{{short description|Final Dynasty of the Old Kingdom of Egypt}} {{Infobox Former Country | conventional_long_name = Sixth Dynasty of Egypt | era = Bronze Age | government_type = Absolute monarchy | nation = | image_map = AnkhnesmeryreII-and-Son-PepiII-SideView BrooklynMuseum.png | image_map_caption = Ankhnesmeryre II, the queen of Egypt, and her child (son) Pepi II Neferkare, the pharaoh of Egypt. | image_flag = | flag = | flag_type = | year_start = {{Circa|2345 BC}} | year_end = {{Circa|2181 BC}} | p1 = Fifth Dynasty of Egypt | flag_p1 = | s1 = Seventh Dynasty of Egypt | flag_s1 = | s2 = Eighth Dynasty of Egypt | flag_s2 = | capital = Memphis | common_languages = Egyptian language | religion = ancient Egyptian religion | event_start = | event_end = }}
{{Egyptian Dynasty list}}
The '''Sixth Dynasty''' of ancient Egypt (notated '''Dynasty VI'''), along with the Third, Fourth and Fifth Dynasty, constitutes the Old Kingdom of Dynastic Egypt.
== History == The Sixth Dynasty is considered by many authorities as the last dynasty of the Old Kingdom, although ''The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt''<ref>{{cite book |editor-first=Ian |editor-last=Shaw |title=The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt |url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordhisto00shaw |url-access=registration |year=2000|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-815034-3 }}</ref> includes Dynasties VII and VIII as part of the Old Kingdom. Manetho writes that these kings ruled from Memphis, since their pyramids were built at Saqqara, very close to Memphis.<ref>{{cite book |first=Alan, Sir |last=Gardiner |title=Egypt of the Pharaohs |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1964 |page=91}}</ref>
By the Fifth Dynasty, the religious institution had established itself as the dominant force in society;{{sfn|Grimal|1992|pp=89–90}} a trend of growth in the bureaucracy and the priesthood, and a decline in the pharaoh's power had been established during Neferirkare Kakai's reign.{{sfn|Verner|2001b|pp=589–590}} During Djedkare Isesi's rule, officials were endowed with greater authority—evidenced by the opulent private tombs they constructed—eventually leading to the creation of a feudal system in effect.{{sfn|Grimal|1992|p=79}} These established trends—decentralization of authority, coupled with growth in bureaucracy—intensified during the three decades of Unas's rule, which also witnessed economic decline.{{sfn|Verner|2001b|p=90}} This continued into the Sixth Dynasty, leading into the First Intermediate Period.{{sfn|Grimal|1992|p=80}}
== Pharaohs == Known pharaohs of the Sixth Dynasty are listed in the table below.{{sfn|Dodson|Hilton|2004|p=70}} Manetho accords the dynasty 203 regnal years from Teti to Nitocris, while the Turin Canon assigns 181 regnal years, but with three additional kings concluding with Aba – discounting the reigns of the added Eighth Dynasty kings, this is reduced to 155 regnal years.{{sfn|Altenmüller|2001|p=601}} This estimate varies between both scholar and source.{{efn|Proposed dates for the Sixth Dynasty: c. 2460–2200 BC,{{sfn|Grimal|1992|p=390}} c. 2374–2200 BC,{{sfn|Altenmüller|2001|p=601}} c. 2370–2190 BC,{{sfn|Verner|2001d|p=473}} c. 2345–2181 BC,{{sfn|Bard|1999|loc=Chronology}}{{sfn|Clayton|1994|p=30}}{{sfn|Shaw|2003|pp=482–483}} c. 2323–2150 BC,{{sfn|Allen et al.|1999|p=xx}}{{sfn|Lehner|2008|p=8}} c. 2282–2117 BC.{{sfn|Dodson|Hilton|2004|p=70}}}}
