{{Short description|Chinese micro web dramas}} '''Duanju''' ({{lang-zh|s=短剧|t=短劇|hp=duǎn jù}}), sometimes translated in English as '''microdrama''',<ref name="inside">{{Cite web|url=http://www.warc.com/newsandopinion/opinion/inside-the-rise-of-micro-dramas--and-the-opportunities-for-marketers/en-gb/6981|title=Inside the rise of micro dramas – and the opportunities for marketers | WARC|website=www.warc.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.real-reel.com/what-is-vertical-drama/ |title=What Is Vertical Drama? Format, Platforms, and the Global Industry Explained |website=Real Reel |date=2025-08-11 |access-date=2026-04-20}}</ref> '''short drama''',<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://equalocean.com/analysis/2024121721237|title=How Chinese "Alpha Male" Short Dramas Conquered the World|website=EqualOcean|access-date=2025-06-19|archive-date=2025-07-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250707225941/https://equalocean.com/analysis/2024121721237|url-status=live}}</ref> '''vertical drama''',<ref name="Khomami">{{Cite web|last1=Khomami|first1=Nadia|last2=Arts|first2=Nadia Khomami|url=https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2025/apr/04/tv-serials-vertical-drama-phones-grip-viewers#:~:text=The%20interest%20was%20so%20huge,the%20standards%20are%20any%20less.|title=Clickbait titles and cliffhangers: the mini TV serials capturing phone audiences|work=The Guardian|date=4 April 2025}}</ref> '''vertical minidrama, vertical series''' or '''mobile drama''', is a type of short form web or television series that originated in China. These series typically feature 1–2 minute episodes, and a complete production may include 20 to 100 episodes, resulting in a total runtime similar to one or two movies. Produced specifically for smartphone viewing, many duanju are shot in vertical format and optimized for fragmented, bite-sized consumption on platforms such as Douyin. Some titles are further adapted into interactive film-style mobile games.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.technologyreview.com/2024/02/27/1088980/chinese-short-drama-tiktok-flextv/|title=China's next cultural export could be TikTok-style short soap operas|website=MIT Technology Review}}</ref> Duanju is characterized by fast-paced plots and heightened melodrama, with common themes including revenge, organized crime, wealth and status, and romantic relationships.
== Terminology == The Chinese term ''duanju'' literally means "short drama", and is sometimes used in English-language contexts, particularly in academic and industry discourse.<ref name="telegraph">{{cite web |last=Armstrong |first=Stephen |title='This will be the next film industry': The rise of the one-minute movie |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/films/2024/11/11/tiktok-duanju-snack-dramas-one-minute-movies-monetise/ |website=The Telegraph |date=11 November 2024 |access-date=26 February 2026 |archive-date=16 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250916110853/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/films/2024/11/11/tiktok-duanju-snack-dramas-one-minute-movies-monetise/ |url-status=live }}</ref> It's worth noting that ''duanju'' in Chinese language also refers to "sketch comedy," especially in Taiwan.
== History == === Emergence and development in China === The narrative of duanju is deeply embedded in the Chinese web fictions that started around 2002. These fictions were written by users on websites such as Qidian and were released in installments, where readers had the option to pay per chapter or a subscription.<ref name="telegraph"/>
The duanju format traces its roots to comedy sketches and serialized short videos that began appearing on Chinese short-video platforms such as Douyin (the Chinese version of TikTok) and Kuaishou around 2018. Kuaishou was among the first platforms to recognize the commercial potential of the format, launching a dedicated section called "Kuaishou Small Theatre" in 2019.<ref name="daoinsights">{{cite web |title=The rise and rise of the microdrama |url=https://daoinsights.com/opinions/the-rise-and-rise-of-the-microdrama/ |website=Dao Insights |date=24 November 2023 |access-date=26 February 2026 |archive-date=16 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251216182751/https://daoinsights.com/opinions/the-rise-and-rise-of-the-microdrama/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Video-form duanju had earlier antecedents on Youku Tudou beginning in 2013, while the narrative conventions of the genre draw heavily on Chinese web fiction<ref name="telegraph"/>
In 2020, the National Radio and Television Administration formally recognized the duanju as a distinct genre of online audiovisual content.<ref name="peopledaily">{{cite web |title=Love, twist and one-minute cliffhangers: China's micro dramas go global |url=https://en.people.cn/n3/2025/0730/c90000-20346661.html |website=People's Daily Online |date=30 July 2025 |access-date=26 February 2026}}</ref> Between 2020 and 2022, the format became increasingly professionalized, with standardized vertical 9:16 shooting, fast production cycles (often under two weeks), and monetization through freemium or pay-per-episode models.<ref name="telegraph" />
The industry experienced explosive growth from 2022 onward. By June 2024, the number of duanju users in China had reached 576 million, representing 52.4 percent of the country's total internet users.<ref>{{Cite web |title=China's Micro-Dramas: Growth & IP Issues|url=https://chambers.com/legal-trends/china-micro-dramas-growth-ip-issues|website=Chambers|access-date=2025-07-31}}</ref><ref name="trade-gov">{{cite web |title=China Entertainment Micro-drama Industry |url=https://www.trade.gov/market-intelligence/china-entertainment-micro-drama-industry |website=International Trade Administration |access-date=26 February 2026 |archive-date=18 February 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260218054451/https://www.trade.gov/market-intelligence/china-entertainment-micro-drama-industry |url-status=live }}</ref> By the end of 2024, domestic viewership had reached approximately 662 million, and the market generated over 50 billion yuan (approximately US$7 billion).