{{Short description|Galaxy in the constellation Centaurus}} {{Sky|13|47|28.38|-|32|31|53.9}} {{Infobox galaxy | name = ESO 383-G 076 | image = [[Image:ESO 383-76 Legacy DR10.png|300px]] | caption = Image by the DESI Legacy Imaging Surveys, Data Release 10. | epoch = [[Epoch (astronomy)#Julian years and J2000|J2000.0]] | constellation name = [[Centaurus]] | ra = {{RA|13|47|28.38}}<ref name=NED>{{Cite web | url = https://ned.ipac.caltech.edu/byname?objname=ESO%20383-G%20076&hconst=67.8&omegam=0.308&omegav=0.692&wmap=4&corr_z=1 | title = Results for ESO 383-G 076 | website = NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database | publisher = National Aeronautics and Space Administration, California Institute of Technology | access-date = 29 August 2022 }}</ref> | dec = {{DEC|-32|51|53.9}}<ref name=NED /> | z = {{val|0.03858|0.00003}}<ref name=NED /> | h_radial_v = {{val|11567|9.3|u=km/s|fmt=commas}}<ref name=NED /> | gal_v = {{val|11435|11}} km/s<ref name=NED /> | dist_ly = {{convert|200.59|+/-|14.12|Mpc|e6ly|sigfig=4||abbr=off|lk=on}}{{hub|0.6774}}<ref name=NED />{{efn|name=distance|The given distance in the overview of NED of {{convert|174.52|+/-|12.22|Mpc|e6ly|sigfig=4|abbr=off}} was based on an estimate using the Tully-Fischer relation. The distance estimate in this infobox was based on the galaxy's redshift.}} | group_cluster = [[Abell 3571]] | type = cD5; E5; [[Brightest cluster galaxy|BrClG]]<ref name=NED /> | mass = {{Val|2.15|e=12}}<ref name=Oxford /> | size = {{convert|540.9|kpc|ly|sigfig=2|abbr=off|lk=on}}<br />(diameter; 90% total B-light)<ref name=NED /><br />{{convert|136.9|kpc|ly|sigfig=3|abbr=off|lk=on}}<br />(diameter; 25.0 mag/arcsec<sup>2</sup> B-band isophote){{efn|name=Size correction|The quick-look major axis physical diameter given by NED of {{convert|344.97|kpc|ly|sigfig=3|abbr=off}} was based on an earlier distance estimate of {{convert|128|Mpc|e6ly|sigfig=4|abbr=off}}. The quoted diameter in this infobox was based on NED's provided scale "[[Virgo Supercluster|Virgo]] + [[Great Attractor|GA]] + [[Shapley Supercluster|Shapley]]" of 973 pc/arcsec multiplied with the given angular diameter of 555.90 arcsec.}} | appmag_v = 11.252 | notes = Supergiant elliptical galaxy; luminous X-ray source | names = ESO 383- G 076; ESO 134436-3237.0; AM 1344-323; MCG -05-33-002; WISEA J134728.38-325154.0; 2MASX J13472838-3251540; 2MASS J13472837-3251536; PGC 48896 Abell 3571 001; Abell 3571 BCG; Abell 3571 cD }}
'''ESO 383-76''' ('''ESO 383-G 076''') is an elongated, X-ray luminous [[Type-cD galaxy|supergiant elliptical galaxy]], residing as the dominant, [[brightest cluster galaxy]] (BCG) of the [[Abell 3571]] [[galaxy cluster]], the sixth-brightest in the sky at X-ray wavelengths.<ref name=Dupke>{{Cite journal|url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AAS...22051401D|title=A3571, The Brightest Line of Sight Bullet?|first1=Renato A.|last1=Dupke|first2=A.|last2=Elvas|first3=J.