{| class="wikitable" |+'''Dynasty VI pharaohs''' ! style="width:110px" |Nomen (personal name) !! style="width:120px" |Prenomen (throne name){{sfn|Leprohon|2013|pp=42–43}} !! style="width:120px" |Horus-name !!style="width:50px"|Image!!style="width:110px" |Proposed Dates !!style="width:180px"|Estimated Regnal Duration !!style="width:120px" |Pyramid !! style="width:150px" |Queen(s) |- | Teti || Teti || Seheteptawy || 50px||2345–2333 BC || Manetho: 30–33 years<br>Royal Turin Canon (RTC): < 7 months<br/>Cattle count: 6th = 12–13 years{{sfn|Altenmüller|2001|p=601}}{{sfn|Grimal|1992|p=81}} || Pyramid of Teti at Saqqara || Iput I<br>Khuit<br>Khentkaus IV<br/>Neith |- | Userkare || (unknown) || (unknown) || 50px||2333–2331 BC || Manetho: Unattested,{{sfn|Manetho|Waddell|1964|p=53}} possibly involved in Teti's murder{{sfn|Leclant|1999|p=10}}<br/>RTC: Possibly lost in lacuna{{sfn|Baud|Dobrev|1995|p=59}}<br/>Cattle count: Unknown, lost in lacuna(?){{sfn|Baud|Dobrev|1995|pp=59 & 66}} || || |- | Pepi I || Nefersahor (originally)<br/>Merenre (later) || Merytawy || 50px||2331–2287 BC || Manetho: 52 years{{sfn|Altenmüller|2001|p=601}}<br>RTC: 20 or 44 years{{sfn|Ryholt|1997|pp=13–14}}<br/>Cattle count: 25th = 49–50 years{{sfn|Baud|Dobrev|1995|pp=46–49}} || Pyramid of Pepi I in South Saqqara || Ankhesenpepi I<br/>Ankhesenpepi II<br/>Nubwenet<br>Meritites IV<br/>Inenek-Inti<br/>Mehaa<br/>Nedjeftet |- | Nemtyemsaf I || Merenre || Ankhkhau || 50px|| 2287–2278 BC || Manetho: 7 years<br>RTC: 6 years<br/>Cattle count: 5th + 1 year = 10 years{{sfn|Altenmüller|2001|p=603}}|| Pyramid of Merenre in South Saqqara || Ankhesenpepi II |- | Pepi II || Neferkare || Netjerkhau || 50px|| 2278–2184 BC || Manetho: 94 years<br>RTC: > 90 years<br/>Cattle count: 33rd = 64–66 years{{sfn|Altenmüller|2001|p=604}}{{sfn|Leclant|1999|p=11}} || Pyramid of Pepi II in South Saqqara || Neith<br/>Iput II<br/>Ankhesenpepi III<br/>Ankhesenpepi IV<br/>Udjebten |- | Nemtyemsaf II || Merenre [Nemty?]emsaf || (unknown) || center|frameless|77x77px|| 2184 BC || Manetho: 1 year{{sfn|Manetho|Waddell|1964|p=55}}{{sfn|Leclant|1999|p=11}}<br>RTC: 1 year, 1 month{{sfn|Baker|2008|pp=211–212}} || || |- | Netjerkare<br/>or<br/>Nitocris || Siptah || (unknown) || 50px|| 2184–2181 BC || Manetho: Nitocris for 12 years{{sfn|Manetho|Waddell|1964|p=55}}<br/>RTC: Originally thought to identify Nitocris,{{sfn|Grimal|1992|p=89}} a recent study of the papyrus has altered this assessment in favour of Netjerkare, who is also attested on the Abydos king list.{{sfn|Theis|2010|pp=325–326}}|| || |}
=== Teti === {{main|Teti}} Teti is identified as the first king of the Sixth Dynasty{{sfn|Malek|2003|p=103}}{{sfn|Leclant|1999|p=10}} by Manetho, after the conclusion of the reign of Unas.{{sfn|Malek|2003|p=103}} He acceded to the throne in the 23rd century BC.{{sfn|Verner|2001b|p=590}}