<ref name="peopledaily" /><ref name="cnbc">{{cite web |title=How China's $7 billion micro drama industry is taking on the U.S. entertainment industry |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2025/07/22/why-chinas-7b-micro-drama-industry-is-taking-over-social-feeds.html |website=CNBC |date=22 July 2025 |access-date=26 February 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=China Vertical Drama Market 2026: Scale, Platforms, and Structural Shift |url=https://www.real-reel.com/china-vertical-drama-market-2026/ |website=Real Reel |date=2026-02-13 |access-date=2026-04-20}}</ref> By 2025, this figure had grown to an estimated RMB 63–65 billion in direct content market revenue, with the free ad-driven model having displaced paid episode unlocks as the dominant monetization structure.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.real-reel.com/china-vertical-drama-market-2026/ |title=China Vertical Drama Market 2026: Scale, Platforms, and Structural Shift |website=Real Reel |date=2026-02-13 |access-date=2026-04-20}}</ref> The sector is also estimated to have created over 600,000 jobs.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-30|title=In China in 2024, the Duanju market will overtake the cinema market|url=https://www.duanju.news/en/post/in-china-in-2024-the-duanju-market-will-overtake-the-cinema-market|access-date=2025-07-31|website=Duanju|language=en}}</ref><ref name="inside"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Li|first=Ping|title=Micro drama market outperforms the box office for first time|url=https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202412/27/WS676e56c6a310f1265a1d5509.html|website=China Daily|access-date=2025-07-31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=2024 Micro-Short Drama Industry White Paper: Over 36,400 New Series|url=https://awnchina.cn/2024-micro-short-drama-industry-white-paper-over-36400-new-series-accounting-for-more-than-60-of-heat-value/|website=AWN China|date=2025-05-26|access-date=2025-07-31}}</ref> Duanju (short or vertical drama) have thus become one of the fastest-growing sectors of the Chinese entertainment industry.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=李虹睿|title=Micro-dramas making big waves|url=https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202501/20/WS678e12cba310a2ab06ea81b7.html|access-date=2025-01-30|website=www.chinadaily.com.cn}}</ref>
=== International expansion === ==== United States ==== In 2022, Chinese duanju companies began aggressively pursuing international markets, particularly targeting the United States. To appeal to English-speaking audiences, these firms have collaborated with American and British production houses to localize content. This is achieved either through dubbing existing Chinese series or by re-creating the entire series with English-speaking actors. These international productions maintain a lean, high-efficiency model—often filmed on shoestring budgets in as little as ten days for an entire season.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Armstrong |first=Stephen |date=2024-11-11 |title='This will be the next film industry': The rise of the one-minute movie |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/films/2024/11/11/tiktok-duanju-snack-dramas-one-minute-movies-monetise/ |access-date=2025-01-30 |work=The Telegraph |language=en-GB |archive-date=2025-09-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250916110853/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/films/2024/11/11/tiktok-duanju-snack-dramas-one-minute-movies-monetise/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="npr">{{cite web |title=Told one minute at a time, micro dramas are soap operas designed to fit in your hand |url=https://www.npr.org/2025/03/19/nx-s1-5330470/micro-drama-soap-opera-app |website=NPR |date=19 March 2025 |access-date=26 February 2026 |archive-date=18 February 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260218082003/https://www.npr.org/2025/03/19/nx-s1-5330470/micro-drama-soap-opera-app |url-status=live }}</ref> By the first quarter of 2025, locally produced titles had come to dominate international performance: 80 percent of the top 20 vertical drama titles by revenue internationally were locally produced, signaling a structural shift away from translated Chinese content.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.real-reel.com/what-is-vertical-drama/ |title=What Is Vertical Drama? Format, Platforms, and the Global Industry Explained |website=Real Reel |date=2025-08-11 |access-date=2026-04-20}}</ref>
ReelShort and DramaBox, the two largest Chinese short-drama platforms operating overseas, entered the U.S. market in 2022 and 2023, respectively.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2025-05-27 |title=瞰趋势：短剧出海下半场，是主流平台的"霸总"时刻|url=https://www.sh.chinanews.com.cn/xkanjian/2025-05-27/136313.shtml|access-date=2026-01-20 |work=China News Service |language=Chinese }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=COL's Share Price Doubles as Chinese Firm's ReelShort App Becomes Popular in US |url=https://www.yicaiglobal.com/news/cols-share-price-doubles-as-chinese-firms-reelshort-app-becomes-popular-in-us |access-date=2023-12-02 |website=Yicai Global |language=en}}</ref> By August 2025, DramaBox had surpassed 100 million downloads on Google Play alone, while maintaining an average of 44 million monthly active users.<ref>{{cite web | author=Joseph Sipalan | title=One-minute wonders: Chinese micro-dramas fuel Malaysia's streaming obsession | newspaper=South China Morning Post | url=https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/lifestyle-culture/article/3302446/malaysians-are-hooked-chinese-micro-dramas-can-local-creators-cash | date=March 15, 2025 | access-date=March 15, 2026 | archive-date=December 2, 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251202134418/https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/lifestyle-culture/article/3302446/malaysians-are-hooked-chinese-micro-dramas-can-local-creators-cash | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Vertical drama series from streaming apps are taking over social media | work=The Washington Post | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2025/08/23/vertical-series-dramas-soap-streaming/ | author=Tatum Hunter | date=August 23, 2025 }}</ref> Meanwhile, ReelShort surpassed 370 million downloads and raked in $700 million in revenue.