|last3=Irwin|journal=American Astronomical Society Meeting Abstracts #220 |date=May 1, 2012|volume=220|pages=514.01|bibcode=2012AAS...22051401D |via=NASA ADS}}</ref> It is located at the distance of {{convert|200.6|Mpc|e6ly|sigfig=3|abbr=off|lk=on}} from Earth, and is possibly a member of the large [[Shapley Supercluster]]. With a diameter of about {{convert|540.9|kpc|e6ly|sigfig=2|abbr=off}}, it is one of the [[List of largest galaxies|largest galaxies known]]. It also contains a [[supermassive black hole]], one of the [[list of most massive black holes|most massive known]] with mass of {{solar mass|{{Val|27.5|46.6|17.3|u=billion}}|link=y}} (with the range being {{solar mass|10.2 billion to 74.1 billion}}).<ref name=dullo2019>{{cite journal|last=Dullo|first=B.T.|title=The Most Massive Galaxies with Large Depleted Cores: Structural Parameter Relations and Black Hole Masses|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|date=22 November 2019|volume=886|issue=2|page=80|arxiv=1910.10240|bibcode=2019ApJ...886...80D|doi=10.3847/1538-4357/ab4d4f|doi-access=free |s2cid=204838306}}</ref><ref name=dullo2021a>{{cite journal|last1=Dullo|first1=B.T.|last2=de Paz|first2=A.G.|last3=Knapen|first3=J.H.|title=Ultramassive black holes in the most massive galaxies: M<sub>BH</sub>−σ versus M<sub>BH</sub>−R<sub>b</sub>|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|date=18 February 2021|volume=908|issue=2|page=134|arxiv=2012.04471|bibcode=2021ApJ...908..134D|doi=10.3847/1538-4357/abceae|doi-access=free |s2cid=227745078}}</ref>
== Observation history == The first known observation of the galaxy was during the creation of the [[Morphological Catalogue of Galaxies]] by [[Boris Vorontsov-Velyaminov]] and V.P. Harkipova in 1974,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Vorontsov-Velyaminov |first1=B. |date=1974 |title=Morphological Catalogue of Galaxies discriminated against |journal=[[The Observatory (journal)|The Observatory]] |volume=94 |pages=319 |bibcode=1974Obs....94..319V }}</ref> with the catalogue entry '''MCG-05-33-002'''. The galaxy was also observed around this time by the [[European Southern Observatory Catalog|ESO Sky Survey Atlas]], a large-scale survey of the Southern Sky conducted using the 1-metre [[Schmidt telescope]] in [[La Silla Observatory]]. In 1982, the ESO/Uppsala Catalogue then lists the galaxy in its current designation form – ESO 383-G 076, indicating both its field number (field 383 out of the 606 in the survey), classification (G, for "Galaxy"), and its numerical identifier in its field.<ref name=Lauberts>{{Cite journal | url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998yCat.7034....0L/abstract | bibcode=1998yCat.7034....0L | title=VizieR Online Data Catalog: ESO/Uppsala Survey of the ESO(B) Atlas (Lauberts 1982) | last1=Lauberts | first1=A. | journal=Vizier Online Data Catalog | year=1998 }}</ref> The galaxy, at this point, was nothing more than just an obscure catalogue entry.