Teti is assigned a regnal duration of 30 or 33 years by Manetho{{sfn|Altenmüller|2001|p=602}} — improbably long as the celebration of a Sed festival is not attested to, and the latest date recorded corresponds to the sixth cattle count, 12 or 13 years into his reign. The Royal Canon of Turin (RTC) gives another unlikely estimate of seven months.{{sfn|Grimal|1992|p=81}} The archaeologist Hartwig Altenmüller mediates between Manetho and the record of the cattle count to offer a reign length of around 23 years.{{sfn|Altenmüller|2001|p=602}} The Egyptologists Peter Clayton and William Smith accord 12 years to his reign.{{sfn|Clayton|1994|p=64}}{{sfn|Smith|1962|p=48}}{{efn|Proposed dates for Teti's reign: c. 2374–2354 BC,{{sfn|Altenmüller|2001|p=602}} c. 2345–2333 BC,{{sfn|Clayton|1994|p=64}} c. 2345–2323 BC,{{sfn|Malek|2003|p=103}}{{sfn|Shaw|2003|p=482}} c. 2323–2191 BC,{{sfn|Allen et al.|1999|p=xx}}{{sfn|Lehner|2008|p=8}} c. 2282–2270 BC.{{sfn|Dodson|Hilton|2004|p=288}}}}
The relationship between Teti and his predecessors remains unclear, but his wife Iput is thought to be a daughter of Unas.{{sfn|Malek|2003|p=103}}{{sfn|Smith|1962|p=48}} This would mean that Teti ascended to the throne as Unas's son-in-law.{{sfn|Altenmüller|2001|p=602}} His inauguration solved a potential succession crisis, Unas having died without a male heir.{{sfn|Grimal|1992|p=80}} Teti adopted the Horus name Seheteptawy (meaning "He who pacifies the Two Lands") to establish his reign as one of renewed political unity.{{sfn|Clayton|1994|p=64}} The transition appears to have occurred smoothly,{{sfn|Smith|1962|p=48}}{{sfn|Leclant|1999|p=10}} and Teti retained officials from his predecessors of the Fifth Dynasty, such as viziers Mehu and Kagemni who had begun their careers under Djedkare Isesi.{{sfn|Altenmüller|2001|p=602}} Despite this, the RTC too inserts a break between Unas and Teti, which the Egyptologist Jaromìr Malek contends relates to a "change of location of the capital and royal residence".{{sfn|Malek|2003|p=103}} The capital migrated from "White Wall" to the populous suburbs further south to "Djed-isut"—derived from the name of Teti's pyramid and pyramid town, and located east of the monument. The royal residence might have been yet further south, in the valley away and across a lake from the city, east of South Saqqara—where the pyramids of Djedkare Isesi and Pepi I were built.{{sfn|Malek|2003|p=104}}
Teti had his daughter, Sesheshet, married to one of his viziers and later chief priest, Mereruka, a clear sign of his interest in co-operating with the noble class.{{sfn|Grimal|1992|pp=80–81}} Mereruka was buried close to Teti's pyramid, in a lavish tomb in North Saqqara.{{sfn|Grimal|1992|p=81}}{{sfn|Clayton|1994|p=64}} As part of his policy of pacification, Teti issued a decree exempting the temple at Abydos from taxation. He was the first ruler to be closely associated with the cult of Hathor at Dendera.{{sfn|Grimal|1992|p=81}} Abroad, Teti maintained trade relations with Byblos and Nubia.{{sfn|Clayton|1994|p=64}}