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ReelShort: Duanju's American-style platform |url=https://www.duanju.news/en/post/reelshort-duanju-s-american-style-platform |website=duanju.news |date=August 2, 2025 |access-date=2025-08-02 |language=en |archive-date=2025-11-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251129203800/https://www.duanju.news/en/post/reelshort-duanju-s-american-style-platform |url-status=live }}</ref> By 2025, the U.S. had become the single largest revenue market outside China for vertical drama, generating approximately $58 million in monthly in-app revenue and an estimated $1.3 billion for the full year.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.real-reel.com/how-vertical-drama-makes-money/ |title=How Vertical Drama Makes Money: Inside the Microdrama Business Model |website=Real Reel |date=2026-04-10 |access-date=2026-04-20}}</ref> As of 2025, ReelShort and DramaBox are the top two duanju platforms in terms of downloads and active users.<ref>{{cite web | author=Sarah Perez | title=Quibi redux? Short drama apps saw record revenue in Q1 2024 | work=Yahoo News | date=April 11, 2024 | url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/quibi-redux-short-drama-apps-173315881.html }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | author=Tess Patton | title=Vertical Micro-Dramas Are an $8 Billion Business | work=TheWrap | url=https://www.thewrap.com/vertical-short-dramas-industry-explained-8-billion-business/ | date=October 21, 2025 }}</ref>
In 2025, Netflix adopted a vertical mobile feed. Journalist Isabelle Deromas Lebocq saw it as a sign of the growing influence of the duanju format.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Netflix refond son interface avec IA et vidéos verticales |url=https://www.freenews.fr/actu-du-net/streaming/netflix-refond-son-interface-avec-ia-et-videos-verticales |website=Freenews |author=Isabelle Deromas Lebocq |date=9 May 2025 |language=fr}}</ref>
In July 2025, DramaBox was selected by Disney to join the Disney Accelerator program, confirming the growing interest of major American studios in micro-dramas.<ref>{{cite web |language=en |title=Disney bets on Duanju with DramaBox |url=https://www.duanju.news/en/post/disney-bets-on-duanju-with-dramabox |website=duanju.news |date=26 August 2025 |access-date=2025-08-27 |archive-date=2025-12-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251223005438/https://www.duanju.news/en/post/disney-bets-on-duanju-with-dramabox |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |language=en |last=Moss |title=Disney Accelerator Announces Its 2025 Class of Companies |url=https://thewaltdisneycompany.com/disney-accelerator-companies-2025/ |website=The Walt Disney Company |date=2025-07-28 |access-date=2025-08-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |language=en |title=Disney Accelerator backs microdrama platform DramaBox and AI outfit Animaj |url=https://www.c21media.net/news/disney-accelerator-backs-microdrama-platform-dramabox-and-ai-outfit-animaj/ |website=C21Media |access-date=2025-08-27}}</ref>
Holywater Tech launched in 2024 the mobile application My Drama, a platform for broadcasting short vertical series of two to three minutes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our Short-form Series Perform Better Than Netflix. Here's How we Film Them {{!}} HackerNoon |url=https://hackernoon.com/our-short-form-series-perform-better-than-netflix-heres-how-we-film-them |access-date=2025-05-09 |website=hackernoon.com |language=en |archive-date=2025-07-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250702061150/https://hackernoon.com/our-short-form-series-perform-better-than-netflix-heres-how-we-film-them |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-06 |title=Vertical Video Series Platform: How HOLYWATER Challenges Streamers like Netflix & Apple TV - Technology Org |url=https://www.technology.org/2024/09/06/vertical-video-series-platform-how-holywater-challenges-streamers-like-netflix-apple-tv/ |access-date=2025-05-09 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-09-04 |title=My Drama: An AI-Powered Short Drama App with Immersive Chatbot Characters |url=https://www.globalvillagespace.com/tech/my-drama-an-ai-powered-short-drama-app-with-immersive-chatbot-characters/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250125080226/https://www.globalvillagespace.com/tech/my-drama-an-ai-powered-short-drama-app-with-immersive-chatbot-characters/ |archive-date=2025-01-25 |access-date=2025-05-09 |work=Global Village Space |language=en-US}}</ref> The platform quickly gained a growing user base in the USA and Europe and generates millions of dollars in annual revenue.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sweeney |first=Andrew |date=2025-04-05 |title=Ukraine's Next Export? Two-Minute Dramas Generated by AI |url=https://www.kyivpost.com/opinion/50202 |access-date=2025-07-16 |website=Kyiv Post |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025 |title=My Drama: l'application de séries courtes qui révolutionne le divertissement avec des personnages IA |url=https://www.2051.fr/actualite/my-drama-lapplication-de-series-courtes-qui-revolutionne-le-divertissement-avec-des-personnages-ia/ |access-date=2025-07-16 |website=2051.fr |language=fr}}</ref> In August 2025, the Canadian French-language daily ''La Presse'' reported that My Drama had become the dominant platform in Europe for vertical micro-series. As of September 2025, My Drama has reached over 40 million lifetime users.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Forristal |first=Lauren |date=2024-09-04 |title=Short series app My Drama takes on Character.AI with its new AI companions |url=https://techcrunch.com/2024/09/04/short-series-app-my-drama-launching-ai-companions/ |access-date=2025-12-19 |website=TechCrunch |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-08-23 |title=Spicy and pricey vertical mini-dramas are taking over streaming |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2025/08/23/vertical-series-dramas-soap-streaming/ |access-date=2025-12-19 |work=The Washington Post |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Patton |first=Tess |date=2025-10-21 |title=Vertical Micro-Dramas Are an $8 Billion Business. Hollywood Is Finally Paying Attention |url=https://www.thewrap.com/vertical-short-dramas-industry-explained-8-billion-business/ |access-date=2025-12-19 |website=TheWrap |language=en-US}}</ref> In October 2025, Holywater Tech announced a strategic content deal with Fox Entertainment to produce over 200 vertical series for the My Drama platform.