{{short description|Jamaican drug lord}} {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}} {{Use British English|date=March 2012}} {{Infobox criminal | name = Christopher Coke | image = Christopher Coke.jpg | birth_name = Christopher Michael Coke | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1969|3|13}} | birth_place = Tivoli Gardens, Kingston, Jamaica | education = Ardenne High School | occupation = Head of the Shower Posse | conviction_status = Serving a 23-year sentence at the Federal Correctional Institution, Fort Dix | other_names = Dudus, Paul Christopher Scott, Presi, President, General, Shortman, Omar Clark<ref name=gleaner>{{cite news|title=Who is 'Dudus'?|url=http://jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20100524/lead/lead4.html|newspaper=The Jamaica Gleaner|date=24 May 2010}}</ref> }} '''Christopher Michael Coke''' (born 13 March 1969<ref name=gleaner/>), also known as '''Dudus''',<ref name=nyr>{{Citation | last = Schwartz| first = Mattathias | title = A Massacre in Jamaica | newspaper = The New Yorker | pages = 62–71 | date = 12 December 2011 | url = http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2011/12/12/111212fa_fact_schwartz | access-date = 2011-12-26}}</ref> is a convicted Jamaican drug lord and the leader of the Shower Posse, a violent drug gang started by his father Lester Coke in Jamaica, which exported "large quantities"<ref name="Goldstein">{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/01/nyregion/christopher-coke-pleads-guilty-in-new-york.html | work=The New York Times | first=Joseph | last=Goldstein | title=Christopher Coke Pleads Guilty in New York | date=31 August 2011}}</ref> of marijuana and cocaine into the United States.
Due to their father's drug profits, Christopher and his siblings grew up amidst wealth and attended elite private schools. His sister and brother were killed in drug-related violence, in 1987 and 2004, respectively. Coke was gradually brought into his father's organization.
After his father died in 1992, Coke, at the age of 23, became the leader of the gang and the ''de facto'' authority of the Tivoli Gardens community in West Kingston. He developed community programs to help the poor and had so much local support that Jamaican police were unable to enter this neighborhood without community consent.<ref name=nyr/>
Coke was arrested on drug charges and extradited to the United States in 2010. His arrest had provoked violence among Coke's supporters in West Kingston.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2010-06-22 |title=Jamaican 'drug lord' Christopher 'Dudus' Coke arrested |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/10386028 |access-date=2024-06-17 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dudus: Christopher Coke Captured in Jamaica |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Blotter/dudus-christopher-coke-captured-jamaica/story?id=10765424 |access-date=2024-06-17 |website=ABC News |language=en}}</ref> In 2011, Coke pleaded guilty to federal racketeering charges in connection with drug trafficking and assault.<ref>{{Cite news |last=McGreal |first=Chris |date=2011-09-01 |title=Christopher 'Dudus' Coke tells US court: 'I'm pleading guilty because I am' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/sep/01/christopher-dudus-coke-us-court |access-date=2024-06-17 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> On 8 June 2012, he was sentenced by the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York to 23 years in federal prison.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Debucquoy-Dodley |first=Dominique |date=2012-06-08 |title=Jamaican drug lord sentenced to 23 years |url=https://www.cnn.com/2012/06/08/world/americas/jamaica-drug-lord-sentenced/index.html |access-date=2024-06-17 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Weiser |first=Benjamin |date=2012-06-08 |title=Jamaican Drug Lord Gets Maximum Term |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/09/nyregion/christopher-coke-jamaican-drug-lord-is-sentenced.html |access-date=2024-06-17 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
==Early life== Christopher Michael Coke was born in Kingston, Jamaica in 1969, the youngest son of Lester Lloyd Coke and Patricia Halliburton. He had an older sister and brother.