Teti commissioned the construction of a pyramid at North Saqqara. His pyramid follows the standard set by Djedkare Isesi, with a base length of {{convert|78.5|m|ft+royal cubit|0|abbr=on}} converging to the apex at ~53° attaining a peak height of {{convert|52.5|m|ft+royal cubit|0|abbr=on}}.{{sfn|Lehner|2008|pp=156–157}} The substructure of the pyramid was very similar to Unas's and Djedkare Isesi's; it had a descending corridor and horizontal passage guarded at about the middle by three granite portcullises, leading to an antechamber flanked to its east by the ''serdab'' with its three recesses and to its west by the burial chamber containing the sarcophagus.{{sfn|Verner|2001d|pp=343–344}} The walls of the chambers and a section of the horizontal passage were inscribed with Pyramid Texts, as in Unas' pyramid.{{sfn|Lehner|2008|p=156}} The mortuary temple, with the exception of its entrance, conforms to the same basic plans as his predecessors.{{sfn|Lehner|2008|p=156}}{{sfn|Verner|2001d|p=344}} The complex contained a cult pyramid to the south-east of the pyramid with base length {{convert|15.7|m|ft+royal cubit|0|abbr=on}}.{{sfn|Lehner|2008|p=157}} The causeway connecting to the mortuary temple is yet to be excavated,{{sfn|Verner|2001d|p=344}} while the valley temple and pyramid town are entirely missing.{{sfn|Lehner|2008|p=156}} Teti's pyramid became the site of a large necropolis, and included the pyramids of his wives Neith and Iput, mother of Pepi I.{{sfn|Clayton|1994|p=65}}{{sfn|Verner|2001d|pp=347–350}} Iput's skeleton was discovered buried in her pyramid in a wooden coffin.{{sfn|Clayton|1994|p=65}}
Manetho claims that Teti was assassinated by a bodyguard, but no contemporary sources confirm this.{{sfn|Clayton|1994|p=64}}{{sfn|Kanawati|2003|p=157}} The story, if true, might explain the references to the ephemeral ruler Userkare, proposed to have briefly reigned between Teti and Pepi I.{{sfn|Clayton|1994|p=64}} Userkare is attested to in the Royal Turin Canon and Abydos king-list, and is mentioned in several contemporaneous documents.{{sfn|Grimal|1992|p=81}}
=== Pepi I === During this dynasty, expeditions were sent to Wadi Maghara in the Sinai Peninsula to mine for turquoise and copper, as well as to the mines at Hatnub and Wadi Hammamat. The pharaoh Djedkara sent trade expeditions south to Punt and north to Byblos, and Pepi I sent expeditions not only to these locations, but also as far as Ebla in modern-day Syria.
=== Pepi II === The most notable member of this dynasty was Pepi II, who is credited with a reign of 94 years.<ref>{{cite book |first=Ian |last=Shaw |title=The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt |url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordhisto00shaw |url-access=registration |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2000 |page=[https://archive.org/details/oxfordhisto00shaw/page/116 116]|isbn=978-0-19-815034-3 }}</ref>
=== Neitiqerty === Also known by the Greek name Nitocris, this woman is believed by some authorities to have been not only the first female pharaoh but the first queen in the world, although it is currently accepted that her name is actually a mistranslation of the king Neitiqerty Siptah.