<ref>{{Cite web |last=White |first=Peter |date=2025-10-09 |title=Fox Invests In Vertical Video Company Holywater |url=https://deadline.com/2025/10/fox-invests-vertical-video-holywater-1236574693/ |access-date=2025-12-19 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Spangler |first=Todd |date=2025-10-09 |title=Fox Entertainment Invests in Ukrainian App Start-Up Holywater, Will Produce 200-Plus Vertical Video Series Including Microdramas Under Deal |url=https://variety.com/2025/digital/news/fox-entertainment-vertical-video-series-holywater-investment-microdramas-1236544534/ |access-date=2025-12-19 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref> In early 2026, FOX Entertainment and Dhar Mann partnered to create 40 original microdrama series for the My Drama platform.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maglio |first=Tony |date=2026-01-26 |title=Dhar Mann Enters Microdramas in New Deal With Fox and Holywater |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/dhar-mann-microdramas-deal-fox-holywater-1236478483/ |access-date=2026-03-31 |website=The Hollywood Reporter |language=en-US}}</ref> During the same period, the platform's parent company bought the AI studio Jeynix.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maglio |first=Tony |date=2026-02-09 |title=Microdrama Giant Holywater Acquires AI-Assisted VFX Company Jeynix, Rebrands as Holywater Tech (Exclusive) |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/business-news/holywater-buys-jeynix-vfx-in-rebranding-ai-microdramas-1236500446/ |access-date=2026-03-31 |website=The Hollywood Reporter |language=en-US}}</ref>
==== France ==== In spring 2023, the first French duanju series, ''Next Door Adventure'', was released on Facebook on Guillaume Sanjorge's page, where it accumulated several hundred thousand views before later being distributed on an Asian platform.<ref>{{Cite web |title=French series in Duanju format "Next Door Adventure" to be a hit with audiences in 2023|url=https://www.duanju.news/en/post/french-series-in-duanju-format-next-door-adventure-to-be-a-hit-with-audiences-in-2023|access-date=2025-08-20|website=www.duanju.news|date=30 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=O que são os microdramas que chegam a Portugal em 2026?|url=https://www.sabado.pt/descodificadores/detalhe/o-que-sao-os-microdramas-que-chegam-a-portugal-em-2026|access-date=2026-01-08|website=www.sabado.pt|language=pt-pt|archive-date=2026-01-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260110163558/https://www.sabado.pt/descodificadores/detalhe/o-que-sao-os-microdramas-que-chegam-a-portugal-em-2026|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-29|title=The rise of the microdramas|url=https://www.tvbeurope.com/production-post/the-rise-of-the-microdramas|access-date=2026-02-03|website=TVBEurope|language=en-GB}}</ref>
In January 2024, French outlets including ''France Inter'', ''France Info'', ''Midi Libre'' and ''Courrier International'' introduced ReelShort as the "TikTok of series," marking its first broad media coverage in France.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-01-31|title=When France discovers ReelShort|url=https://www.duanju.news/en/post/when-france-discovers-reelshort|access-date=2025-08-27|website=Duanju|language=en|archive-date=2025-12-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251201143036/https://www.duanju.news/en/post/when-france-discovers-reelshort|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-01|title=Reelshort : le TikTok des séries|url=https://www.radiofrance.fr/franceinter/podcasts/un-monde-nouveau/un-monde-nouveau-du-lundi-01-janvier-2024-8262682|access-date=2025-08-27|website=France Inter|language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-01-10|title=ReelShort : quelle est cette nouvelle application américaine dédiée aux séries qui cartonne ?|url=https://www.franceinfo.fr/internet/reseaux-sociaux/reelshort-quelle-est-cette-nouvelle-application-americaine-dediee-aux-series-qui-cartonne_6294366.html|access-date=2025-08-27|website=Franceinfo|language=fr-FR|archive-date=2025-12-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251201145231/https://www.franceinfo.fr/internet/reseaux-sociaux/reelshort-quelle-est-cette-nouvelle-application-americaine-dediee-aux-series-qui-cartonne_6294366.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title="Le TikTok des séries" : ce qu'il faut savoir de ReelShort, la nouvelle application des séries au format court qui cartonne |url=https://www.midilibre.fr/2024/01/10/le-tiktok-des-series-ce-quil-faut-savoir-de-reelshort-la-nouvelle-application-des-series-au-format-court-qui-cartonne-11688018.php |access-date=2025-08-27 |website=midilibre.fr |language=fr |archive-date=2025-10-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251023195503/https://www.midilibre.fr/2024/01/10/le-tiktok-des-series-ce-quil-faut-savoir-de-reelshort-la-nouvelle-application-des-series-au-format-court-qui-cartonne-11688018.php |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-12-27|title=Séries. ReelShort, l'application venue de Chine qui séduit les Américaines au foyer|url=https://www.courrierinternational.com/article/series-reelshort-l-application-venue-de-chine-qui-seduit-les-americaines-au-foyer|access-date=2025-08-27|website=Courrier international|language=fr|archive-date=2024-01-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240119071330/https://www.courrierinternational.com/article/series-reelshort-l-application-venue-de-chine-qui-seduit-les-americaines-au-foyer|url-status=live}}</ref>
On November 23, 2024, the first public screening of duanju series took place, organized by the association Studio Phocéen.<ref>{{cite web |last=Vertigo|first=Léa|date=2024-11-23|title=First screening of French series in Duanju format [Video]|url=https://www.duanju.news/en/post/first-screening-of-french-series-in-duanju-format|access-date=2025-07-20|website=Duanju|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|language=fr-FR|title=Projection Studio Phocéen|url=https://www.montmartre-addict.com/event/projection-studio-phoceen/|website=Montmartre Addict|access-date=2025-07-16|archive-date=2025-06-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250621011644/https://www.montmartre-addict.com/event/projection-studio-phoceen/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
