{{Short description|Romance subfamily of Southeast Europe}} {{See also|Proto-Romance|Common Romanian}} {{Infobox language family | name = Eastern Romance | region = [[Southeast Europe]]<br>[[Eastern Europe]] | familycolor = Indo-European | fam2 = [[Italic languages|Italic]] | fam3 = [[Latino-Faliscan languages|Latino-Faliscan]] | fam4 = [[Latin]] | fam5 = [[Romance languages|Romance]] | ancestor = [[Old Latin]] | ancestor2 = [[Vulgar Latin]] | ancestor3 = [[Proto-Romance language|Proto-Romance]] | ancestor4 = [[Common Romanian]] | child1 = [[Romanian language|Daco-Romanian (Romanian)]] | child2 = [[Aromanian language|Aromanian]] | child3 = [[Megleno-Romanian language|Megleno-Romanian]] | child4 = [[Istro-Romanian language|Istro-Romanian]] | listclass = flatlist | glotto = east2714 | glottoname = Eastern Romance | map = Map-balkans-vlachs.png | mapsize = | mapcaption = Geographic distribution of present-day Eastern Romance-speakers }}

The '''Eastern Romance languages'''{{sfn|Schulte|2009|p=230}} are a group of [[Romance languages]]. The group comprises the [[Romanian language]] (Daco-Romanian), the [[Aromanian language]] and two other related minor languages, [[Megleno-Romanian language|Megleno-Romanian]] and [[Istro-Romanian language|Istro-Romanian]].{{sfn|Hammarström|Forkel|Haspelmath|2019|loc=[https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/east2714]}}{{sfn|Agard|1984|p=250}}{{sfn|Hall|1950|p=16}}

The extinct [[Dalmatian language]] (otherwise included in the [[Central Romance languages|Central Romance group]]) is sometimes included as part of the Eastern Romance group,{{sfn|Swiggers|2011|p=272}}{{sfn|Sampson|1999|p=298}}{{sfn|Hall|1950|p=24}} being considered a bridge between [[Italian language|Italian]] and Romanian.{{sfn|Posner|1996|p=195}}{{sfn|Harris|1997|p=22}} Some classifications of the Romance languages consider Eastern and Central Romance to form a clade (often simply called "Eastern Romance", with "Eastern Romance proper" referred to as '''Balkan''' or '''Daco-Romance'''),{{sfn|Schulte|2009|p=230}} but nowadays Central Romance are more often grouped with the Western Romance languages as "[[Italo-Western languages|Italo-Western]]".

==Languages== Eastern Romance comprises [[Romanian language|Romanian]] (or Daco-Romanian), [[Aromanian language|Aromanian]], [[Megleno-Romanian language|Megleno-Romanian]] and [[Istro-Romanian language|Istro-Romanian]], according to the most widely accepted classification of the Romance languages.{{sfn|Schulte|2009|p=230}}{{sfn|Mallinson|1988|p=23}}{{sfn|Posner|1996|pp=217–218}}{{sfn|Lindstedt|2014|p=168}}{{sfn|Maiden|2016|p=91}} The four languages are sometimes labelled as dialects of Romanian{{sfn|Schulte|2009|p=230}} and developed from a common ancestor{{sfn|Maiden|2016|p=91}} known as [[Common Romanian]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sala |first=Marius |trans-title=From Latin to Romanian |title=De la Latină la Română] |publisher=Editura Pro Universitaria |year=2012 |isbn=978-606-647-435-1 |page=33}}</ref> They are surrounded by non-Romance languages.{{sfn|Posner|1996|p=217}} [[Judaeo-Spanish]] (or Ladino) is also spoken in the Balkan Peninsula, but it is rarely listed among the other Romance languages of the region because it is rather an [[Iberian Romance]] language that developed as a Jewish dialect of [[Old Spanish]] in the far west of Europe, and it began to be spoken widely in the Balkans only after the influx of Ladino-speaking refugees into the [[Ottoman Empire]] in the 16th century.{{sfn|Lindstedt|2014|p=168}}

===Internal classification=== Within the [[Glottolog]] database, the languages are classified as follows:<ref>{{Cite journal |url=https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/east2714 |title=Glottolog 4.8 - Eastern Romance |date=2023-07-10 |access-date=2023-11-20 |website=[[Glottolog]] |last1=Hammarström |first1=Harald |publisher=[[Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology]] |author-link=Harald Hammarström |last2=Forkel |first2=Robert |publication-place=[[Leipzig]] |doi=10.5281/zenodo.7398962 |last3=Haspelmath |first3=Martin |author-link3=Martin Haspelmath |last4=Bank |first4=Sebastian |doi-access=free}}</ref>