== Family tree == {{Tree chart/start|summary=Boxes and lines diagram with 22 boxes}} {{tree chart|border=1|~|~|~|~|~|~|~|7}} {{tree chart|border=1| | | | |SES|:| | |UNA|SES=Sesheshet|UNA=25px'''Unas'''}} {{tree chart|border=0| | | | | |!| |L|~|~|~|t|~|~|~|~|~|~|~|~|~|~|~|~|~|~|~|thr|thr='''''Fifth Dynasty'''''}} {{tree chart|border=1| | | | | |!| | | | | |!}} {{tree chart|border=1|KHU 2|y|TET|~|~|y|IPU 1|KHU 2=Khuit II|TET=25px'''Teti'''|IPU 1=Iput I}} {{tree chart|border=1| |S|P|^|-|.| | | |!}} {{tree chart|border=1|USE| |TEI| | |!| |F|~|~|~|~|~|~|~|7|USE=25px'''Userkare'''|TEI=Tetiankhkem}} {{tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | |!| |D|~|~|~|7| | | |:}} {{tree chart|border=1| | | | |ANK 1|y|PEP 1|A|ANK 2|L|NUB|L|INT|ANK 1=Ankhesenpepi I|PEP 1=25px'''Pepi I Meryre'''|ANK 2=Ankhesenpepi II|NUB=Nubwenet|INT=Inenek-Inti}} {{tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | |!| | | | | |:}} {{tree chart|border=1| | | | | | |NEM 1|~|y|~|~|J|NEM 1=25px'''Merenre Nemtyemsaf I'''}} {{tree chart|border=1| | | |,|-|-|-|v|-|-|^|P|P|T| |F|~|~|~|~|V|~|~|~|V|~|~|~|7}} {{tree chart|border=1| | |ANK 3|7|IPU 2|~|V|~|PEP 2|A|r2|NIE|L|ANK 4|L|UDJ|L|MER 4|ANK 3=Ankhesenpepi III|IPU 2=Iput II|PEP 2=25px'''Pepi II Neferkare'''{{efn|Alternatively Pepi II may be the son of Pepi I and Ankhesenpepi II}}|NIE=Neith|ANK 4=Ankhesenpepi IV|UDJ=Udjebten|MER 4=Meritites IV}} {{tree chart|border=1| | | | | |L|~|~|~|~|J| | | | | |Q}} {{tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |NEM 2|NEM 2=25px'''Merenre Nemtyemsaf II'''}} {{Tree chart/end}}
== The rise of the nobility == thumb|upright|Seated statue of an official on block chair. Limestone. 6th Dynasty. From Egypt. The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, London With the growing number of biographical inscriptions in non-royal tombs,<ref>{{cite book |first=J.H. |last=Breasted |title=Ancient Records of Egypt |volume=Part One |location=Chicago |year=1906 |at=sections 282–390}}</ref> our academic knowledge of the contemporary history in Egyptian broadened.<ref>{{cite book |first=Ian |last=Shaw |title=The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt |url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordhisto00shaw |url-access=registration |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2000 |page=[https://archive.org/details/oxfordhisto00shaw/page/115 115]|isbn=978-0-19-815034-3 }}</ref> There is modern confirmation of records describing an unsuccessful plot against Pepi I,<ref>{{cite book |first=J.H. |last=Breasted |title=Ancient Records of Egypt |volume=Part One |location=Chicago |year=1906 |at=section 310}}</ref> and of a letter written by the young king Pepi II, whi expressed excitement that one of his expeditions would return with a dancing pygmy from the land of Yam, located south of Nubia.<ref>{{cite book |first=J.H. |last=Breasted |title=Ancient Records of Egypt |volume=Part One |location=Chicago |year=1906 |at=sections 350–354}}</ref>
These non-royal tomb inscriptions are one example of the growing power of the nobility, which further weakened the king’s absolute rule. As a result, it is believed that after the death of the long-lived Pepi II, his vassals were sufficiently entrenched to resist the authority of his many successors. This may have contributed to the rapid decline of the Old Kingdom.