O.G. Richter in 1984 then observed the galaxy during a redshift survey of the ESO/SRC Survey Fields 444 and 445 of the Klemola 27 group (now known as the [[IC 4329]] galaxy group).<ref name=Richter>{{Cite journal | url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1984A%26AS...58..131R/abstract | bibcode=1984A&AS...58..131R | title=Redshifts in Klemola 27 | last1=Richter | first1=O. -G | journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement Series | year=1984 | volume=58 | page=131 }}</ref> The group consists of prominent galaxies such as the namesake IC 4329 – another massive supergiant elliptical that is also an extreme [[Seyfert galaxy]], and [[NGC 5291]] – a disturbed [[interacting galaxy]] pair.<ref name=Richter /> ESO 383-76, initially thought to be a member of this group, was listed as the 442nd galaxy in Richter's table entry and has been given the morphology E/S0 (either an [[Elliptical galaxy|elliptical]] or [[lenticular galaxy]]).<ref name=Richter /> The galaxy has also been included in the Southern Galaxy Catalogue, containing nearly 5,000 galaxies, compiled in 1985 by the husband-and-wife astrophysicists [[Gérard de Vaucouleurs|Gérard]] and [[Antoinette de Vaucouleurs]], along with H.G. Corwin Jr.<ref name=Southern>{{Cite journal | url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1985MAUTx...4....1C/abstract | bibcode=1985MAUTx...4....1C | title=Southern Galaxy Catalogue | last1=Corwin | first1=H. G. | last2=De Vaucouleurs | first2=A. | last3=De Vaucouleurs | first3=G. | journal=University of Texas Monographs in Astronomy | year=1985 | volume=4 | page=1 }}</ref>
ESO 383-76 would be additionally recorded in many subsequent galaxy surveys, such as the survey of the [[Hydra–Centaurus Supercluster]] by L.N. da Costa ''et al'' in 1986,<ref name="da_Costa">{{Cite journal |last=da Costa |first=L. N. |last2=Numes |first2=M. A. |last3=Pellegrini |first3=P. S. |last4=Willmer |first4=C. |last5=Chincarini |first5=G. |last6=Cowan |first6=J. J. |year=1986 |title=Redshift observations in the Centaurus-Hydra supercluster region. I |journal=The Astronomical Journal |volume=91 |page=6 |bibcode=1986AJ.....91....6D |doi=10.1086/113974}}</ref> and moreover a photometric catalogue by Lauberts and Valentijn in 1989 that made the first angular diameter measurements of the galaxy.<ref name=ESO-Uppsala>{{Cite web | url=https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/simbad/sim-ref?bibcode=1989ESOLV.C......0L | title=SIMBAD references }}</ref> This includes the D<sub>25</sub> and D<sub>25.5</sub> B-band isophotes, as well as the 50% total light emission (the [[half-light radius]]) and variations of it (60%, 70%, and 90%). A.P. Fairall ''et al'' would further incorporate the galaxy in their wide-scale survey of the Hydra-Centaurus Supercluster in 1989.<ref name=Fairall>{{Cite journal | url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989A%26AS...78..269F/abstract | bibcode=1989A&AS...78..269F | title=A wide angle redshift survey of the Hydra-Centaurus region | last1=Fairall | first1=A. P. | last2=Vettolani | first2=G. | last3=Chincarini | first3=G. | journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement Series | year=1989 | volume=78 | page=269 }}</ref> It was additionally included in many other surveys due to its location in the sky in the rich Centaurus region and the wide-scale research of extragalactic objects near the Milky Way plane by the last decade of the 20th century. The galaxy has additionally been catalogued by [[Alan Dressler]] in 1991 during an analysis of velocities of 1,314 galaxies near the [[Milky Way]] galactic plane region – allowing to pinpoint the location and verify the existence of the [[Great Attractor]].<ref name=Dressler>{{Cite journal | url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991ApJS...75..241D/abstract | bibcode=1991ApJS...75..241D | title=The Supergalactic Plane Redshift Survey | last1=Dressler | first1=Alan | journal=The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series | year=1991 | volume=75 | page=241 | doi=10.1086/191531 }}</ref>
== Description == ESO 383-76 is a supergiant elliptical galaxy ([[type-cD galaxy]]) of an advanced Hubble morphology (E5, with E0 being spherical and E7 being flattened), with its major axis being more than twice the length of its minor axis. The galaxy is a very luminous source of [[X-rays]], and is the sixth-brightest X-ray source in the sky.<ref name=Dupke/>
In an analysis of the cluster A3571 by H. Quintana and R. de Souza in 1994, ESO 383-76 has been noted to have a very elongated shape with a diffuse halo extending throughout the cluster, suggesting that the galaxy had formed very early during the formation of Abell 3571 and it retains the original imprint of its collapsing cloud.<ref name=Quintana>{{Cite journal | url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993A%26AS..101..475Q/abstract | bibcode=1993A&AS..101..475Q | title=Spectroscopic observations of the galaxy cluster a 3571 (SC 1344-325) | last1=Quintana | first1=H. | last2=De Souza | first2=R. | journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement Series | year=1993 | volume=101 | page=475 }}</ref> The mass of the core region, which also includes the galaxy, is on the order of {{Val|2.15|e=12|u={{Solar mass|link=y}}}}.<ref name=Oxford />
== Size == There are various methods used in astronomy in defining the size of a galaxy, and each of them can yield different results with respect to the other. This is usually affected by exposure time, the wavelength used, and the instrument being used.
