{{About|the peninsula in South Australia|the associated cadastral unit|Hundred of Dudley}} {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2016}} {{Use Australian English|date= December 2015}}
{{Infobox Australian place | type = other | name = Dudley Peninsula | state = SA | image = Australia kangaroo island cape willoughby.jpg | caption = Cape Willoughby Lightstation. Cape Willoughby, Kangaroo Island | pop = 595 | pop_year = {{CensusAU|2011}} | pop_footnotes=<ref name="ABS01" /><ref name="ABS02" /> | coordinates = {{coord|35|47|50|S|137|55|21|E|display=inline,title}} | coord_ref = <ref name=LMV>{{cite web|title=Search result for "Dudley Peninsula, PEN" with the following layers selected - "NPW and Conservation Properties", "Hundreds", "Gazetteer" and "Roads" |url= http://location.sa.gov.au/viewer/?map=roads&x=137.94766&y=-35.82196&z=12&uids=41,8,105,136&pinx=137.953560&piny=-35.814497&pinTitle=Location&pinText=Dudley+Peninsula,+Pen |work=Location SA Map Viewer | publisher= Government of South Australia |access-date =31 December 2018}}</ref> | maxtemp = 18.1 | mintemp = 12.8 | rainfall = 537.3 | footnotes = Climate data<ref>{{cite web|title=Summary (climate) statistics CAPE WILLOUGHBY|url=http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_022803.shtml |publisher=[[Commonwealth of Australia]], [[Bureau of Meteorology]]|access-date=16 November 2015}}</ref> }}
'''Dudley Peninsula''' (known as '''Presquila Gallissoniere''' and as the '''MacDonnell Peninsula''' from 1857 to 1986) is the [[peninsula]] forming the eastern end of [[Kangaroo Island]] in the Australian state of [[South Australia]]. It was inhabited by [[Aboriginal Australians]] as recently as 3,100 years [[Before Present|BP]] but was found to be unoccupied by the first European explorers to visit it in the early 19th century. It was first settled by Europeans as early as the 1830s. As of 2011, it had a population of 595 people.
==Extent== Dudley Peninsula is the eastern end of Kangaroo Island. It is connected to the main body of the island via an [[isthmus]] which itself forms the southern side of [[Pelican Lagoon]]. The peninsula is bounded to the west by Pelican Lagoon, American River and [[Eastern Cove (South Australia)|Eastern Cove]] all within [[Nepean Bay]], to the north-east by [[Backstairs Passage]] from [[Kangaroo Head]] in the west to [[Cape Willoughby]] in the east and to the south by the body of water known in Australia as the [[Southern Ocean]] and by international authorities as the [[Great Australian Bight]].<ref name=DMHchart11 >DMH, 1985, chart 11</ref><ref name=BIA184>BIA, 2005, page 184</ref><ref name=iho>{{cite web|url=https://iho.int/uploads/user/pubs/standards/s-23/S-23_Ed3_1953_EN.pdf|type=PDF|title=Limits of Oceans and Seas|edition=3rd|year=1953|publisher=International Hydrographic Organization|access-date=29 December 2020}}</ref> [[File:Kangaroo Island with burn scars, Dec 2007.jpg|thumb|Dudley Peninsula is at the right hand side of the image]]
==Naming== The first reported European name for the Dudley Peninsula is "Presquila Gallissoniere" which was given by the [[Baudin expedition to Australia|Baudin Expedition]].<ref>DPTI, Search result for Presquila Gallissoniere (record no. SA0025371), 2015</ref> In 1857, it was named the "MacDonnell Peninsula" by [[William Bloomfield Douglas]] after [[Richard Graves MacDonnell]], the sixth [[governor of South Australia]].<ref>DPTI, Search result for MacDonnell Peninsula (record no. SA0041824), 2015</ref> On 20 March 1986, it was renamed as the "Dudley Peninsula" to be "in keeping with local usage."<ref name=LMV/><ref name="SAGG-1986">{{cite web |last1=Abbott |first1=R.K. |title=GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES ACT, 1969-1982 |url=http://www8.austlii.edu.au/au/other/sa_gazette/1986/20/594.pdf |website=The South Australian Government Gazette |publisher=Government of South Australia |access-date=30 December 2018 |page=594 |date=20 March 1986 |quote="the Geographical Names Board has recommended that the name MacDonnell Peninsula be changed to Dudley Peninsula"}}</ref>
==History==