== Comparison of regnal lists == The ancient king lists are in broad agreement on the order of monarchs in this dynasty, though Userkare was sometimes omitted. The Saqqara Tablet additionally omits all kings who reigned after Pepi II and before the Middle Kingdom of Egypt. The Karnak King List is very selective. The Turin King List is in a fragmentary state and most names of kings for this dynasty are now lost. {| class="wikitable" ! rowspan="2" |Historical Pharaoh ! rowspan="2" |Abydos King List ! rowspan="2" |Karnak King List ! rowspan="2" |Saqqara Tablet ! rowspan="2" |Turin King List<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Lundström |first=Peter |title=Turin King List: column 5 |url=https://pharaoh.se/ancient-egypt/kinglist/turin/column-5/ |access-date=2025-09-10 |website=Pharaoh.se |language=en}}</ref> ! rowspan="2" |Manetho<ref name="Manetho2">{{Cite web |last=Lundström |first=Peter |title=The Dynasties of Manetho |url=https://pharaoh.se/ancient-egypt/kinglist/manetho-king-list/ |access-date=2025-09-10 |website=Pharaoh.se |language=en}}</ref> ! colspan="2" |Reign Years |- !Turin List<ref name=":0" /> !Manetho<ref name="Manetho2" /> |- |Teti |Teti |Teti |Teti |''Name lost'' |Othoes |Unknown years, 6 months and 21 days |30 |- |Userkare |Userkare |– |– |''Name lost'' |– |''Lost'' |– |- |Pepi I Meryre |Meryre |Pepi |Pepi |''Name lost'' |Phios |20 years |53 |- |Merenre Nemtyemsaf I |Merenre |Merenre |Merenre |''Name lost'' |Methusouphis |44 years |7 |- |Pepi II Neferkare |Neferkare |– |Neferkare |''Name lost'' |Phiops |90+ years |94 |- |Merenre Nemtyemsaf II |Merenre Saemsaf |– |– |''Name lost'' |Menthesouphis |1 year and 1 month |1 |- |Netjerkare Siptah |Netjerikare |– |– |Netiqerty Siptah |Nitokris |''Lost'' |12 |}
== Sixth Dynasty timeline == <timeline> ImageSize = width:800 height:auto barincrement:12 PlotArea = top:10 bottom:30 right:130 left:20 AlignBars = justify
DateFormat = yyyy Period = from:-2345 till:-2181 TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:30 start:-2345 ScaleMinor = unit:year increment:10 start:-2345
Colors = id:canvas value:rgb(0.97,0.97,0.97) id:PA value:green id:GP value:red id:eon value:rgb(1,0.7,1) # light purple
Backgroundcolors = canvas:canvas
BarData = barset:Rulers
PlotData= width:5 align:left fontsize:S shift:(5,-4) anchor:till barset:Rulers
from: -2345 till: -2333 color:PA text:"Teti" from: -2333 till: -2331 color:PA text:"Userkare" from: -2331 till: -2287 color:PA text:"Pepi I" from: -2287 till: -2278 color:PA text:"Nemtyemsaf I" from: -2278 till: -2184 color:PA text:"Pepi II from: -2184 till: -2183 color:PA text:"Nemtyemsaf II" from: -2183 till: -2181 color:PA text:"Netjerkare"
barset:skip </timeline>
== Notes == {{notelist}}
== References == {{reflist|20em}}
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B.|last18=Millet|first19=Adela|last19=Oppenheim|first20=Diana|last20=Craig Patch|first21=Elena|last21=Pischikova|first22=Patricia|last22=Rigault|first23=Catharine H.|last23=Roehrig|last24=Wildung|first24=Dietrich|first25=Christiane|last25=Ziegler|display-authors= 3|year=1999|publisher=The Metropolitan Museum of Art|location=New York|oclc=41431623|isbn=978-0-8109-6543-0|ref={{harvid|Allen et al.|1999}}}} *{{cite book|last1=Altenmüller|first1=Hartwig|author-link=Hartwig Altenmüller|chapter=Old Kingdom: Sixth Dynasty|pages=601–605|editor-last=Redford|editor-first=Donald B.|editor-link=Donald B. 