{{Short description|Dali monarch (d. 1009)}} {{redirect|Emperor Zhaoming|the Liang dynasty prince|Xiao Tong}} {{Infobox royalty |name = Emperor Zhaoming of Dali<br>{{nobold|大理昭明帝}} |image = |birth_date =Unknown |death_date =1009 |family_name = Duan (段) |clan_name = |given_name = Suying (素英) |succession = Emperor of Dali |reign = 986–1009 |predecessor=Duan Sushun |successor = Duan Sulian |dynasty = Dali |era name = |era dates = |temple name = |posthumous name = Emperor Zhaoming (昭明皇帝) }} '''Duan Suying''' ({{zh|c=段素英}}, died 1009), also known by his posthumous name as the '''Emperor Zhaoming of Dali''' ({{lang|zh-hant|大理昭明帝}}),<ref name=liwang>{{cite journal|url=http://www.ncpssd.org/Literature/articleinfo.aspx?id=NzAwMTE2MzU0MQ==&type=am91cm5hbEFydGljbGU=&datatype=am91cm5hbEFydGljbGU=&typename=5Lit5paH5pyf5YiK5paH56ug&nav=0&barcodenum=|accessdate=4 March 2022|language=zh|page=40|title=大理国国王世系及相关问题研究|trans-title=A Study of the Royal Lineage and Other Related Issues of the Dali Kingdom|last=Li Yanfeng ({{lang|zh-hans|李艳峰}})|last2=Wang Xingyu ({{lang|zh-hans|王兴宇}})|journal=Journal of Yuxi University|via=National Center for Philosophy and Social Sciences Documentation|volume=34|issue=9|year=2018}}</ref> was the sixth emperor of the Dali Kingdom. His reign lasted from 985 to 1009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Altera/dali.html|title=Dali 大理|last=Theobald|first=Ulrich|date=17 August 2012|website=Chinaknowledge|accessdate=4 March 2020}}</ref>
He was a descendant of Duan Siliang and the son of his predecessor Duan Sushun. After his death, he was succeeded by his son Duan Sulian.<ref name=liwang/>
He valued Confucianism and initiated the imperial examination system in Dali, likely in 1000.<ref>Du; Hu, pp. 3–4.</ref> The later claim that he authored a version of the Buddhist work ''Transmission of the Lamp'', while not completely impossible, is considered unlikely.<ref>Du; Hu, p. 2.</ref>
==Diplomacy== In 989 or some time during 991–995, Duan Suying sent a letter to Emperor Taizong of Song pleading the latter to conduct the ''fengshan'' ceremony. Duan's letter is now lost, but the reply written by Wang Yucheng on the Song emperor's behalf, which rejected the proposal, has survived as "A Reply to the Nanzhao King's Request for the Eastern Feng Ceremony" ({{lang|zh-hant|批答南詔國王請東封表}}). Duan likely sent the messenger to better understand the Chinese emperor.<ref>{{cite journal|title=北宋初年大理国王" 请东封" 考辨|trans-title=A Textual Research on King Dali's Request to Eastfeng in the Early Northern Song Dynasty|language=zh|last=Wu Yanqin ({{lang|zh-hans|吴彦勤}})|year=2021|pages=88–90|volume=43|issue=2|journal=Journal of Kunming University|url=http://www.ncpssd.org/Literature/articleinfo.aspx?id=S01YWVhCMjAyMTAwMjAxOA==&type=am91cm5hbEFydGljbGU=&datatype=am91cm5hbEFydGljbGU=&typename=5Lit5paH5pyf5YiK5paH56ug&nav=0&barcodenum=|accessdate=4 March 2022|via=National Center for Philosophy and Social Sciences Documentation}}</ref>
In 993, an agrarian rebellion led by Wang Xiaobo ({{lang|zh-hant|王小波}}) and Li Shun ({{lang|zh-hant|李順}}) engulfed the Song Xichuan Circuit (now Sichuan), and the Song ''huanguan'' (eunuch) general Wang Ji'en led an army to suppress it. Many Chinese refugees crossed the Jinsha River and entered Dali, and this likely played a major role in Duan Suying's adoption of Confucianism and the imperial examination system.<ref>Du; Hu, pp. 2–3.</ref> Between 994 and 995, after the Song recovered most of Xichuan, it sent a diplomat named Xin Yixian ({{lang|zh-hant|辛怡顯}}) to the Dali capital Yangjumie as part of its counterinsurgency campaign. Xin Yixian later wrote a book titled ''Records of Yunnan During the'' Zhidao'' Period'' ({{lang|zh-hant|至道雲南錄}}; ''zhidao'' referring to the years 995–997).<ref name=p3/>
In 996, Duan Suying sent another mission led by Duan Yuanshun ({{lang|zh-hant|段元順}}) to the Song capital, where they were "warmly received". In addition, Dali sent tributes to Song in 985, 989, 991, 997, 999, 1005, and 1008.<ref>{{cite journal|title=〈梵像卷〉作者與年代考|language=zh|url=https://www.npm.edu.tw/NewChineseArtDownload.ashx?bid=3702|page=344|last=Lee Yu-Min ({{lang|zh-hant|李玉珉}})|year=2005|journal=The National Palace Museum Research Quarterly|volume=23|issue=1|trans-title=Authorship and Dating of the "Handscroll of Buddhist Images"|accessdate=4 March 2022}}</ref>
==Era names== Duan Suying used at least five era names:<ref name=p3>Du; Hu, p. 3.</ref> *''Guangming'' ({{lang|zh-hans|廣明}}, 986–988?) *''Mingsheng'' ({{lang|zh-hant|明聖}}, 989?–996) *''Mingzhi'' ({{lang|zh-hant|明治}}, 997–?) *''Mingtong'' ({{lang|zh-hant|明統}}, ?–1005) *''Mingying'' ({{lang|zh-hant|明應}}, 1006–?)
The first year of ''mingtong'' was after 1000, and ''mingying'' lasted until at least 1007.<ref name=p3/> These era names suggest a prosperous economy and a stable society under him.<ref name=liwang/>
== References == {{reflist}} *{{cite journal|title=大理国开科举时间考|language=zh|last=Du Chenghui ({{lang|zh-hans|杜成辉}})|last2=Hu Yuping ({{lang|zh-hans|胡玉平}})|year=2019|volume=4|issue=3|journal=Journal of Dali University|url=http://www.ncpssd.org/Literature/articleinfo.aspx?id=NzAwMTM4NDgwMw==&type=am91cm5hbEFydGljbGU=&datatype=am91cm5hbEFydGljbGU=&typename=5Lit5paH5pyf5YiK5paH56ug&nav=0&barcodenum=|trans-title=On the Start Time of Imperial Examinations in Dali Kingdom|pages=1–5|accessdate=4 March 2022|via=National Center for Philosophy and Social Sciences Documentation}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Duan, Suying}} Category:Dali emperors Category:10th-century Chinese monarchs Category:Year of birth missing Category:1009 deaths