{{Short description|Dam in Sulaymaniyah Governorate, Kurdistan Region}} {{Infobox dam | name =Dukan (Dokan) Dam | image =Dukan Dam.jpg | image_caption = | name_official = | location_map = Iraq | location_map_size = | location_map_caption = | coordinates = {{coord|35|57|15|N|44|57|10|E|type:landmark|display=inline,title}} | dam_crosses = Little Zab | status = O | spillway_count = 2 | spillway_type = Service: Tunnel<br>Emergency: Bell-mouth | spillway_capacity = Service: {{Convert|2450|m3/s|ft3/s|0|abbr=on}}<br>Emergency: {{Convert|1860|m3/s|ft3/s|0|abbr=on}} | res_name = Lake Dukan | res_capacity_total = {{Convert|6970000000|m3|acre.ft|0|abbr=on}}<ref name=worldbank>{{cite web|title=Dokan and Derbendikhan Dam Inspections|url=http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2007/01/24/000020953_20070124135558/Original/E15370Dokan0an1am0Inspection0Report.doc|publisher=World Bank|access-date=27 February 2012|date=31 July 2006}}</ref> | res_capacity_active = {{Convert|6100000000|m3|acre.ft|0|abbr=on}} | res_capacity_inactive= {{Convert|790000000|m3|acre.ft|0|abbr=on}} | res_catchment = {{Convert|11690|km2|mi2|0|abbr=on}} | res_surface = {{Convert|270|km2|mi2|0|abbr=on}} | res_elevation = {{Convert|511|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} | res_max_depth = | res_max_length = | res_max_width = | plant_hydraulic_head = {{Convert|95|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} (rated) | location = As Sulaymaniyah Governorate, Kurdistan Region | operator = Ministry of Water Resources | dam_length = {{convert|360|m|abbr=on}} | dam_height = {{convert|116.5|m|abbr=on}} | dam_width_crest = {{convert|6.2|m|abbr=on}} | dam_width_base = {{convert|34.3|m|abbr=on}} | dam_volume = {{convert|370000|m3|cuyd|abbr=on}} | dam_elevation_crest = {{convert|516|m|abbr=on}} | dam_type = Cylindrical arch | construction_began = 1954 | opening = 1959 | cost = | plant_turbines = 5 x 80 MW Francis-type<ref>{{cite web|title=Iraqi Dam Assessments |url=http://www.envirozan.info/EZ_Docs/Dams/D_Iraqi%20Dam%20Assessments.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924001422/http://www.envirozan.info/EZ_Docs/Dams/D_Iraqi%20Dam%20Assessments.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 September 2015 |publisher=United States Army, Corps of Engineers |access-date=27 February 2012 |location=Iraq |date=6 June 2003 }}</ref> | plant_capacity = 400 MW | plant_commission =1979 | extra = }} The '''Dukan Dam''' (Sorani Kurdish: بەنداوی دووکان Arabic: سد دوكان) is a multi-purpose concrete arch dam in As Sulaymaniyah Governorate, Kurdistan Region of Iraq. It impounds the Little Zab, thereby creating Lake Dukan. The Dukan Dam was built between 1954 and 1959 whereas its power station became fully operational in 1979. The dam is {{convert|360|m}} long and {{convert|116.5|m}} high and its hydroelectric power station has a maximum capacity of 400 MW.
==Project history== thumb|180px|left| Emergency bell mouth spillway The Dukan Dam was built between 1954 and 1959 as a multi-purpose dam to provide water storage, irrigation and hydroelectricity.<ref name=kliot>{{cite book |title=Water Resources and Conflict in the Middle East |last=Kliot |first=Nurit |year=1994 |publisher=Routledge |location=Milton Park |isbn=0-415-09752-5 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/waterresourcesco00klio }}</ref> The design for the dam was carried out by the British engineering company Binnie & Partners<ref name=finkostrishnov>{{cite journal |last1=Fink |first1=A.K. |last2=Ostrizhnov |first2=I.D. |year=1984 |title=Dokan hydroelectric station in Iraq |journal=Power Technology and Engineering |volume=17 |issue=10 |pages=519–522 |doi=10.1007/BF01425181 |s2cid=109889149 }}</ref> (with Partner and third generation Binnie engineer Geoffrey Binnie the key engineer).<ref name="Muir Wood">{{cite book|last=Muir Wood|first=Sir Alan|title=Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society: Geoffrey Morse Binnie (13 November 1908 - 5 April 1989)|year=1990|publisher=Royal Society|location=London|pages=45–57}}</ref> Additional structural analysis was done for Binnie by his friends at Imperial College, Professor Pippard and Letitia Chitty, who "developed a stress analysis technique using relaxation methods and a rubber model to verify the design form."<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Carlyle|first=Bill|date=2008|title=The Binnie heritage in dam engineering|journal=Dams and Reservoirs|volume=18|issue=3 |pages=121–134|doi=10.1680/dare.2008.18.3.121 |bibcode=2008DamRe..18..121C }}</ref>