His father Lester Coke, who was also known as "Jim Brown", was the founder of a violent drug gang called the Shower Posse. Together with the gang's co-founder Vivian Blake, Lester Coke oversaw the distribution of huge amounts of cocaine and marijuana throughout Jamaica and the United States; they were blamed for more than 1000 murders in both countries during the late 1980s and early 1990s.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10146172 | work=BBC News | title=Profile: Christopher 'Dudus' Coke | date=31 August 2011}}</ref>
The gang ruled the Tivoli Gardens neighborhood of West Kingston, where the Coke family lived. Although the area had a history of extreme poverty, Coke earned immense wealth from the gang's profits and his family lived in luxury. Christopher Coke and his siblings attended school with children of the country's political elite,<ref name="prison fire" /> in Coke's case, Ardenne High School.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reid |first=Tyrone |date=6 June 2010 |title=From Math Whiz to Wanted |url=https://jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20100606/lead/lead2.html |access-date=23 November 2025 |website=The Gleaner |language=en}}</ref> The family suffered from the violence associated with the competition of the drug trade and their father's activities. Coke's sister was fatally shot in 1987. Coke's brother was killed in 2004.<ref name="prison fire"/>
The United States Department of Justice indicted Lester Coke and other key members of the gang, including Vivian Blake, on drug trafficking and murder charges in 1990. Jamaican authorities arrested them. Two years after his arrest, the senior Coke died in a mysterious fire at the General Penitentiary in Kingston, where he was being held pending extradition proceedings.<ref name="prison fire">{{cite news|title=The Cokes Then and Now|url=http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/news/159042_The-Cokes-then-and-now|newspaper=The Jamaica Observer|date=6 September 2009|access-date=23 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150220043352/http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/news/159042_The-Cokes-then-and-now|archive-date=20 February 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>
==Rise to power== Christopher Coke had been incorporated into his father's trusted assistants. He effectively began to rule the gang at the age of 23, after his father died. He also developed himself as a community leader in Tivoli Gardens. He distributed money to the area's poor, created employment, and set up community centers to help the children and others.<ref name=extradite>[http://english.aljazeera.net/programmes/general/2010/06/20106301398204868.html "Extraditing Coke"], ''Al Jazeera'', 30 June 2010.</ref> He gained widespread support in the community, to the extent that Jamaican police had to seek permission from his organization before entering the neighborhood.<ref name=nyr/>
=={{Anchor|United States requests extradition}}Extradition request and violence== {{Main|2010 Kingston unrest}}
In 2009 the United States first asked the Jamaican government for the extradition of Coke on drug trafficking charges.<ref name="Tension">{{cite news|title=Tension in Tivoli as US awaits word on Dudus's extradition|url=http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/news/158840_Tension-in-Tivoli-as-US-awaits-word-on-Dudus-s-extradition|newspaper=The Jamaica Observer|date=3 September 2009|access-date=23 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150220044151/http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/news/158840_Tension-in-Tivoli-as-US-awaits-word-on-Dudus-s-extradition|archive-date=20 February 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=EDITORIAL - This is not Somalia, we hope|url=http://www.jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20090906/cleisure/cleisure1.html|newspaper=The Jamaica Gleaner|date=6 September 2009|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090909053744/http://www.jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20090906/cleisure/cleisure1.html|archivedate=9 September 2009}}</ref>