{{Tree list}} * Eastern Romance ** [[Aromanian language|Aromanian]] ** Northern Romanian *** Eastern Romanian **** [[Megleno-Romanian language|Megleno-Romanian]] **** [[Romanian language|Daco-Romanian]] *** [[Istro-Romanian language|Istro-Romanian]] {{Tree list/end}}

Peter R. Petrucci, by contrast, states that Common Romanian had developed into two major dialects by the 10th century, and that Daco-Romanian and Istro-Romanian are descended from the northern dialect, while Megleno-Romanian and Aromanian are descended from the southern dialect.{{sfn|Petrucci|1999|p=4}}

{{Tree list}} * Eastern Romance ** Northern Romanian *** [[Romanian language|Daco-Romanian]] *** [[Istro-Romanian language|Istro-Romanian]] ** Southern Romanian *** [[Aromanian language|Aromanian]] *** [[Megleno-Romanian language|Megleno-Romanian]] {{Tree list/end}}

==Samples of Eastern Romance languages== Note: the lexicon used below is not universally recognized. {|class="wikitable" !Istro-Romanian<ref>{{Citation |last=Bărdășan |first=Gabriel |title=Lexicul Istroromân Moștenit din Latină. Suprapuneri și Diferențieri Interdialectale |date=2011 |url=http://www.diacronia.ro/ro/indexing/details/V325/pdf |trans-title=Istro-Romanian vocabulary inherited from Latin. Interdialectal Overlaps and Differentiations |language=Romanian |via=diacronia.ro |access-date=2019-09-01 |archive-date=2019-07-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190725075048/http://www.diacronia.ro/ro/indexing/details/V325/pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Dănilă |first=Ioan |title=The Proceedings of the "European Integration – Between Tradition and Modernity" Congress |date=2007 |chapter-url=http://www.diacronia.ro/ro/indexing/details/A23723/pdf |volume=2 |pages=224–231 |trans-title=Istro-Romanian in the vision of Traian Cantemir |chapter=Istroromâna în viziunea lui Traian Cantemir |language=Romanian |via=diacronia.ro |access-date=2019-09-01 |archive-date=2019-07-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190725075054/http://www.diacronia.ro/ro/indexing/details/A23723/pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Burlacu |first=Mihai |date=2010 |title=Istro-Romanians: The Legacy of a Culture |url=https://www.istro-romanian.net/articles/art100105.html |website=The IstroRomanian in Croatia}}</ref>||Aromanian<ref>{{Citation |last=Caragiu Marioțeanu |first=Matilda |author-link=Matilda Caragiu Marioțeanu |title=Dialectul Aromân |url=http://www.proiectavdhela.ro/pdf/matilda_caragiu_marioteanu_dialectul_aroman.pdf |work=[[Avdhela Project|Avdhela Project – Library of Aromanian Culture]] |trans-title=The Aromanian Dialect |language=Romanian |access-date=2019-09-01 |archive-date=2018-10-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024131828/http://www.proiectavdhela.ro/pdf/matilda_caragiu_marioteanu_dialectul_aroman.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Vătășescu |first=Cătălina |title=Atlasul lingvistic al dialectului aromân, bază pentru cercetarea raporturilor aromâno-albaneze |date=2017 |url=http://www.diacronia.ro/ro/indexing/details/A27553/pdf |work=Fonetică și dialectologie |volume=XXXVI |pages=215–221 |trans-title=The linguistic atlas of the Aromanian dialect as a ground for a comparative research with the Albanian language |language=Romanian |via=diacronia.ro |access-date=2019-09-01 |archive-date=2019-07-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190725075051/http://www.diacronia.ro/ro/indexing/details/A27553/pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>||Megleno-Romanian<ref>{{Citation |title=Dialectul Meglenoromân |url=http://old.unibuc.ro/CLASSICA/megleno1/cap1.pdf |access-date=2019-09-01 |archive-date=2019-07-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190725075049/http://old.unibuc.ro/CLASSICA/megleno1/cap1.