In June 2024, the French newspaper Le Monde reported on the arrival of short vertical series in France, mainly distributed via the ReelShort app, and noted their growing popularity among younger audiences.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Des microséries avec des épisodes de 1 minute, à regarder à la verticale|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/m-le-mag/article/2024/06/07/des-microseries-avec-des-episodes-de-1-minute-a-regarder-a-la-verticale_6237804_4500055.html|website=Le Monde|date=7 June 2024|language=fr|access-date=17 July 2025|archive-date=4 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250404103726/https://www.lemonde.fr/m-le-mag/article/2024/06/07/des-microseries-avec-des-episodes-de-1-minute-a-regarder-a-la-verticale_6237804_4500055.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
Since 2025, the Asian platform Stardust TV<ref>{{Cite web |title=March 2025 – Top Short Drama Apps and Series in Asia|url=https://blog.insightrackr.com/en/docs/Mar25TopShortDrama|website=Insightrackr|access-date=2025-07-14|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=EngageLab AppPush Partners with StardustTV to Enhance Short Drama Experience|url=https://www.engagelab.com/blog/partners-with-stardust-tv?|website=EngageLab|access-date=2025-07-14|language=en}}</ref> has also expanded into France. Among its new titles is the French vertical series ''Next Door Adventure'', produced by Guillaume Sanjorge. It is the first French series to be distributed on an Asian platform dedicated to vertical mobile fiction.<ref>{{Cite video |title=Découvrez « Les aventures avec ma voisine », la première série française qui débarque sur une plateforme asiatique : Actualités - Orange|url=https://actu.orange.fr/videos/societe/decouvrez-les-aventures-avec-ma-voisine-la-premiere-serie-francaise-qui-debarque-sur-une-plateforme-asiatique-CNT000002ii8Xv.html|language=fr|date=2025-04-11|access-date=2025-07-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Les Aventures avec ma voisine - Série TV 2025|url=https://www.allocine.fr/series/ficheserie_gen_cserie=35717.html|website=Allociné|language=fr|access-date=2025-07-14|archive-date=2025-10-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251011012948/https://www.allocine.fr/series/ficheserie_gen_cserie=35717.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=StardustTV - A Leading Online Short Drama Video Media Platform, Watch a Vast Collection of Short Dramas Online.|url=https://www.stardusttv.net/fr/videos?vid=NTMxMA==&eid=MzQ0Mzk4|website=stardusttv.net|language=fr|access-date=2025-04-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Découvrez "Les aventures avec ma voisine", la première série française qui débarque sur une plateforme asiatique - Quinze épisodes d'une minute 30 seront disponibles {{!}} Jean-Marc Morandini|url=https://www.jeanmarcmorandini.com/article-604504-decouvrez-les-aventures-avec-ma-voisine-la-premiere-serie-francaise-qui-debarque-sur-une-plateforme-asiatique-quinze-episodes-d-une-minute-30-seront-disponibles.html|access-date=2025-07-17|website=www.jeanmarcmorandini.com|language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Vertigo|first=Léa|date=2025-04-06|title=The first French series arrives on Stardust TV|url=https://www.duanju.news/en/post/the-first-french-series-arrives-on-stardust-tv|access-date=2025-08-03|website=Duanju|language=en|archive-date=2025-12-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251219041513/https://www.duanju.news/en/post/the-first-french-series-arrives-on-stardust-tv|url-status=live}}</ref>
On June 14, 2025, the association Studio Phocéen brought together an international panel of creators and producers to explore the growing potential of this format. British producer Adam Gee was among the participants.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Vertigo|first=Léa|date=2025-06-13|title=In Paris, on June 14, 2025, the world Duanju scene gathered|url=https://www.duanju.news/en/post/in-paris-on-june-14-2025-the-world-duanju-scene-gathered|access-date=2025-08-25|website=Duanju|language=en|archive-date=2025-12-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251219040619/https://www.duanju.news/en/post/in-paris-on-june-14-2025-the-world-duanju-scene-gathered|url-status=live}}</ref>
In July 2025, Gaëtan Bruel, president of the Centre national du cinéma et de l'image animée, mentioned the format for the first time during an official visit to Asia.<ref>{{cite web |date=2025-07-16|title=Gaëtan Bruel, president of the CNC, discusses the Duanju format for the first time|url=https://www.duanju.news/en/post/ga%C3%ABtan-bruel-president-of-the-cnc-discusses-the-duanju-format-for-the-first-time|access-date=2025-07-23|website=Duanju|language=en}}</ref>
In August 2025, journalist Jade Hin-Cellura from the magazine ''Geo'' published an article on Hollywood's enthusiasm for Chinese mini-series, highlighting Duanju as a rapidly growing format.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-15 |title=Comment le tout Hollywood est devenu accro aux mini-feuilletons chinois. Et surtout pourquoi? |url=https://www.geo.fr/geopolitique/comment-le-tout-hollywood-est-devenu-accro-aux-mini-feuilletons-chinois-et-surtout-pourquoi-227835 |access-date=2025-08-20 |website=Geo.fr |language=fr |archive-date=2025-08-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250829111547/https://www.geo.fr/geopolitique/comment-le-tout-hollywood-est-devenu-accro-aux-mini-feuilletons-chinois-et-surtout-pourquoi-227835 |url-status=live }}</ref> The Canadian French-language daily ''La Presse'' also published an article by Mathieu Perreault describing the rise of the format in France. Producer Guillaume Sanjorge noted that while early European series mostly adapt Chinese works, the format could expand in the West.<ref name="auto2">{{Cite news |last=Perreault |first=Mathieu |date=2025-08-20 |title=Microséries tournées pour le téléphone: Bienvenue dans l'univers du (très) petit écran |url=https://www.lapresse.ca/arts/television/2025-08-20/microseries-tournees-pour-le-telephone/bienvenue-dans-l-univers-du-tres-petit-ecran.php |access-date=2025-08-20 |work=La Presse |language=fr-CA |archive-date=2025-08-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250820110818/https://www.lapresse.ca/arts/television/2025-08-20/microseries-tournees-pour-le-telephone/bienvenue-dans-l-univers-du-tres-petit-ecran.php |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-21 |title=When the French-speaking world takes over Duanju: Guillaume Sanjorge in the Quebec newspaper "La Presse" |url=https://www.duanju.news/en/post/when-the-french-speaking-world-takes-over-duanju-guillaume-sanjorge-in-the-quebec-newspaper-la-pre |access-date=2025-09-22 |website=Duanju |language=en |archive-date=2025-12-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251219065121/https://www.duanju.news/en/post/when-the-french-speaking-world-takes-over-duanju-guillaume-sanjorge-in-the-quebec-newspaper-la-pre |url-status=live }}</ref>