Bruce Golding, the prime minister of Jamaica and leader of the Jamaica Labour Party, initially refused to extradite Coke. He claimed that the US had used warrantless wiretapping to gather evidence on Coke.<ref>{{cite news | title =Golding's Sternest Political Test | newspaper =The Jamaica Observer | date =15 March 2010 | url =http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/news/Dudus-Blow-by-Blow_7487253 | access-date =5 August 2012 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20131021222723/http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/news/Dudus-Blow-by-Blow_7487253 | archive-date =21 October 2013 | url-status =dead}}</ref> Eavesdropping evidence precipitated the US call for extradition.<ref name=nyr/> On 17 May 2010, Golding relented and the government issued a warrant for Coke's arrest.<ref>{{cite news |title=Prime Minister Shifts on Approving an Extradition |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/18/world/americas/18briefs-Jamaica.html |agency=Associated Press|newspaper=The New York Times |date=17 May 2010 |access-date=25 May 2010}}</ref>
The Senator Tom Tavares-Finson withdrew as Coke's attorney on 18 May 2010 "in order to avoid conflict of interest."<ref>{{cite news|title=Tavares-Finson withdraws as arrest warrant out for 'Dudus' |newspaper=The Daily Herald |date=19 May 2010 |url=http://www.thedailyherald.com/regional/2-news/3745-tavares-finson-withdraws-as-arrest-warrant-out-for-dudus.html |access-date=25 May 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100525113734/http://www.thedailyherald.com/regional/2-news/3745-tavares-finson-withdraws-as-arrest-warrant-out-for-dudus.html |archivedate=25 May 2010 }}</ref>
Following this news, Coke's supporters began protesting and arming themselves. In late May 2010, the national government placed Kingston under a state of emergency after a series of shootings and firebombings within the city.<ref>{{cite news |title=Jamaica Declares State of Emergency |url=https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2010/05/23/world/americas/international-us-jamaica-emergency.html?_r=1&hp|agency=Reuters |newspaper=The New York Times |date=23 May 2010 |access-date=25 May 2010}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=RjwilmsiBot}}</ref> On 24 May 2010, military and police forces launched a large-scale operation in Kingston to arrest Coke.<ref>{{cite news |title=Jamaica police storm stronghold of alleged drugs lord |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10148973 |newspaper=BBC News |date=25 May 2010 |access-date=25 May 2010}}</ref> By 27 May, at least 73 people had been killed in clashes between Jamaican security forces and gunmen in West Kingston, primarily in the neighbourhood of Tivoli Gardens.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE64Q6BP20100527 "Toll from crackdown on Jamaica slum climbs to 73"] Reuters, 27 May 2010.</ref> This casualty toll has climbed to a confirmed number of 76 dead victims.<ref>[http://www.cnn.com/2010/CRIME/06/25/us.jamaica.drug.suspect/index.html?eref=igoogle_cnn "Alleged Jamaican Drug Kingpin Pleads Not Guilty"], CNN, 25 June 2010.</ref> Mattathias Schwartz, writing for ''The New Yorker'', reported the death toll at 74, including one soldier.{{citation needed|date=April 2014}}
In 2013, the Government of Jamaica announced it would set up a Commission of Inquiry to investigate and report on the operation: the commission, informally known as the Tivoli Inquiry, first sat in December 2014. It is chaired by Barbados judge Sir David Simmons with Justice Hazel Harris, Professor Anthony Harriott<ref>{{cite news|last1=Henry|first1=Paul|title=Tivoli enquiry opens today|url=http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/news/Tivoli-enquiry-opens-today|work=Jamaica Observer|date=1 December 2014}}</ref> and Velma Hylton QC.<ref>{{cite news|title=Commissioners appointed|url=http://jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20140225/lead/lead4.html|work=Jamaica Gleaner}}</ref>