===Aboriginal use=== The archaeological record indicates that Kangaroo Island was inhabited by Aboriginal Australians as early as 16,110 years BP. European explorers visiting in the early 19th century found no evidence of human occupation as evident by lack of smoke from fires which was common along the Australian coastline at the time, overgrown vegetation that had not been managed by "firestick farming" and animals such as seals and kangaroos "appeared unused to human presence". Aboriginal sites have been identified by the [[South Australian Museum]] and others on the Dudley Peninsula. As of 1999, [[radiocarbon dating]] of material recovered via archaeological excavation from a site called Pigs Waterhole on the peninsula suggest aboriginal presence in the eastern end of Kangaroo Island as recently as 3,100 years BP.<ref>Robinson et al., 1999, pages 33 -36</ref>
===European discovery and settlement=== [[File:Frenchman's Rock Penneshaw 1803.jpg|thumb|right|Memorial rock marking the place where Baudin came ashore at [[Penneshaw]] on Kangaroo Island in 1803]] Dudley Peninsula was first visited by European navigators in 1802 when the British navigator, [[Matthew Flinders]], explored its north coast during March 1802. After meeting Flinders at [[Encounter Bay]] in April 1802, the [[Baudin expedition to Australia|Baudin expedition]] visited the peninsula's north coast later in April 1802 and explored its south coast during January 1803.<ref name=Robinson49>Robinson et al, 1989–90, page 49</ref><ref>Marsden, 1991, pages 2–3</ref><ref>Robinson et al., 1996, pages 116 & 119</ref> Formal settlement commenced in 1836 with a fleet under the control of the [[South Australian Company]] arriving at what is now [[Kingscote, South Australia|Kingscote]] further west on Kangaroo Island. Some of the people who had been living on that part of Kangaroo Island prior to 1836 moved to the peninsula to avoid being within the jurisdiction of the South Australian Company and thereby making it "most prosperous part of the island and the scene of its first significant agricultural and pastoral development."<ref name= Robinson49/><ref>Marsden, 1991, page 8</ref> The full extent of Kangaroo Island was gazetted on 13 August 1874 as the [[Cadastral divisions of South Australia|cadastral division]] known as the [[County of Carnarvon (South Australia)|County of Carnarvon]] simultaneously with the creation of another cadastral division, the [[Hundred of Dudley]], which covers the full extent of what is now the Dudley Peninsula.<ref>{{cite web |last1= Blyth |first1= Arthur |title= untitled proclamations re the Hundred of Dudley and the County of Carnarvon |website= The South Australian Government Gazette |url= http://www3.austlii.edu.au/au/other/sa_gazette/1874/33.pdf |publisher= Government of South Australia |date= 13 August 1874 |access-date= 15 November 2015 |pages= 1577–78 |via= [[AustLII]] |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150506184538/http://www5.austlii.edu.au/au/other/sa_gazette/1874/33.pdf |archive-date= 6 May 2015 |url-status= dead }}</ref><ref name=Marsdsen10-11/> In 1875, land in the Hundred of Dudley near the north coast of the peninsula was surveyed and given freehold title in response for the demand for agricultural land.<ref name=Marsdsen10-11>Marsden, 1991, pages 10–11</ref> The town of [[Penneshaw, South Australia|Penneshaw]] was proclaimed on 12 January 1882. On 7 June 1888, the local government area of the [[District Council of Dudley]] was established. This was subsequently merged in 1996 with the [[District Council of Kingscote]] to create the [[Kangaroo Island Council]].<ref name=Marsdsen10-11/><ref>{{cite web |last1= Bray |first1= J.C. |title= untitled proclamation re the Town of Penneshaw |website= The South Australian Government Gazette |url= http://www3.austlii.edu.au/au/other/sa_gazette/1882/2.pdf |publisher= Government of South Australia |date= 12 January 1882 |access-date= 15 November 2015 |pages= 85–86 |via= [[AustLII]] |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150506174345/http://www5.austlii.edu.au/au/other/sa_gazette/1882/2.pdf |archive-date= 6 May 2015 |url-status= dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Ramsay |first1=J.G. |title= Untitled proclamation re the District of Dudley |website=The South Australian Government Gazette |url=https://www8.austlii.edu.au/au/other/sa_gazette/1888/24/1323.pdf |publisher= Government of South Australia |date= 7 June 1888 |access-date=15 November 2015|page=1323|via=[[AustLII]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title= About Council |url= http://www.kangarooisland.sa.gov.au/about |publisher= Kangaroo Island Council |access-date= 2 December 2015 |archive-date= 21 November 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20151121181412/http://www.kangarooisland.sa.gov.au/about |url-status= dead }}</ref>
==Natural geography== <!-- sub-section re "Flora and fauna" to be added when some suitable sources are found -->