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>||Romanian||Italian||Spanish||Portuguese||French !Latin source||English |- |{{lang|ruo|pićor}}||{{lang|rup|cicior}}||{{lang|ruq|picior}}||{{lang|ro|picior}}||{{lang|it|gamba}}||({{lang|es|pierna}})||{{lang|pt|perna}}||{{lang|fr|jambe}} |{{lang|la|petiolus}}/{{lang|la|gamba}}||leg |- |{{lang|ruo|kľeptu}}||{{lang|rup|cheptu}}||{{lang|ruq|kľeptu}}||{{lang|ro|piept}}||{{lang|it|petto}}||{{lang|es|pecho}}||{{lang|pt|peito}}||{{lang|fr|poitrine}} |{{lang|la|pectus}}||chest |- |{{lang|ruo|bire}}||{{lang|rup|ghine}}||{{lang|ruq|bini}}||{{lang|ro|bine}}||{{lang|it|bene}}||{{lang|es|bien}}||{{lang|pt|bem}}||{{lang|fr|bien}} |{{lang|la|bene}}||well, good |- |{{lang|ruo|bľerå}}||{{lang|rup|azghirari}}||{{lang|ruq|zber}}||{{lang|ro|zbiera}}/{{lang|ro|a rage}}||{{lang|it|ruggire}}||{{lang|es|rugir}}||{{lang|pt|rugir}}||{{lang|fr|rugir}} |{{lang|la|bēlāre}}/{{lang|la|rugīre}} |to roar |- |{{lang|ruo|fiľu}}||{{lang|rup|hilj}}||{{lang|ruq|iľu}}||{{lang|ro|fiu}}||{{lang|it|figlio}}||{{lang|es|hijo}}||{{lang|pt|filho}}||{{lang|fr|fils}} |{{lang|la|filius}}||son |- |{{lang|ruo|fiľa}}||{{lang|rup|hilje}}||{{lang|ruq|iľe}}||{{lang|ro|fiică}}||{{lang|it|figlia}}||{{lang|es|hija}}||{{lang|pt|filha}}||{{lang|fr|fille}} |{{lang|la|fīlia}} |daughter |- |{{lang|ruo|ficåt}}||{{lang|rup|hicat}}||||{{lang|ro|ficat}}||{{lang|it|fegato}}||{{lang|es|hígado}}||{{lang|pt|fígado}}||{{lang|fr|foie}} |{{lang|la|fīcātum}} |liver |- |{{lang|ruo|fi}}||{{lang|rup|hire}}||{{lang|ruq|ire}}||{{lang|ro|a fi}}||{{lang|it|essere}}||{{lang|es|ser}}||{{lang|pt|ser}}||{{lang|fr|être}} |{{lang|la|fuī}}/{{lang|la|esse}}/{{lang|la|sum}} |to be |- |{{lang|ruo|fľer}}||{{lang|rup|heru}}||{{lang|ruq|ieru}}||{{lang|ro|fier}}||{{lang|it|ferro}}||{{lang|es|hierro}}||{{lang|pt|ferro}}||{{lang|fr|fer}} |{{lang|la|ferrum}}||iron |- |{{lang|ruo|vițelu}}||{{lang|rup|yitsãl}}||{{lang|ruq|vițål}}||{{lang|ro|vițel}}||{{lang|it|vitello}}||({{lang|es|ternero}})||{{lang|pt|vitelo}}||{{lang|fr|veau}} |{{lang|la|vitellus}}||calf |- |({{lang|ruo|g}}){{lang|ruo|ľerm}}||{{lang|rup|iermu}}||{{lang|ruq|ghiarmi}}||{{lang|ro|vierme}}||{{lang|it|verme}}||{{lang|es|verme}} ({{lang|es|gusano}})||{{lang|pt|verme}}||{{lang|fr|ver}} |{{lang|la|vermis}}||worm |- |{{lang|ruo|viu}}||{{lang|rup|yiu}}||{{lang|ruq|ghiu}}||{{lang|ro|viu}}||{{lang|it|vivo}}||{{lang|es|vivo}}||{{lang|pt|vivo}}||{{lang|fr|vif}}/{{lang|fr|vivant}} |{{lang|la|vīvus}}/{{lang|la|vīvēns}} |alive |- |{{lang|ruo|vipt}}||{{lang|rup|yiptu}}||||{{lang|ro|vipt}}||{{lang|it|cibo}} ({{lang|it|vitto}})||{{lang|es|comida}} ({{lang|es|victo}})||{{lang|pt|comida}} ({{lang|pt|vitualha}})||{{lang|fr|victuaille}} (archaic) |{{lang|la|victus}}||food, grain, victuals |- |{{lang|ruo|mľe}}({{lang|ruo|lu}})||{{lang|rup|njel}}||{{lang|ruq|m'iel}}||{{lang|ro|miel}}||{{lang|it|agnello}}||({{lang|es|cordero}}), {{lang|es|añal}} (archaic)||{{lang|pt|anho}}, {{lang|pt|cordeiro}}||{{lang|fr|agneau}} |{{lang|la|agnellus}}||lamb |- |{{lang|ruo|mľåre}}||{{lang|rup|njare}}||{{lang|ruq|m'ari}}||{{lang|ro|miere}}||{{lang|it|miele}}||{{lang|es|miel}}||{{lang|pt|mel}}||{{lang|fr|miel}} |{{lang|la|mel}}||honey |}