==Capture== Coke was detained during a routine roadblock while trying to reach the US Embassy in Kingston for surrender. He attempted to disguise himself as a woman, wearing a woman's wig and possessing a second one and a pair of women's sunglasses; however, the security forces recognized him through his disguise.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jun/23/christopher-dudus-coke-kingston |title=Jamaica appeals for calm after surrender of Christopher 'Dudus' Coke |newspaper=The Guardian |date=23 June 2010 |access-date=24 June 2010 |first=Rory |last=Caroll | location=London}}</ref> Reverend Al Miller, an influential evangelical priest, was also detained while trying to facilitate the surrender. Miller told police Coke feared for his life if he surrendered directly to the police, and was asked for aid by Coke. Miller had previously facilitated the surrender of Coke's brother one month earlier.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5gcTK9ZIIzg8wiSiMWaDiN58pBH_AD9GH7E280 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100627002152/http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5gcTK9ZIIzg8wiSiMWaDiN58pBH_AD9GH7E280 |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 June 2010 |title=Jamaican kingpin's reign comes to a quiet end |date=23 June 2010 |access-date=24 June 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/news/Al-Miller-turns-himself-in |title=Al Miller turns himself in |first=Karyl |last=Walker |newspaper=Jamaica Observer |date=23 June 2010 |access-date=24 June 2010 |archive-date=21 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021135443/http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/news/Al-Miller-turns-himself-in |url-status=dead }}</ref>
Fearing for his safety, Coke voluntarily waived his right to an extradition trial so that he could be taken to the US to be tried. Coke's father had died in 1992 in a mysterious prison fire while awaiting an extradition trial in Jamaica.<ref name="prison fire" /> Coke was held under heavy guard while awaiting extradition, as the police feared an attack by his supporters.<ref>[http://english.aljazeera.net/news/americas/2010/06/201062420255879520.html "Jamaica 'drug lord' arrives in US"], ''Al Jazeera'', Accessed 25 June 2010</ref>
Coke said that his decision to surrender and face charges was based on a desire to end the drug-related violence in Jamaica,<ref name=aljazeera1>{{cite news |url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/americas/2010/06/2010625183920605809.html |title='Drug lord' pleads not guilty in US. |date=25 June 2010 |access-date=25 June 2010}}</ref> to which he'd lost his sister, brother and father. He said:
<blockquote> "I take this decision for I now believe it to be in the best interest of my family, the community of western Kingston and in particular the people of Tivoli Gardens and above all Jamaica."<ref name=aljazeera1/> </blockquote>
==US Federal court proceedings== Coke was held at the federal New York City Metropolitan Correctional Center during the court proceedings.<ref>[http://www.bop.gov/iloc2/InmateFinderServlet?Transaction=IDSearch&needingMoreList=false&IDType=IRN&IDNumber=02257-748&x=81&y=16 "Christopher Coke"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406200151/http://www.bop.gov/iloc2/InmateFinderServlet?Transaction=IDSearch&needingMoreList=false&IDType=IRN&IDNumber=02257-748&x=81&y=16 |date=6 April 2020 }}, Bureau of Prisons</ref> Coke initially pleaded not guilty to federal drug trafficking and weapons trafficking charges in May 2011.<ref name=aljazeera1/><ref>[https://www.voanews.com/a/alleged-jamaican-drug-lord-coke-extradited-to-us-97103654/163944.html "Alleged Jamaican drug lord Coke extradited to US"], ''Voice of America News'', 24 June 2010</ref> On 30 August 2011, he pleaded guilty in front of Judge Robert P. Patterson, Jr. of United States District Court for the Southern District of New York to the following charges: racketeering conspiracy for trafficking large quantities of marijuana and cocaine into the United States, and conspiracy to commit assault in aid of racketeering, for his approval of the stabbing attack of a marijuana dealer in New York City.<ref name="Goldstein"/>