One method that is commonly used in the astronomical literature is the [[galaxy effective radius]] where 50% of the total galaxy's light was emitted; variations of 60%, 70%, and 90% are also used. An estimation of the galaxy's size by the ESO/Uppsala catalogue's broad-band photographic plates in 1989 using the 90% total light definition yield a very large apparent diameter of 555.9 arcseconds (about 9.25 arcminutes; 27% the width of the [[full moon]] in the sky), which using the currently accepted distance to the galaxy yield a diameter of {{convert|540.9|kpc|ly|sigfig=2|abbr=off}}.<ref name=ESO_Uppsala>{{Cite web | url=http://vizier.cfa.harvard.edu/viz-bin/VizieR-5?-out.all=1&-source=VII/115&ESO-LV=3830760 | title=VizieR }}</ref> This makes it one of the largest physical diameter measurements of any galaxy known – 20 times that of the [[Milky Way]]'s diameter,<ref name=Average>{{Cite arXiv |eprint=astro-ph/9704216 |title=The Milky Way is just an average spiral | date=22 April 1997|last1=Goodwin |first1=S. P. |last2=Gribbin |first2=J. |last3=Hendry |first3=M. A. }}</ref><ref name="Goodwin">{{Cite journal |last1=Goodwin |first1=S. P. |last2=Gribbin |first2=J. |last3=Hendry |first3=M. A. |date=August 1998 |title=The relative size of the Milky Way |bibcode=1998Obs...118..201G |journal=The Observatory |volume=118 |pages=201–208 }}</ref> and 3.5 times that of the maximum estimated diameter of [[IC 1101]].<ref name="2MASS_Final">{{Cite web |title=Reference Lookup |url=https://ned.ipac.caltech.edu/uri/NED::Refcode/20032MASX.C.......: |access-date=2024-09-08 |website=NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database}}</ref>
Alternative measurements from the same study using other methods (such as the D{{sub|25}} isophote) yield diameters as small as {{convert|139.04|kpc|ly|sigfig=3|abbr=off}}, with various estimates in between depending on the measurement.<ref name=ESO_Uppsala /> In a study in 1994, the halo of the galaxy (defined as the brightness at 2σ above background) has a diameter of about {{convert|600|kpc|e6ly|sigfig=1|abbr=off}}. The paper states that this is on the scale of the distance between the Milky Way and Andromeda galaxies. The halo extends throughout a large part of Abell 3571.<ref name="Oxford">{{cite journal |author1=S. N. Kemp |author2=J. Meaburn |title=The 0.6 Mpc halo of the cD galaxy (MCG 05–33–002) in the cluster Abell 3571 revealed by the co-addition of eight Schmidt plates |journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society|date=July 1991 |volume=251 |issue=1 |pages=10P–13P |doi=10.1093/mnras/251.1.10P|doi-access=free }}</ref>
== Environment == [[File:Shapley.gif|thumb|right|300px|A map of the Shapley Supercluster region, showing Abell 3571 (labelled A3571 in green) relative to it.]]
ESO 383-76 lies at the center of the Abell 3571 galaxy cluster, which is a possible member of the [[Shapley Supercluster]] (or alternatively the Shapley 8 Concentration – an outlying structure).<ref name=Dupke /> This massive supercluster hosts many clusters with similar supergiant elliptical galaxies, among them [[ESO 444-46]].
== See also == * [[Messier 87]] * [[ESO 306-17]] * [[NeVe 1]] == Notes == {{Notelist}} == References == {{Reflist}} {{Stars of Centaurus}} [[Category:Elliptical galaxies]] [[Category:Centaurus]] [[Category:Galaxies discovered in 1974]] [[Category:MCG objects|-05-33-002]] [[Category:Principal Galaxies Catalogue objects|048896]] [[Category:Shapley Supercluster]] [[Category:Supermassive black holes]] [[Category:ESO objects]]