.com/news/2007/04/10/education| access-date = 30 October 2011}}</ref> Moreover, it has resulted in "the danger that we achieve rigorous preparation neither for practice nor for research."<ref name="Shulman" /> Arthur Levine, former president of Teachers College, Columbia University, said that the Ed.D. degree is granted to both scholars and administrators and as such makes the degree ambiguously defined, that the programs in educational leadership specifically suffered from low standards, and that "There is absolutely no reason why a school leader needs a doctorate."<ref>{{cite news| last = Jacobson | first = Jennifer| title = Arthur Levine Calls for Abolition of Ed.D. Degree and Vast Overhaul of Education Schools| newspaper = The Chronicle of Higher Education| date = 15 March 2005| url = https://chronicle.com/article/Arthur-Levine-Calls-for/119689/| access-date = 11 December 2013}}</ref> Barbara K. Townsend, Professor of Higher Education and Associate Dean for Research and Development at the University of Missouri at Columbia, suggests the doctorate of education is most frequently sought for vanity purposes and to improve one's status, citing a 2000 survey of California school superintendents in which they identify the greatest value of the Ed.D. as being its "symbolic value (credibility and respects a basis for leadership)", further adding that there is scant research or evidence to suggest that possession of a doctorate in education improves one's ability to be an effective administrator.<ref name="Rethinking">{{cite web| last = Townsend| first = Barbara K.| title = Rethinking the Ed. D., or What's in a Name?| publisher = University of Missouri-Columbia| date = November 2002| url = http://www.usc.edu/dept/chepa/pdf/ASHE_townsend.pdf| access-date = 2 June 2016| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160303213443/http://www.usc.edu/dept/chepa/pdf/ASHE_townsend.pdf| archive-date = 3 March 2016| url-status = dead}}</ref>
===Suggestions for reform=== Some scholars in the United States have suggested future reforms for both the Ed.D. and Ph.D. in education by calling for a new doctorate for the professional practice of education, which would be for principals, superintendents, policy coordinators, curriculum specialists, teacher educators, program evaluators, etc.; and the distinction between the Ph.D. in education and the Ed.D. would be analogous to the distinction between the Ph.D. in biomedicine and the M.D.<ref>{{cite journal| last1 = Shulman | first1 = Lee S.| last2 = Golde| first2 = Chris M.| last3 = Conklin Bueschel| first3 = Andrea| last4 = Garabedian| first4 = Kristen J.| title = Reclaiming education's doctorates: A critique and a proposal| journal = Educational Researcher| volume = 35| issue = 3| pages = 28| publisher = American Educational Research Association| year = 2006| doi = 10.3102/0013189X035004028| s2cid = 220642351}}</ref> This new degree might be called the Professional Practice Doctorate (PPD), or it might retain the old name of Ed.D. but be severed from old associations.<ref>{{cite journal| last1 = Shulman | first1 = Lee S.| last2 = Golde| first2 = Chris M.| last3 = Conklin Bueschel| first3 = Andrea| last4 = Garabedian| first4 = Kristen J.| s2cid = 40235013| title = Reclaiming education's doctorates: A critique and a proposal| journal = Educational Researcher| volume = 35| issue = 3| pages = 30| publisher = American Educational Research Association| year = 2006| doi=10.3102/0013189x035003025}}</ref>
Arthur Levine argued that the current Ed.D. should be retooled into a new professional master's degree, parallel in many ways to the Master of Business Administration (MBA).<ref>{{cite book | last = Levine | first = Arthur | title = Educating School Leaders | series = Education Schools Project | volume = 1 | date = March 2005 | location = Washington, D.C. | url = http://www.edschools.org/reports_leaders.htm}}</ref>
David Imig described reforms to the Ed.D. as including more collaborative work involving the analysis of data collected by others. Rather than generating their own data and hypothesis-testing, as Ph.D. students would, a group of Ed.D. students would analyze a specific pool of data from a number of different angles, each writing an individual dissertation on a specific aspect of the data which, when pooled together with the other dissertations, would combine to offer a comprehensive solution to a real-world problem.<ref name="Inside"/>