Many in France have warned of the corrosive effects duanju could have on French art and culture. A France Inter podcast,<ref>{{cite web |date=October 14, 2025 |title=Le 18/20 – Journal de 19h (14 octobre 2025) |url=https://podcasts.apple.com/fr/podcast/le-18-20-le-journal-de-19h00-du-mardi-14-octobre-2025/id418877476?i=1000731831803 |website=Apple Podcasts}}</ref> an article from ''Le Figaro'',<ref>{{cite web |date=October 12, 2025 |title=The micro-drama trend reaches Hollywood and France |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/medias/c-est-amour-gloire-et-beaute-dope-aux-steroides-venue-de-chine-la-mode-des-microdramas-arrive-a-hollywood-et-en-france-20251012 |website=Le Figaro |access-date=November 11, 2025 |archive-date=November 13, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251113010337/https://www.lefigaro.fr/medias/c-est-amour-gloire-et-beaute-dope-aux-steroides-venue-de-chine-la-mode-des-microdramas-arrive-a-hollywood-et-en-france-20251012 |url-status=live }}</ref> and a speech by the president of the CNC, Gaëtan Bruel, who described the micro-drama as "the perfect counter-example" of what France should stand for.<ref>{{cite web |date=September 19, 2025 |title=Speech by Gaëtan Bruel at the opening of the 2025 Grand Debate of the Festival de la Fiction de La Rochelle |url=https://www.cnc.fr/professionnels/actualites/discours-de-gaetan-bruel--a-loccasion-de-louverture-du-grand-debat-2025-du-festival-de-la-fiction-de-la-rochelle_2464629 |website=CNC |access-date=November 11, 2025 |archive-date=October 22, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251022031252/https://www.cnc.fr/professionnels/actualites/discours-de-gaetan-bruel--a-loccasion-de-louverture-du-grand-debat-2025-du-festival-de-la-fiction-de-la-rochelle_2464629 |url-status=live }}</ref>
French producer Guillaume Sanjorge advocates a more proactive reading of the phenomenon. In an interview with the professional media outlet Ecran Total, he stated that France could become the "European champion" of this emerging industry if it succeeds in structuring a production and distribution ecosystem adapted to these new formats.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pedrosa|first=Celia|title=Guillaume Sanjorge (micro-drama producer): "France could become the European champion of this industry"|url=https://ecran-total.fr/2026/03/10/guillaume-sanjorge-producteur-de-micro-dramas-la-france-pourrait-etre-championne-deurope-de-cette-industrie/|website=Ecran Total|date=10 March 2026|language=fr|access-date=10 March 2026}}</ref>
On 5 March 2026, mediaClub International organized a roundtable in Paris dedicated to the format, with the participation of Bo Zhang and Guillaume Sanjorge. The discussion focused on the international rise of the format, its production and monetization models, as well as its development prospects in France.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.mediaclub.fr/evenements/le-mediaclub-international-organise-un-petit-dejeuner-table-ronde-sur-les-micro-dramas-ou-vertical-dramas-un-format-en-pleine-emergence|title=Le médiaClub International organise un petit-déjeuner table-ronde sur les Micro-dramas (ou vertical dramas): un format en pleine émergence|language=fr|access-date=10 March 2026|website=mediaClub International|date=19 February 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=6 March 2026|title=Les micro-dramas, un format de plus en plus populaire qui mise sur l'IA pour assurer sa rentabilité|url=https://ecran-total.fr/2026/03/06/les-micros-dramas-un-format-de-plus-en-plus-populaire-qui-mise-sur-l-ia-pour-assurer-sa-rentabilite/|access-date=10 March 2026|website=Écran Total|language=fr}}</ref>
In May 2026, the series ''King Gandolfi'' by Guillaume Sanjorge, starring Jean-Pierre Castaldi, Marthe Villalonga, became one of the first Duanju-format series screened in Toulon, as part of the MEDSERIES program dedicated to audiovisual series linked to Mediterranean heritage and the territories of Provence.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2026-04-10 |date=2026-04-10 |language=fr |title=First screening in Toulon of a series in the Duanju format: King Gandolfi |url=https://www.duanju.news/en/post/toulon-screening-duanju-king-gandolfi |website=Duanju News}}<!-- auto-translated from French by Module:CS1 translator --></ref><ref>{{cite web|access-date=2026-04-28 |date=2026-04-21 |first=Lionel |language=fr-FR |last=Pérard |title=Culture - Le Club MEDSERIES revient à Toulon le 7 mai ? |url=https://presse83.fr/2026/04/21/le-club-medseries-revient-a-toulon-le-7-mai/ |website=Presse 83}}<!-- auto-translated from French by Module:CS1 translator --></ref><ref>{{cite web|access-date=2026-04-28 |date=2026-04-28 |first=Rédaction |language=fr-FR |last=Région |title=TOULON : Cinéma - Le Club MEDSÉRIES propose une soirée de projections gratuites |url=https://presseagence.fr/toulon-cinema-le-club-medseries-propose-une-soiree-de-projections-gratuites/ |website=Presse Agence}}<!-- auto-translated from French by Module:CS1 translator --></ref><ref>{{cite book|access-date=2026-05-05 |title=MEDSERIES- Le Série-Club méditerranéen |url=https://mediatheques.toulon.fr/TOULON/doc/CALENDAR/4219/medseries-le-serie-club-mediterraneen}}<!-- auto-translated from French by Module:CS1 translator --></ref><ref>{{cite web|access-date=2026-05-06 |language=fr-FR |title=Cinéma - Le Club Medséries {{!}} Toulon {{!}} Provence Méditerranée |url=https://www.provencemed.com/agenda/cinema-le-club-medseries/ |website=Provence Méditerranée {{!}} Site officiel de l'Office de Tourisme}}<!-- auto-translated from French by Module:CS1 translator --></ref><ref>{{cite web|access-date=2026-05-06 |language=fr-FR |title=Cinéma - Le Club Medséries - Toulon |url=https://provence-alpes-cotedazur.com/que-faire/sortir/toutes-les-sorties/cinema-le-club-medseries-toulon-fr-6346696/ |website=Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur Tourisme}}<!-- auto-translated from French by Module:CS1 translator --></ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=l'Essentiel Toulon : newsletter du 7 mai 2026 |url=https://www.lessentiel.fr/newsletter/toulon/2026-05-07-0 |access-date=2026-05-11 |website=www.lessentiel.fr |language=fr}}</ref>
