{{Short description|Biological database}} {{infobox biodatabase |title =EPD |logo = |description = Database of experimentally defined eukaryotic RNA Polymerase II promoters |scope = |organism = Eukaryotes |center = Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics |laboratory = |author = |pmid = 23193273 |released = 1986 |standard = |format = |url =[https://epd.expasy.org/epd/ epd.expasy.org] |webservice = |sql = |sparql = |webapp = |standalone = |license = Free without registration |versioning = |frequency = |curation = Yes – manual and automatic |bookmark = |version= }}
'''EPD''' ('''Eukaryotic Promoter Database''') is a biological database and web resource of eukaryotic RNA polymerase II promoters with experimentally defined transcription start sites.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Cavin Périer|first1=R|last2=Junier|first2=T|last3=Bucher|first3=P|title=The Eukaryotic Promoter Database EPD.|journal=Nucleic Acids Research|date=1 January 1998|volume=26|issue=1|pages=353–7|pmid=9399872|doi=10.1093/nar/26.1.353|pmc=147208}}</ref> Originally, EPD was a manually curated resource relying on transcript mapping experiments (mostly primer extension and nuclease protection assays) targeted at individual genes and published in academic journals. More recently, automatically generated promoter collections derived from electronically distributed high-throughput data produced with the CAGE or TSS-Seq <ref>{{cite journal|last1=Tsuchihara|first1=K|last2=Suzuki|first2=Y|last3=Wakaguri|first3=H|last4=Irie|first4=T|last5=Tanimoto|first5=K|last6=Hashimoto|first6=S|last7=Matsushima|first7=K|last8=Mizushima-Sugano|first8=J|last9=Yamashita|first9=R|last10=Nakai|first10=K|last11=Bentley|first11=D|last12=Esumi|first12=H|last13=Sugano|first13=S|title=Massive transcriptional start site analysis of human genes in hypoxia cells.|journal=Nucleic Acids Research|date=April 2009|volume=37|issue=7|pages=2249–63|pmid=19237398|doi=10.1093/nar/gkp066|pmc=2673422}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Yamashita|first1=R|last2=Sugano|first2=S|last3=Suzuki|first3=Y|last4=Nakai|first4=K|title=DBTSS: DataBase of Transcriptional Start Sites progress report in 2012.|journal=Nucleic Acids Research|date=January 2012|volume=40|issue=Database issue|pages=D150-4|pmid=22086958|doi=10.1093/nar/gkr1005|pmc=3245115}}</ref> protocols were added as part of a special subsection named ''EPDnew''.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Dreos|first1=R|last2=Ambrosini|first2=G|last3=Cavin Périer|first3=R|last4=Bucher|first4=P|title=EPD and EPDnew, high-quality promoter resources in the next-generation sequencing era.|journal=Nucleic Acids Research|date=January 2013|volume=41|issue=Database issue|pages=D157-64|pmid=23193273|doi=10.1093/nar/gks1233|pmc=3531148}}</ref> The EPD web server offers additional services, including an entry viewer which enables users to explore the genomic context of a promoter in a UCSC Genome Browser window, and direct links for uploading EPD-derived promoter subsets to associated web-based promoter analysis tools of the [https://epd.expasy.org/ssa/ Signal Search Analysis (SSA)]<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Ambrosini|first1=G|last2=Praz|first2=V|last3=Jagannathan|first3=V|last4=Bucher|first4=P|title=Signal search analysis server.|journal=Nucleic Acids Research|date=1 July 2003|volume=31|issue=13|pages=3618–20|pmid=12824379|doi=10.1093/nar/gkg611|pmc=169017}}</ref> and [https://epd.expasy.org/chipseq/ ChIP-Seq] servers. EPD also features a collection of position weight matrices (PWMs) for common promoter sequence motifs.
==History and Impact== EPD was created in 1986 as an electronic version of a eukaryotic promoter compilation published in an article<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Bucher|first1=P|last2=Trifonov|first2=EN|title=Compilation and analysis of eukaryotic POL II promoter sequences.|journal=Nucleic Acids Research|date=22 December 1986|volume=14|issue=24|pages=10009–26|pmid=3808945|doi=10.1093/nar/14.24.10009|pmc=341352}}</ref> and has been regularly updated since then. The database was initially distributed on magnetic tapes as part of the EMBL data library<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Cameron|first1=GN|title=The EMBL data library.|journal=Nucleic Acids Research|date=11 March 1988|volume=16|issue=5|pages=1865–7|pmid=3353226|doi=10.1093/nar/16.5.1865|pmc=338182}}</ref> and later via the Internet. The collaboration between EPD and the EMBL library was cited as a pioneering example of remote nucleotide sequence annotation by domain experts.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Fuchs|first1=R|last2=Cameron|first2=GN|title=Molecular biological databases: the challenge of the genome era.|journal=Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology|date=1991|volume=56|issue=3|pages=215–45|pmid=1771233|doi=10.1016/0079-6107(91)90014-j|doi-access=free}}</ref> EPD has played an instrumental role in the development and evaluation of promoter prediction algorithms<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Fickett|first1=JW|last2=Hatzigeorgiou|first2=AG|title=Eukaryotic promoter recognition.|journal=Genome Research|date=September 1997|volume=7|issue=9|pages=861–78|pmid=9314492|doi=10.1101/gr.7.9.861 |doi-access=free}}</ref> as it is broadly considered the most accurate promoter resource.<ref>{{cite book|author=Barnes M.R.|title=Bioinformatics for Geneticists: A Bioinformatics Primer for the Analysis of Genetic Data.|doi=10.1086/590603|date=2007|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|location=Chichester|isbn=978-0470059173|page=285|edition=2nd}}</ref> As of November 2014, it has been cited about 2500 times in scientific literature.<ref>Number of results returned from a search in Google Scholar. [https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&q=%22EPD%22+%2Bpromoter&btnG=&as_sdt=1%2C5&as_sdtp= (Google Scholar)]</ref> EPD has also received ample coverage by textbooks in bioinformatics (''e.g.'' <ref>{{cite book|last1=Ye|first1=Shui Qing|title=Bioinformatics a practical approach|date=2008|publisher=Chapman & Hall/CRC|location=Boca Raton|isbn=978-1584888116}}</ref>) and systems biology (''e.g.'' <ref>{{cite book|last1=Klipp|first1=E.|title=Systems biology in practice concepts, implementation and application|date=2005|publisher=Wiley-VCH|location=Weinheim|isbn=352760488X}}</ref>).
==References== {{Reflist}}
==External links== * [https://www.sib.swiss/ SIB] - Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics * [https://epd.expasy.org/ssa/ SSA] Signal Search Analysis server * [https://epd.expasy.org/chipseq/ ChIP-Seq] ChIP-seq On-line Analysis Tools * [https://epd.expasy.org/pwmtools/ PWMTools] Position Weight Matrix model generation and evaluation tools
Category:Biological databases Category:Genetics databases Category:Genomics Category:Science and technology in Switzerland