The Carnegie Project on the Education Doctorate is currently working with over 80 institutions to collaboratively redesign the Ed.D. and "to make it a stronger and more relevant degree for the advanced preparation of school practitioners and clinical faculty, academic leaders and professional staff for the nation’s schools and colleges and the learning organizations that support them".<ref>{{Cite web | title = About CPED | publisher = The Carnegie Project on the Education Doctorate | url = http://www.cpedinitiative.org/about | access-date = 3 February 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120118204333/http://cpedinitiative.org/about | archive-date = 18 January 2012 | url-status = dead }}</ref>
Reforms have already been implemented at some institutions. For example, in 2013 the Harvard University Graduate School of Education enrolled its final Ed.D. cohort.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gse.harvard.edu/academics/doctorate/edd/index.html|title=Search|work=Harvard Graduate School of Education}}</ref> The school now offers the Doctor of Education Leadership (Ed.L.D.) and Ph.D. in Education.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gse.harvard.edu/academics/doctorate/edld/index.html|title=Search|work=Harvard Graduate School of Education}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gse.harvard.edu/academics/doctorate/phd/index.html|title=Search|work=Harvard Graduate School of Education}}</ref>
==Notable doctors of education== [[File:Jill Biden official portrait 2.jpg|thumb|upright|Jill Biden]] [[File:Shoshana S. Chatfield (1).jpg|thumb|upright|Shoshana S. Chatfield]] [[File:Ruth Westheimer (10877).jpg|thumb|upright|Ruth Westheimer]] *Michael Apple – educational theorist, writer, and professor *Katherine Albrecht – privacy expert and talk-radio host *Eva Baker - distinguished professor, scholar, researcher *Deborah Britzman - writer, researcher, psychoanalyst, and professor *Deborah Bial – president and founder of The Posse Foundation, Inc *Jill Biden – Former First Lady of the United States, Former Second Lady of the United States *Jamaal Bowman – U.S. Congressman *Miguel Cardona – U.S. Secretary of Education *Shoshana Chatfield – first female President of the Naval War College *Bill Cosby – stand-up comedian, actor, and author *Linda Darling-Hammond – writer, researcher, education adviser to Barack Obama, and professor *Lisa Delpit – educator, author, and professor *John Duda – actor and educator *Wayne Dyer – self-help author *E. Gordon Gee – educator and president of multiple universities *Carol D. Goodheart – American Psychological Association president in 2010<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.apa.org/about/governance/president/goodheart-bio.pdf|access-date=2017-03-04|publisher=American Psychological Association|website=apa.org|title=Biography of Carol D. Goodheart, EdD}}</ref> *Irwin Hyman – researcher and professor known for research on the negative effects of corporal punishment<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.philly.com/2005-02-11/news/25443986_1_corporal-punishment-irwin-hyman-discipline-children|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303224131/http://articles.philly.com/2005-02-11/news/25443986_1_corporal-punishment-irwin-hyman-discipline-children|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 3, 2016|title=Irwin Hyman, Temple professor|work=philly-archives}}</ref> *Timothy R. Lannon – university president *Ronald Levant – American Psychological Association president in 2005, known for research regarding fatherhood<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.apa.org/about/governance/council/members/ronald-f-levant.aspx|title=Ronald F. Levant, EdD, ABPP|website=apa.org|access-date=2017-03-04|publisher=American Psychological Association}}</ref> *Sonia Nieto – author and teacher in the field of multicultural education *Shaquille O'Neal – professional basketball player, analyst, and businessman *Thomas S. Popkewitz – curriculum theorist and professor *Neil Postman – author, media theorist, and cultural critic *Stephen Raudenbush – professor, scholar who developed hierarchical linear models (HLM) *Betty Shabazz – educator, civil rights advocate, and wife of Malcolm X *Chris Spence – author, former educator, and professional football player *Ruth "Dr. Ruth" Westheimer – sex therapist, professor, talk show host, and author *Mary Zanarini – psychologist and researcher
==See also== * Certified teacher * Bachelor of Education (BEd) * Master of Arts in Teaching (MAT) * Master of Education (MEd, EdM) * Educational Specialist (EdS, or Specialist in Education) * Doctor of Engineering * Doctor of Business Administration
==References== {{reflist}} {{Academic degrees}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Doctor Of Education}} Category:Professional certification in teaching Education, Doctor of