Prior to the flooding of Lake Dukan, the area was subjected to archaeological research to investigate as many archaeological sites as possible. An archaeological survey in the Ranya Plain documented some 40 archaeological sites with evidence for occupation ranging from the sixth millennium BCE up to the present. Five of these sites were then excavated: Tell Bazmusian, ed-Dem, Kamarian, Qarashina and Tell Shemshara. The excavations at Tell Bazmusian revealed a temple dating to the second millennium BCE.<ref name="al-soof">{{cite journal |last1=Al-Soof |first1=Behnam Abu |year=1970 |title=Mounds in the Rania Plain and excavations at Tell Bazmusian (1956) |journal=Sumer |volume=26 |pages=65–104 |issn=0081-9271 }}</ref> At Tell Shemshara, an early-sixth millennium BCE village was excavated, as well as an early-second millennium BCE palace with a small archive of clay tablets.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Eidem |first1=Jesper |last2=Læssøe |first2=Jørgen |title=The Shemshara archives 1. The letters|publisher=Kongelige Danske videnskabernes selskab |location=Copenhagen |year=2001 |series=Historisk-Filosofiske Skrifter |volume=23 |isbn=87-7876-245-6 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Mortensen |first=Peder |title=Tell Shimshara. The Hassuna period |publisher=Kongelige Danske videnskabernes selskab |location=Copenhagen |year=1970 |series=Historisk-Filosofiske Skrifter |volume=5, 2 |oclc=562453801 }}</ref> The inhabitants of some 50 villages in the flooded area, around 1,000–1,200 families, were resettled to the west of the lake.<ref name="juwaideh">{{cite book |last1=Jwaideh |first1=Albertine |editor1-first=Reeva S. |editor1-last=Simon |editor2-first=Philip |editor2-last=Mattar |editor3-first=Richard W. |editor3-last=Bulliet |title=Encyclopedia of the modern Middle East |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofmo04simo |url-access=registration |year=1996 |publisher=Macmillan Reference |location=New York |isbn=0-02-896011-4 |pages=587–588 |chapter=Dukan Dam }}</ref> The power station was designed in 1973 by the Russian company Hydroproject and became operational in 1979.
In 1990 the dam was used to house a group of 'human shield' hostages. They were held initially at the guest lodge nearby, thereafter in the offices adjacent to the cafeteria inside the dam and later inside prefabricated huts on the top of the dam. The intention was to deter coalition air strikes in the upcoming 1991 Gulf war. They were released in December 1990 and returned home.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Baker |first1=Nick |last2=Bullock |first2=Chris |title=How a 'human shield' hostage and his reluctant captor became friends |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-10-06/how-a-human-shield-hostage-reluctant-iraq-captor-friends/100500980 |access-date=3 July 2023 |work=ABC News |date=5 October 2021 |language=en-AU}}</ref>
Due to lack of maintenance and repairs, the power station has underperformed and is now, after 30 years of service, due for replacement.<ref name="finkostrishnov" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Dokan and Derbandikhan Emergency Hydro Power Project |publisher=www.krg.org |year=2006 |url=http://www.krg.org/pdf/WBPID_HydroPower.pdf |access-date=11 February 2011 |archive-date=6 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606031855/http://www.krg.org/pdf/WBPID_HydroPower.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2007, the World Bank began a US$40 million project to repair the Dokan and Darbandikhan Dams. Repairs to the Dokan Dam are expected to cost over $8 million and be complete in late 2012.<ref>{{cite web|title=Dokan and Derbandikhan Emergency Hydro Power Project|url=http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/MNA/2011/10/25/E3A61D15A0AD3B3A85257934007789CC/1_0/Rendered/PDF/P0990590ISR0Di025201101319579140467.pdf|work=Implementation Status & Result|publisher=World Bank|access-date=27 February 2012}}</ref>
==Characteristics of the dam== thumb|left|Newly installed Italian made control unit for turbine 1 installed 2010 The Dukan Dam is a multi-purpose concrete arch dam abutted by gravity monoliths. It is {{convert|360|m}} long and {{convert|116.5|m}} high. At its base it is {{convert|32.5|m}} wide, tapering off to {{convert|6.2|m}} at the top.<ref name=juwaideh/><ref name=iraqiministries>{{cite book |author=Iraqi Ministries of Environment, Water Resources and Municipalities and Public Works |chapter=Annex III: Main water control structures (dams and water diversions) and reservoirs |title=New Eden Master Plan for integrated water resources management in the marshlands areas |publisher=New Eden Group |year=2006 }}</ref> The combined maximum discharge of the dam is {{convert|4300|m3}} per second. This is divided over a spillway tunnel with three radial gates having a combined maximum discharge of {{convert|2440|m3}} per second, and an emergency bell mouth spillway with a capacity of {{convert|1860|m3}} per second. Two irrigation outlets with a combined discharge of {{convert|220|m3}} per second have not been operated over the last ten years. The powerhouse of five Francis units at 80 MW each releases between {{convert|110|and|550|m3}} per second.<ref name=iraqiministries/> Lake Dukan, the reservoir created by the Dukan Dam, has a surface area of {{convert|270|km2}}. Its anticipated capacity is {{convert|6.8|km3}} with a maximum of {{convert|8.3|km3}}.<ref name=juwaideh/>
==See also== {{stack|{{Portal|Iraq|Water|Renewable energy}}}} *List of dams and reservoirs in Iraq
==References== {{Commons category|Dukan Dam}} {{reflist}}
Category:Dams in Iraq Category:Dams on the Little Zab River Category:Hydroelectric power stations in Iraq Category:Arch dams Category:Sulaymaniyah Governorate Category:Dams completed in 1959 Category:1959 establishments in Iraq Category:Energy infrastructure completed in 1979 Category:Iraq–Soviet Union relations Category:Soviet foreign aid