==See also== * [[Balkan sprachbund]] * [[Common Romanian]] * [[Eastern Romance influence on Slavic languages]] * [[Substrate in Romanian]]

==References== {{Reflist}}

==Sources== {{Refbegin}} *{{cite book|last=Agard|first=Frederick Browning|title=A Course in Romance Linguistics Volume 2: A Diachronic View|year=1984|publisher=Georgetown University Press|isbn=0-87840-074-5}} *{{cite journal|last=Hall|first=Robert A. Jr.|date=1950|title=The Reconstruction of Proto-Romance|journal=Language|publisher=Linguistic Society of America|volume=26|issue=1|pages=6–27|doi=10.2307/410406|jstor=410406}} *{{cite book|last=Harris|first=Martin|editor1-last=Harris|editor1-first=Martin|editor2-last=Vincent|editor2-first=Nigel|title=The Romance Languages|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=1997|pages=1–25|isbn=978-0-415-16417-7}} *{{Cite web |last1=Hammarström |first1=Harald |last2=Forkel |first2=Robert |last3=Haspelmath |first3=Martin |date=2019 |title=Catalogue of languages and families |url=https://glottolog.org/ |publisher=Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History |access-date=2019-07-15 |archive-date=2020-05-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502224035/https://glottolog.org/ |url-status=live}} *{{Cite book |last=Posner |first=Rebecca |year=1996 |title=The Romance Languages |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-52-128139-3}} *{{cite book|last=Sampson|first=Rodney|year=1999|title=Nasal Vowel Evolution in Romance|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-823848-5}} *{{cite book |last=Schulte |first=Kim |editor1-last=Haspelmath |editor1-first=Martin |editor2-last=Tadmor |editor2-first=Uri |title=Loanwords in the World's Languages: A Comparative Handbook |publisher=De Gruyter Mouton |year=2009 |pages=230–259 |chapter=Loanwords in Romanian |isbn=978-3-11-021843-5 }} *{{cite book|last=Swiggers|first=Pierre|editor1-last=Lameli|editor1-first=Alfred|editor2-last=Kehrein|editor2-first=Roland|editor3-last=Rabanus|editor3-first=Stefan|title=Language Mapping: Part I. Part II: Maps|publisher=De Gruyter Mouton|year=2011|pages=269–301 |chapter=Mapping the Romance Languages of Europe|isbn=978-3-11-021916-6}} *{{cite book |last=Harris |first=Martin |editor1-last=Harris |editor1-first=Martin |editor2-last=Vincent |editor2-first=Nigel |title=The Romance Languages |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1988 |pages=1–25 |isbn=978-0-19-520829-0 }} *{{cite book |last=Lindstedt |first=Jouko |editor1-last=Besters-Dilger |editor1-first=Juliane |editor2-last=Dermarkar |editor2-first=Cynthia |editor3-last=Pfänder |editor3-first=Stefan |editor4-last=Rabus |editor4-first=Achim |title=Congruence in Contact-Induced Language Change: Language Families, Typological Resemblance, and Perceived Similarity |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |year=2014 |pages=168–183 |chapter=Balkan Slavic and Balkan Romance: from congruence to convergence |isbn=978-3-11-033834-8 }} *{{cite book |last=Maiden |first=Martin |author-link=Martin Maiden |editor1-last=Ledgeway |editor1-first=Adam |editor2-last=Maiden |editor2-first=Martin |title=The Oxford Guide to the Romance Languages |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2016 |pages=91–125 |chapter=Romanian, Istro–Romanian, Megleno–Romanian, and Arumanian |isbn=978-0-19-967710-8 }} *{{cite book |last=Mallinson |first=Graham |editor1-last=Harris |editor1-first=Martin |editor2-last=Vincent |editor2-first=Nigel |title=The Romance Languages |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1988 |pages=391–419 |chapter=Rumanian |isbn=978-0-19-520829-0}} * {{Cite book|last=Sala |first=Marius |trans-title=From Latin to Romanian |title=De la Latină la Română] |publisher=Editura Pro Universitaria |year=2012 |isbn=978-606-647-435-1 |page=33 }} * {{Cite book |last=Petrucci |first=Peter R. |title=Slavic Features in the History of Rumanian |date=1999 |publisher=LINCOM Europa |isbn=38-9586-599-0 |location=München |language=en}} {{Refend}}

{{Eastern Romance languages and dialects}} {{Romance languages}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Eastern Romance languages| ]] [[Category:Eastern Romance peoples|*]]