Initially scheduled for 8 December 2011, Judge Patterson postponed Coke's sentencing several times to provide time for Coke's defense attorneys and federal prosecutors to obtain information supporting their arguments as to the sentence.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-crime-jamaica-idUSBRE82F19F20120316 | work=Reuters | title=Jamaican drug lord 'Dudus' obtains sentencing delay | date=16 March 2012}}</ref> Defense attorneys cited members of Coke's family and other supporters, who portrayed him as a benevolent, philanthropic, and well-mannered individual. By contrast, federal prosecutors presented documents depicting Coke as willing to commit brutal acts of violence to support his drug empire, and implicating him in at least five murders. In one, he allegedly dismembered the victim with a chainsaw<ref>{{cite news|title=Page 105 power saw Transcript of Christopher Michael Coke|url=http://www.olintja.com/docs/coketranscript/transcript_of_Christopher_Michael_Coke.aspx|newspaper=OlintJA|date=22–23 May 2012|access-date=14 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120821022251/http://www.olintja.com/docs/coketranscript/transcript_of_Christopher_Michael_Coke.aspx|archive-date=21 August 2012|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> for stealing drugs from him. The Jamaican government provided evidence derived from wiretapping Coke's cellphone prior to his arrest; it had recorded at least 50,000 conversations dating back to 2004.<ref>"Golding's sternest political test"], ''Jamaica Observer,'' 15 March 2010</ref><ref>[http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/news/Dudus-Blow-by-Blow_7487253 2 February 2007 "Jamaican Gov't seeks to have Coke's phone tapped"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021222723/http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/news/Dudus-Blow-by-Blow_7487253 |date=21 October 2013 }}, ''Jamaica Observer'', 2 February 2007</ref><ref>[http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/news/Cop-who-tapped-Dudus--phone-broke-no-law---Lewin#ixzz1hl0n9XtU Lewin, "Cop who tapped Dudus' phone broke no law"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120421012902/http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/news/Cop-who-tapped-Dudus--phone-broke-no-law---Lewin#ixzz1hl0n9XtU |date=21 April 2012 }}, ''Jamaica Observer'', 21 May 2010</ref><ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/01/nyregion/christopher-coke-pleads-guilty-in-new-york.html?ref=christophercoke "Christopher Coke Pleads Guilty in New York"], ''The New York Times,'' 31 August 2011</ref> On 8 June 2012 Coke was sentenced to 23 years in prison.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/jun/08/christopher-dudus-coke-jail-term | work=The Guardian | title=Christopher 'Dudus' Coke handed 23-year US jail term for drug trafficking | date=8 June 2012}}</ref> He is now held at the Federal Correctional Institution, Fort Dix in Fort Dix, New Jersey with a release date of January 29th, 2028.<ref>[http://jamaica-gleaner.com/article/lead-stories/20170511/no-locks-no-bars-dudus-moved-low-security-prison "No Locks, No Bars - 'Dudus' Moved To Low-Security Prison"], ''Jamaica Gleaner'', 11 May 2017</ref> He has a register number of 02257-748.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.bop.gov/inmateloc/ | title=Inmate Locator }}</ref>
== See also ==<!-- PLEASE RESPECT ALPHABETICAL ORDER --> {{Portal|Jamaica|Biography}} * Willie Haggart * Ranking Dread * Claude Massop
==References== {{Reflist|30em}}
==External links== *[http://amlawdaily.typepad.com/files/coke-christopher-michael-s15-indictment-1.pdf "Indictment of Christopher Coke"], American Law Daily blog *[https://web.archive.org/web/20120821022251/http://www.olintja.com/docs/coketranscript/transcript_of_Christopher_Michael_Coke.aspx "''USA vs Christopher Michael Coke'' (1:07-cr-00971-RPP), May 22-23, 2012"], Trial transcript *[https://nationalpost.com/posted-toronto/police-raids-reveal-links-to-powerful-jamaican-shower-posse-gang Mary Vallis, "Police raids reveal links to powerful Jamaican Shower Posse gang"], ''The National Post,'' 4 May 2010. *[https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/crime/article/813755 Denise Balkissoon, "Deadly Shower Posse gang has deep ties to Toronto"], ''The Toronto Star,'' 25 May 2010 *[http://www.democracynow.org/2010/5/28/as_jamaican_toll_rises "Critics: Rising Jamaican Death Toll Rooted in So-Called 'War on Drugs'"], ''Democracy Now!'' video report, 28 May 2010
{{DEFAULTSORT:Coke, Christopher}} Category:1969 births Category:Fugitives wanted by Jamaica Category:Jamaican drug traffickers Category:Jamaican crime bosses Category:Living people Category:People extradited from Jamaica Category:People extradited to the United States Category:Jamaican people imprisoned in the United States Category:People from Kingston, Jamaica Category:Prisoners and detainees of the United States federal government Category:Shower Posse Category:Yardies