{{Short description|Hindu and Buddhist concept of hatred and aversion}} {{Buddhist term | fontsize=100% | title=Dvesha | pi= dosa<br /> ({{script|Brah|label=none|𑀤𑁄𑀲}}) | sa= dveṣa<br /> (Dev: द्वेष) | en= hatred, aversion, anger, hostility, ill will | bo=ཞེ་སྡང | bo-Latn=Wylie: zhe sdang; <br/>THL: shyédang | ko = 진 | ko-Latn = jin | km = ទោសៈ, ទោស | km-Latn = Toŭsăk, Toŭh | th= โทสะ | zh=瞋(T) / 瞋(S) | my= ဒေါသ | vi= Sân<br/>瞋 |id=kebencian|ja=瞋|ja-Latn=shin|zh-Latn=chēn}}{{Cetasika|unwholesome}} __NOTOC__ '''Dvesha''' (Sanskrit: द्वेष, IAST: ''dveṣa''; {{langx|pi|𑀤𑁄𑀲|dosa}}; Tibetan: ''zhe sdang'') is a Buddhist and Hindu term that is translated as "hate, aversion".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rhys Davids |first1=Thomas William |author1-link=Thomas William Rhys Davids |author2=William Stede |title=Pali-English Dictionary |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Guw2CnxiucC&pg=PA362 |year=1921|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishing House |isbn=978-81-208-1144-7|pages= 323, 438}};<br />[http://rywiki.tsadra.org/index.php/zhe_sdang Ranjung Yeshe wiki entry for ''zhe sdang'']</ref><ref name=buswelllopezraga>{{cite book |last1=Buswell |first1=Robert E. Jr. |author1-link=Robert Buswell Jr. |last2=Lopez |first2=Donald S. Jr. |author2-link=Donald S. Lopez Jr. |title=The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DXN2AAAAQBAJ |year=2013|publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-1-4008-4805-8 |page=29}};<br />{{cite book|author=Eric Cheetham |title=Fundamentals of Mainstream Buddhism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SuAZx8KFtFAC&pg=PA314|year=1994|publisher=Tuttle |isbn=978-0-8048-3008-9 |page=314 }}</ref><ref name="NāgārjunaKalupahana1996p72">{{cite book |author1=Nāgārjuna |translator-last1=Kalupahana |translator-first1=David J. |translator-link=David Kalupahana |title=Mūlamadhyamakakārikā of Nāgārjuna|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=38WJRwP3nLgC |date=1996 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishing House |isbn=978-81-208-0774-7 |page=72 }}; '''Quote:''' The attainment of freedom from the three poisons of lust (raga), hatred (dvesa) and confusion (moha) by a person who is understood as being in the process of becoming conditioned by various factors (not merely by the three poisons)....</ref> In Hinduism, it is one of the Five Poisons or kleshas.
Walpola Rahula translated it as "hatred",<ref>{{cite book|author1=Asaṅga|author2=Walpola Rahula|author3=Sara Boin-Webb|title=Abhidharmasamuccaya: The Compendium of the Higher Teaching|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ck4BrBqBdYIC|year=2001|publisher=Jain Publishing|isbn=978-0-89581-941-3|page=270}}</ref> as did Chögyam Trungpa.<ref>{{cite book|last=Trungpa |first=Chogyam |author-link=Chögyam Trungpa |title=The Collected Works of Chogyam Trungpa: Volume Six: Glimpses of Space; Orderly Chaos; Secret Beyond Thought; The Tibetan Book of the Dead: Commentary; Transcending Madness; Selected Writings|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5BdprbrCUiYC |year=2010 |publisher=Shambhala Publications |isbn=978-0-8348-2155-2|pages=553–554}}</ref>
== In Buddhism == In Buddhism, ''Dvesha'' (hate, aversion) is the opposite of ''raga'' (lust, desire). Along with ''Raga'' and ''Moha'', ''Dvesha'' is one of the three character afflictions that, in part, cause ''Dukkha''.<ref>{{cite book |author=Peter Harvey |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P_lmCgAAQBAJ |title=A Companion to Buddhist Philosophy |publisher=John Wiley |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-119-14466-3 |editor=Steven M. Emmanuel |page=39}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Paul Williams |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tg2-QU2J10YC&pg=PA123 |title=Buddhism: Buddhist origins and the early history of Buddhism in South and Southeast Asia |publisher=Routledge |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-415-33227-9 |page=123}}</ref> It is also one of the "threefold fires" in Buddhist Pali canon that must be quenched.<ref name="HoffmanMahinda2013p106">{{cite book |author1=Frank Hoffman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pSNeAgAAQBAJ |title=Pali Buddhism |last2=Deegalle |first2=Mahinda |author2-link=Mahinda Deegalle |publisher=Routledge |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-136-78553-5 |pages=106–107}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=David Webster |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GLPGFoLED7sC |title=The Philosophy of Desire in the Buddhist Pali Canon |publisher=Routledge |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-415-34652-8 |page=2–3}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Payne |first1=Richard K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j4ShCgAAQBAJ |title=Homa Variations: The Study of Ritual Change across the Longue Duree |last2=Witzel |first2=Michael |author2-link=Michael Witzel |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-19-935159-6 |pages=88–89}}</ref> Dvesha is symbolically present as the snake in the center of Tibetan bhavachakra drawings. Dvesha (Pali: dosa) is identified in the following contexts within the Buddhist teachings: * One of the three poisons (''Trivisah'') within the Mahayana Buddhist tradition.<ref name="NāgārjunaKalupahana1996p72" /> * One of the ''three unwholesome roots'' within the Theravada Buddhist tradition * One of the fourteen unwholesome mental factors within the Theravada Abhidharma teachings
== In Hinduism == Yoga Sutras II.8 describes dvesha (aversion) as originating from encounters with pain. In his commentary, Vyasa explains that aversion manifests as resistance, anger, frustration, or resentment toward anything associated with past painful experiences. Aversion is also closely related to attachment, as both are rooted in past experiences.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bryant |first=Edwin F. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/243544645 |title=The Yoga sūtras of Patañjali: a new edition, translation, and commentary with insights from the traditional commentators |last2=Patañjali |date=2009 |publisher=North Point Press |isbn=978-0-86547-736-0 |edition=1st |location=New York |pages=190 |oclc=243544645}}</ref>
==See also== * Advesha * Kleshas (Buddhism) * Mental factors (Buddhism) * Taṇhā
==References== {{reflist}}
==Sources== * Bhikkhu Bodhi (2003), ''A Comprehensive Manual of Abhidhamma'', Pariyatti Publishing * Goleman, Daniel (2008). ''Destructive Emotions: A Scientific Dialogue with the Dalai Lama''. Bantam. Kindle Edition. * Geshe Tashi Tsering (2006). ''Buddhist Psychology: The Foundation of Buddhist Thought''. Perseus Books Group. Kindle Edition.
{{Buddhism topics}} Category:Unwholesome factors in Buddhism Category:Sanskrit words and phrases Category:Hindu philosophical concepts Category:Buddhist philosophical concepts