==== Germany ==== In 2026, the German public broadcaster Deutschlandfunk Kultur dedicates a segment, in the program "Breitband" hosted by Hagen Terschüren, to deepfakes, digital technologies, and duanju. Guillaume SanJorge appears in the segment to discuss the role of platforms in analyzing audience behavior and adapting content accordingly.<ref>{{Cite web |last=deutschlandfunkkultur.de |date=2026-03-28 |title=Nach dem Fall Fernandes/Ulmen: Kommen jetzt neue Gesetze gegen "Deepfakes"? |url=https://www.deutschlandfunkkultur.de/deepfakes-digitale-gewalt-was-kann-die-politik-tun-100.html |access-date=2026-04-20 |website=Deutschlandfunk Kultur |language=de}}</ref>
== Content and characteristics ==
=== Format === Duanju are filmed vertically in a 9:16 aspect ratio, designed to fill the entire screen of a smartphone held in portrait orientation. Episodes are structured to deliver maximum narrative intensity in minimal time, with cliffhangers engineered to appear at the end of nearly every episode to encourage continued viewing.<ref name="cnbc" /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.real-reel.com/what-is-vertical-drama/ |title=What Is Vertical Drama? Format, Platforms, and Global Market Structure in 2026 |website=Real Reel |date=2026 |access-date=2026-04-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=China Vertical Drama Market 2026: Scale, Platforms, and Structural Shift |url=https://www.real-reel.com/china-vertical-drama-market-2026/ |website=Real Reel |date=2026 |access-date=2026-04-20}}</ref> The storytelling style is intentionally fast-paced and emotionally heightened. Unlike the majority of content on platforms such as TikTok, duanju are professionally produced with hired actors and crew, rather than being user-generated content.<ref name="telegraph" />
=== Genres === The most popular genres include romance (particularly stories involving billionaire or CEO characters), revenge narratives, identity-reveal plots, chuanyue, xianxia, wuxia, and family drama.<ref name="npr" /> In the American market, the audience skews heavily toward women aged 30 to 60, who gravitate particularly toward romance, CEO storylines, and revenge-driven narratives.<ref name="variety" />
Some of the format's most commercially successful titles internationally include ''The Double Life of My Billionaire Husband'', which accumulated over 500 million views on ReelShort,<ref name="npr" /> and ''The Divorced Billionaire Heiress'', which was produced for less than US$200,000 and reportedly grossed approximately US$35 million in North America.<ref>{{Cite web |last=White |first=Peter |date=2025-10-09 |title=Fox Invests In Vertical Video Company Holywater |url=https://deadline.com/2025/10/fox-invests-vertical-video-holywater-1236574693/ |access-date=2025-12-19 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Spangler |first=Todd |date=2025-10-09 |title=Fox Entertainment Invests in Ukrainian App Start-Up Holywater, Will Produce 200-Plus Vertical Video Series Including Microdramas Under Deal |url=https://variety.com/2025/digital/news/fox-entertainment-vertical-video-series-holywater-investment-microdramas-1236544534/ |access-date=2025-12-19 |website=Variety |language=en-US |archive-date=2026-01-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260107173535/https://variety.com/2025/digital/news/fox-entertainment-vertical-video-series-holywater-investment-microdramas-1236544534/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
==Industry== === Production === Early duanju were produced with minimal budgets and small teams of around 12 people. As the industry matured, production values and crew sizes increased substantially. By 2025, duanju production crews in China typically numbered between 60 and 90 people, spanning roles in directing, cinematography, lighting, costumes, props, and production management.<ref name="scmp">{{cite web |title=China's 'micro drama' industry emerges as jobs lifeline in tough graduate labour market |url=https://www.scmp.com/economy/china-economy/article/3342809/chinas-micro-drama-industry-emerges-jobs-lifeline-tough-graduate-labour-market |website=South China Morning Post |date=February 2026 |access-date=26 February 2026 |archive-date=21 February 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260221015252/https://www.scmp.com/economy/china-economy/article/3342809/chinas-micro-drama-industry-emerges-jobs-lifeline-tough-graduate-labour-market |url-status=live }}</ref> However, budgets remain far below those of traditional television or film, with some successful productions costing as little as US$50,000.<ref name="peopledaily" /> In Western markets such as the United States, productions typically cost between $150,000 and $250,000 for a 7–10 day shoot producing 50 to 70 or more episodes, with cast and locations representing the two largest cost categories.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.real-reel.com/vertical-drama-production-budget-la/ |title=Vertical Drama Production Budget: What a Real LA Shoot Actually Costs |website=Real Reel |date=2026-04-18 |access-date=2026-04-20}}</ref>