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Clayton|title=Chronicle of the Pharaohs|year=1994|location=London|publisher=Thames & Hudson|isbn=978-0-500-05074-3|url=https://archive.org/details/chronicleofphara00clay}} *{{cite book|last1=Dodson|first1=Aidan|last2=Hilton|first2=Dyan|author-link=Aidan Dodson|year=2004|title=The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt|location=London|publisher=Thames & Hudson|isbn=978-0-500-05128-3}} *{{cite book|last1=Grimal|first1=Nicolas|author-link=Nicolas Grimal|title=A History of Ancient Egypt|publisher=Blackwell publishing|others=Translated by Ian Shaw|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0-631-19396-8|year=1992}} *{{cite book|last1=Kanawati|first1=Naguib|year=2003|title=Conspiracies in the Egyptian Palace: Unis to Pepy I|location=London|publisher=Routledge|isbn=0-203-16673-6}} *{{cite book|last1=Leclant|first1=Jean|chapter=A Brief History of the Old Kingdom|pages=3–12|title=Egyptian Art in the Age of the Pyramids|url=http://www.metmuseum.org/research/metpublications/Egyptian_Art_in_the_Age_of_the_Pyramids|year=1999|publisher=The Metropolitan Museum of Art|location=New York|oclc=41431623|isbn=978-0-8109-6543-0}} *{{cite book|last1=Lehner|first1=Mark|author-link=Mark Lehner|year=2008|title=The Complete Pyramids|location=New York|publisher=Thames & Hudson|isbn=978-0-500-28547-3}} *{{cite book|last1=Leprohon|first1=Ronald J.|year=2013|title=The Great Name: Ancient Egyptian Royal Titulary|volume=33 of Writings from the ancient world|location=Atlanta|publisher=Society of Biblical Literature|isbn=978-1-589-83736-2}} *{{cite book|last=Malek|first=Jaromir|chapter=The Old Kingdom (c. 2686–2160 BC)|pages=[https://archive.org/details/oxfordhisto00shaw/page/83 83–107]|editor-last=Shaw|editor-first=Ian|title=The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt|year=2003|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-815034-3|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordhisto00shaw/page/83}} *{{cite book|last1=Manetho|last2=Waddell|first2=William Gillan|year=1964|title=Aegyptiaca|series=The Loeb classical library, 350|location=Cambridge|publisher=Harvard University Press|oclc=1067847872}} *{{cite book|last1=Ryholt|first1=Kim|year=1997|title=The Political Situation in Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period c. 1800–1550 B.C.|location=Copenhagen|publisher=The Carsten Niebuhr Institute of Near Eastern Studies: Museum Tusculam Press|series=CNI publications|volume=20|isbn=87-7289-421-0}} *{{cite book|editor-last=Shaw|editor-first=Ian|location=Oxford|title=The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt|year=2003|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-815034-3|url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordhisto00shaw}} *{{cite book|last1=Smith|first1=William Stevenson|year=1962|chapter=XIV: The Old Kingdom in Egypt and the Beginning of the First Intermediate Period|pages=1–72|title=The Cambridge Ancient History|volume=1|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|oclc=879104162}} *{{cite journal|last1=Theis|first1=Christoffer|title=Die Pyramiden der Ersten Zwischenzeit, Nach philologischen und archäologischen Quellen|pages=321–339|year=2010|editor-link1=Jochem Kahl|editor-last1=Kahl|editor-first1=Jochem|editor-last2=Kloth|editor-first2=Nicole|journal=Studien zur Altägyptischen Kultur|language=de|location=Hamburg|publisher=Helmut Buske Verlag|volume=Band 39|issn=0340-2215|isbn=978-3-87548-584-4}} *{{cite book|last1=Verner|first1=Miroslav|chapter=Old Kingdom|pages=585–591|editor-last=Redford|editor-first=Donald B.|year=2001b|title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt, Volume 2|location=Oxford|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-510234-5}} *{{cite book|last1=Verner|first1=Miroslav|title=The Pyramids: The Mystery, Culture and Science of Egypt's Great Monuments|date=2001d|publisher=Grove Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-8021-1703-8|url=https://archive.org/details/pyramidscomplete00vern}} {{refend}}
{{s-start}} {{s-bef|before=Fifth Dynasty}} {{s-ttl|title=Dynasty of Egypt|years={{circa|2345}} – 2181 BC}} {{s-aft|after=(Seventh)<br/>Eighth Dynasty}} {{s-end}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sixth Dynasty Of Egypt}} Category:Sixth Dynasty of Egypt 06 06 06 Category:3rd-millennium BC establishments in Egypt Category:3rd-millennium BC disestablishments in Egypt Category:3rd millennium BC in Egypt 06 Category:States and territories established in the 3rd millennium BC Category:States and territories disestablished in the 3rd millennium BC