===Geomorphology and geology=== The Dudley Peninsula came into existence about 9,500 years BP when Kangaroo Island became separate from what is now [[Fleurieu Peninsula]] due to the rise in sea level following the end of the [[Last glacial period|last ice age]].<ref name=DEP07>DEP, 1987, page 7</ref> The peninsula has a plateau covering its northern half with a maximum height of about {{convert|150|m}} while the southern half has a maximum height in the order of {{convert|100|m}}. Its coastline consists of a cliff-line in the order of {{convert|40|m}} to {{convert|70|m}} in height with the exception of sandy bays such as Nepean Bay in the north-west coast, Antechamber Bay in the north east coast and Pennington Bay on the south-west coast.<ref>{{cite web |title= KINGSCOTE Special 1:250 000 geological map |url= http://www.pir.sa.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0015/71034/MJ47_kingscote_map.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080802124157/http://www.pir.sa.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0015/71034/MJ47_kingscote_map.pdf |url-status= dead |archive-date= 2 August 2008 |publisher= South Australian Government, Geological Survey Branch, PIRSA |date= December 2007 |access-date= 2 December 2015 }}</ref> The peninsula has a [[Basement (geology)|geological basement]] of Tapanappa Formation [[sandstone]]s (from the [[Kanmantoo group|Kanmantoo Group]]) which were laid during the early [[Cambrian| Cambrian period]]. The basement stratum has undergone extensive erosion to create laterite based soil which covers the northern half of the peninsula. The southern half of the peninsula has a Bridgewater Group [[limestone]] which was laid over the basement stratum during the [[Pleistocene]] and which has eroded to form a dune field.<ref name= Henschke01/><ref>Robinson et al., 1989–90, pages 21 & 29</ref>
===Climate=== The Dudley Peninsula has a [[mediterranean climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]] Csb)<ref name=Peel>{{cite journal | author=Peel, M. C. | author2=Finlayson, B. L. | author3=McMahon, T. A. | name-list-style=amp | year=2007 | title= Updated world map of the Köppen–Geiger climate classification | journal=Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. | volume=11 | page=1642 |doi=10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007 | url=http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007.html | issn = 1027-5606| doi-access=free }} ''(direct: [http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007.pdf Final Revised Paper])''</ref> As of 2002, Penneshaw received an annual rainfall of {{convert|509|mm}} and this average is considered to increase to {{convert|600|mm}} at the top of the peninsula's plateau.<ref name= Henschke01>Henschke, 2002, page 1</ref> <!-- Climate requires expansion to discuss matters such as temperature et al. in more detail -->
==Human geography==
===Settlements=== [[human settlements|Settlements]] on the Dudley Peninsula consist of Penneshaw which overlooks Backstairs Passage on the north coast with the following being located on the north west coast overlooking Nepean Bay (from east to west) – [[Baudin Beach, South Australia|Baudin Beach]], [[Island Beach, South Australia|Island Beach]] and [[Sapphiretown, South Australia|Sapphiretown]].<ref>DPTI, 2014, pages 301 & 302</ref>
===Demographics=== At the [[Census in Australia#2011|2011 census]], the Dudley Peninsula had a population of 595 with 276 persons located in Penneshaw and the remaining 319 located on the remainder of the peninsula, being the localities of [[American Beach, South Australia|American Beach]], [[Antechamber Bay, South Australia|Antechamber Bay]], [[Baudin Beach, South Australia|Baudin Beach]], [[Brown Beach, South Australia|Brown Beach]], [[Cuttlefish Bay, South Australia|Cuttlefish Bay]], [[Dudley East, South Australia|Dudley East]], [[Dudley West, South Australia|Dudley West]], [[Ironstone, South Australia|Ironstone]], [[Island Beach, South Australia|Island Beach]], [[Kangaroo Head, South Australia|Kangaroo Head]], [[Pelican Lagoon, South Australia|Pelican Lagoon]], [[Porky Flat, South Australia|Porky Flat]], [[Sapphiretown, South Australia|Sapphiretown]], [[Willoughby, South Australia|Willoughby]] and [[Willson River, South Australia|Willson River]].<ref name="ABS01">{{Census 2011 AUS|id= SSC40565|name=Penneshaw (State Suburb)|accessdate=2015-11-15|quick=on}}</ref><ref name="ABS02">{{Census 2011 AUS|id= SSC40315|name=Island Beach (State Suburb) (sic)|accessdate=2015-11-15|quick=on}}</ref>