=== Monetization === The business model of microdrama platforms is structurally closer to mobile gaming than to traditional streaming. Three monetization models are in use. The IAP (in-app purchase) model requires users to pay to unlock episodes individually or in bundles, with individual episodes typically priced at $0.30–$0.50 and full series at $10–$15, and dominates in high-income markets such as the United States. The IAA (in-app advertising) model offers free content supported entirely by advertising, and is prevalent in price-sensitive markets such as Southeast Asia and Latin America. The hybrid IAAP model combines free episodes, paywalls, rewarded advertising, and optional subscription tiers, and is the most prevalent model globally. In China, the ad-driven IAA model had by 2025 overtaken IAP as the dominant revenue structure, while international markets continued to rely more heavily on IAP.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.real-reel.com/how-vertical-drama-makes-money/ |title=How Vertical Drama Makes Money: Inside the Microdrama Business Model |website=Real Reel |date=2026-04-10 |access-date=2026-04-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.real-reel.com/china-vertical-drama-market-2026/ |title=China Vertical Drama Market 2026: Scale, Platforms, and Structural Shift |website=Real Reel |date=2026-02-13 |access-date=2026-04-20}}</ref> Globally, the microdrama industry generated an estimated $11 billion in revenue in 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.real-reel.com/how-vertical-drama-makes-money/ |title=How Vertical Drama Makes Money: Inside the Microdrama Business Model |website=Real Reel |date=2026-04-10 |access-date=2026-04-20}}</ref>
=== Platforms and distribution ===
==== Chinese domestic platforms ==== Within China, microdramas are distributed primarily through the short-video ecosystems of the country's major technology companies. Douyin (ByteDance), Kuaishou, and WeChat (Tencent) serve as the primary distribution platforms. In 2024, the number of native short dramas launched on Douyin alone exceeded 20,000.<ref name="dataeyewp">{{cite web |title=2024 Micro-Short Drama Industry White Paper |url=https://awnchina.cn/2024-micro-short-drama-industry-white-paper-over-36400-new-series-accounting-for-more-than-60-of-heat-value/ |website=AWN China |date=26 May 2025 |access-date=26 February 2026}}</ref> The industry's three major domestic platform operators are ByteDance (through its Red Fruit brand), Tencent (through WeChat Video Accounts), and Kuaishou (through its Xi Fan brand). These platforms draw heavily on intellectual property pipelines from web fiction publishers such as China Literature and Tomato Novel.<ref>{{cite web |title=Micro-Drama Revenues In China Set To Exceed Box Office In 2025, Will Reach $9.4B This Year — Report |url=https://deadline.com/2025/09/micro-drama-revenue-china-exceed-box-office-mpa-1236545453/ |website=Deadline |date=17 September 2025 |access-date=26 February 2026}}</ref>
==== International apps ==== A growing ecosystem of dedicated mobile applications serves international audiences. According to data from Sensor Tower, the major platforms include:<ref name="sensortower"/>
* '''ReelShort''' — Operated by Crazy Maple Studio, ReelShort is among the most widely downloaded microdrama apps globally. It reported approximately US$400 million in revenue in 2024.<ref name="variety">{{cite web |title=Microdramas Emerge as Multi-Billion Dollar Global Phenomenon, China Market Set to Eclipse Local Box Office, Study Finds |url=https://variety.com/2025/tv/news/microdramas-global-entertainment-billions-1236521194/ |website=Variety |date=18 September 2025 |access-date=16 March 2026}}</ref> Women comprise 70 percent of its 45 million monthly active users, half of whom are based in the United States.<ref name="npr" /> * '''DramaBox''' — Operated by StoryMatrix, DramaBox reported US$323 million in revenue and US$10 million in net profit in 2024.<ref name="variety" /> * '''GoodShort''' — Recognized for cinematic production quality and a focus on Chinese drama adapted for English-speaking audiences.<ref name="sensortower"/>
Above are the top three. Other apps (4 to 10) in the market include ShortMax, NetShort, DramaWave, FlickReels, MoboReels, Kalos TV and My Drama.<ref name="sensortower">{{cite web |title=State of Short Drama Apps 2025 Report |url=https://sensortower.com/blog/state-of-short-drama-apps-2025 |website=Sensor Tower |access-date=26 February 2026}}</ref> A broader analysis of the competitive landscape across the top 20 platforms operating in the U.S. market identifies distinct tiers among these apps, ranging from early system-builders such as ReelShort and DramaBox to newer entrants competing on content differentiation and AI-assisted production.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.real-reel.com/top-vertical-drama-apps-us-reelshort-dramabox/ |title=Top 20 Vertical Drama Apps in the U.S. (2026) |website=Real Reel |date=2026-03-24 |access-date=2026-04-20}}</ref>
=== Copyright concerns === Due to the short production cycle and low cost, if a script becomes popular, many companies will rush to imitate it, resulting in the same plot flooding the internet, leading to sense of exhaustion, infringing on the original creator's copyright and other intellectual property rights.<ref>{{Cite web |title=短剧虽短，版权不容侵犯 - 新华网客户端 |url=https://app.xinhuanet.com/news/article.html?articleId=75927d85a54ed70878d6efba87244740 |website=app.xinhuanet.com |access-date=2024-04-03 |archive-date=2024-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403150624/https://app.xinhuanet.com/news/article.html?articleId=75927d85a54ed70878d6efba87244740 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
In May 2026, the media outlet Duanju News reported a concrete case of piracy involving Shortflix. The catalog of Stardust TV, as well as the series ''Next Door Adventures'' by Sanjorge Production, were reported as being distributed and sold without authorization<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2026-05-25 |language=en |title=Duanju and piracy : the Shortflix case |url=https://www.duanju.news/en/post/duanju-piracy-shortflix-case |website=Duanju News}}<!-- auto-translated from French by Module:CS1 translator --></ref><ref>{{cite web|access-date=2026-05-25 |date=2026-03-26 |first=ShortFlix |language=fr |last=Global |title=Regarder Les aventures avec ma voisine |url=https://www.shortflix.net/fr/videos/les-aventures-avec-ma-voisine |website=ShortFlix}}<!-- auto-translated from French by Module:CS1 translator --></ref>.
== See also == * DramaBox * My Drama * ReelShort
== References == <references responsive="1"></references> {{Authority control}}
Category:Chinese web series Category:Melodramas Category:Soap operas Category:Telenovelas Category:Vertical video