===Land use=== As of 1989, most of the northern side of the peninsula above a line from Cape Willoughby in the east to Strawbridge Point at the junction of American River and Eastern Cove in the west had been progressively cleared for agricultural purposes, while the southern side had retained most of its native vegetation. Subsequent clearing of native vegetation on a [[broadacre]] scale ceased in 1990 with the proclamation of the ''Native Vegetation Act 1990''.<ref name=BIA184/><ref>Robinson et al., 1989–90, pages 50 & 52</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Kangaroo Island DBPC Bushfire Risk Management Plan 2009 |url= http://www.kangarooisland.sa.gov.au/page.aspx?u=572&c=2718 |publisher= Kangaroo Island District Bushfire Prevention Committee |date= 29 September 2009 |access-date=15 November 2015}}</ref> As of 2014, majority of the land on the Dudley Peninsula has been zoned by law for agricultural use (i.e. "primary production") followed by [[conservation (ethic)|conservation]] including most of the coastal perimeter with exception to some parts of the Nepean Bay coastline and by residential use.<ref>DPTI, 2014, pages 300, 305 & 309</ref>
===Transport===
====Roads==== The peninsula is served by a road network extending from both Penneshaw on its northern coast and from Hog Bay Road, a road maintained by the [[South Australian Government]]. Hog Bay Road which follows the peninsula's north-western coastline connects Penneshaw and the settlements overlooking Nepean Bay with the town of [[Kingscote, South Australia|Kingscote]] and the rest of Kangaroo Island.<ref>{{cite web|title= Kangaroo Island Council Rural Roads – Rack Plan 946 |url=http://www.sa.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/36507/Kangaroo-Island-Rack-Plan.pdf |publisher= Department of Planning Transport and Infrastructure (DPTI) |date= December 2014 |access-date=10 September 2016}}</ref>
====Sea==== As of 2014, port infrastructure at Penneshaw was being used by [[Kangaroo Island SeaLink]] who operates the ferry service between Penneshaw and [[Cape Jervis (headland)|Cape Jervis]] on the South Australian mainland.<ref>{{cite web|title= Getting You to iconic Kangaroo Island|url= http://www.sealink.com.au/kangaroo-island-ferry |publisher=Sealink Travel Group |access-date=27 November 2014}}</ref> [[Navigation aid]]s located on the peninsula's coast include [[lighthouses]] at both [[Cape St Albans]] and [[Cape Willoughby]].<ref name="BIA184"/>
====Aviation==== As of 2014, no public airfields were located within the extent of the Dudley Peninsula with the nearest and the only one available being the [[Kingscote Airport]] on the western part of the island in the locality of [[Cygnet River, South Australia|Cygnet River]].<ref>DPTI, 2014, pages 111 & 271</ref><ref name=airport>Kangaroo Island Council, 2013, page 17</ref> <!-- need to confirm the status of a second airstrip, the Penneshaw Airport, as a search of the both Airservices and CASA websites revealed no mention of this facility -->
===Governance=== The Dudley Peninsula is located within the jurisdiction of the [[Kangaroo Island Council]] and within the following electorates – the [[Electoral district of Finniss|state district of Finniss]] and the [[Division of Mayo|federal division of Mayo]].<ref name=AEC>{{cite web|title=Federal electoral division of Mayo, boundary gazetted 16 December 2011|url=http://www.aec.gov.au/profiles/sa/files/2011/2011-aec-a4-map-sa-mayo.pdf |publisher=Australian Electoral Commission|access-date=2 August 2015}}</ref><ref>DPTI, 2014, page 15</ref><ref name=ECSA>{{cite web|title=District of Finniss Background Profile|url=http://www.ecsa.sa.gov.au/component/edocman/?task=document.download&id=549&Itemid=0|publisher=Electoral Commission SA|access-date=2 August 2015}}</ref>
==Protected areas== As of 2015, the Dudley Peninsula contained the following [[Protected areas of South Australia#Conservation Parks|conservation parks]] – [[Baudin Conservation Park|Baudin]], [[Cape Willoughby Conservation Park|Cape Willoughby]], [[Dudley Conservation Park|Dudley]], [[Lashmar Conservation Park|Lashmar]], [[Lesueur Conservation Park|Lesueur]], [[Pelican Lagoon Conservation Park|Pelican Lagoon]] and [[Simpson Conservation Park|Simpson]]. Also, as of 2015, an area of privately owned land appropriately equivalent to that of the above conservation parks has protected status due to being subject to [[Protected areas of South Australia#Native vegetation heritage agreements|native vegetation heritage agreements]].<ref name=PA2015>{{cite web|title=Protected Areas of South Australia September (Map) 2015 Edition|url=http://www.environment.sa.gov.au/files/bf6977cb-f1f9-4700-9b5f-a35500fda94f/protected-areas-of-south-australia-map.pdf |publisher=Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources (DEWNR) |date=30 July 2015 |access-date=15 April 2015}}</ref>
==See also== *[[Dudley (disambiguation)]]
==Citations and references==
===Citations=== {{Reflist|30em}}
===References=== *{{Citation | author1=Boating Industry Association of South Australia (BIA) | author2=South Australia. Department for Environment and Heritage | title=South Australia's waters an atlas & guide | publication-date=2005 | publisher=Boating Industry Association of South Australia | isbn=978-1-86254-680-6 }} *{{Citation | author1=South Australia. Department of Marine and Harbors (DMH)| title=The Waters of South Australia a series of charts, sailing notes and coastal photographs | publication-date=1985 | publisher=Dept. of Marine and Harbors, South Australia|isbn=978-0-7243-7603-2}} *{{cite web|title=Kangaroo Island Council development plan |url=http://www.sa.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0017/16640/Kangaroo_Island_Council_Development_Plan.pdf |publisher=[[Department of Planning, Transport and Infrastructure]] (DPTI) |date=20 February 2014 |access-date=22 August 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117063629/http://www.sa.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0017/16640/Kangaroo_Island_Council_Development_Plan.pdf |archive-date=17 November 2015 |df=dmy }} *{{Citation |last1= Henschke |first1= Chris |last2= Billing |first2= Bruce |last3= Dooley |first3= Trevor |title= Dudley Peninsula Salinity Management Plan |url= http://www.saltlandgenie.org.au/_literature_85345/CMP_-_SA_-_Dudley_Peninsula,_KI |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130427064113/http://saltlandgenie.org.au/_literature_85345/CMP_-_SA_-_Dudley_Peninsula,_KI |url-status= dead |archive-date= 2013-04-27 |publication-date= December 2002 |publisher= Rural Solutions SA }} *{{cite web |title=A Business Case for the Upgrade of the Kangaroo Island Airport at Kingscote |url=https://www.kangarooisland.sa.gov.au/webdata/resources/files/Business%20Case%20for%20the%20upgrade%20of%20the%20Kingscote%20Airport%20at%20Kingscote_May2013.pdf |access-date=14 November 2015 |date=May 2013 |author=Kangaroo Island Council |archive-date=28 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328130621/http://www.kangarooisland.sa.gov.au/webdata/resources/files/Business%20Case%20for%20the%20upgrade%20of%20the%20Kingscote%20Airport%20at%20Kingscote_May2013.pdf |url-status=dead }} *{{cite web|last1=Marsden|first1=Susan|title=A short history of Kangaroo Island|url=http://www.sahistorians.org.au/175/documents/susan-marsden-a-short-history-of-kangaroo-island.shtml|publisher=Professional Historians Association (South Australia)|date=1991|access-date=22 August 2015|archive-date=17 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220617230551/http://www.sahistorians.org.au/175/documents/susan-marsden-a-short-history-of-kangaroo-island.shtml|url-status=dead}} *{{cite book|title=A Biological Survey of Kangaroo Island, South Australia, 1989 & 1990|publisher=Heritage and Biodiversity Section, Department for Environment, Heritage and Aboriginal Affairs, South Australia|location=Adelaide, SA|isbn=0 7308 5862 6| url=http://www.environment.sa.gov.au/files/fb13b9bf-5c8e-445c-9c3c-a1c600c14815/ki-biological-survey-climate-geology-landuse-gen.pdf|editor=Robinson, A. C. |editor2=Armstrong, D. M.|access-date=1 May 2014}} *{{cite book |title=Conservation Parks of Kangaroo Island Management Plan |year=1987 |publisher=Department of Environment and Planning, South Australia (DEP) |location=Adelaide |isbn=0-7243-8983-0|url= http://www.environment.sa.gov.au/files/e41e4e27-da1d-4a81-970a-9e4f00b185f9/PARKS_PDFS_CP_OF_KI_MP.pdf}} *{{cite web|author1=A.C. Robinson|author2= P. Canty|author3=T. Mooney|author4=P. Rudduck|title=South Australia's offshore islands|url=http://www.environment.sa.gov.au/files/5a7dbb25-70b9-4ceb-bbfd-a25800961994/offshore-islands-gen.pdf|publisher=Australian Heritage Commission|access-date=13 December 2013|year=1996| isbn=978-0-644-35011-2 }} {{Kangaroo Island |state=collapsed}} {{Commons category| Dudley Peninsula}}
[[Category:Dudley Peninsula| ]] [[Category:Kangaroo Island|D]] [[Category:Coastal towns in South Australia|D]]