A number of trigraphs are found in the Latin script.
A
is used for /aːi̯/ in Dutch and various Cantonese romanisations.
is used for /əu̯/ (/oː/ in Ulster) in Irish.
is used for /əi̯/ (/eː/ in Ulster) in Irish, when stressed or for /ə/ (/uː/ in Mayo and Ulster), when unstressed word-finally.
is used for /eː/ in Irish.
is used for /əi̯/ (/eː/ in Ulster) in Irish.
is used for /ɛ̃/ (/ɛm/ before a vowel) in French.
is used for /ɛ̃/ (/ɛn/ before a vowel) in French. It also represents /ɛ̃/ in Tibetan Pinyin, where it is alternatively written .
is used for /iː/ in Irish, between broad consonants.
is used for /ɛː/ in RP, as in chair.
is used for /əu̯/ in Irish.
is used for /iː/ in Irish, between a broad and a slender consonant.
is used for /ɑ̃/ (/ɑn/ before a vowel) in French.
is used for /u/ in French.
is used in a few words in French for /u/.
is used for the strident vowel /a᷽/ in Taa (If IPA does not display properly, it is an with a double tilde underneath.)
B–C
is used for /w/ and /vʲ/ in Irish. It is used for the eclipsis of .
is used for /x/ (a voiceless velar fricative) in Breton. It should not be confused with ch, which represents /ʃ/ (a voiceless postalveolar fricative).
is used for /tʃː/ before , , in Italian.
is used for [tʃː] in Hungarian for germinated . It is collated as rather than as . It is only used within roots; when two are brought together in a compound word, they form the regular sequence .
is used for /dʒ/ in Eskayan romanised orthography and /xk/ in Scottish Gaelic.
is used for /tʃʰ/ in Quechua and romanizations of Indic languages
is used in for /c/ in Corsican.
is used for /w/ in southern dialects of Welsh
D
is used for the prevoiced aspirated affricate /d͡tʃʰ/ in Juǀʼhoan.
is used for the dental affricate /tθ/ in Chipewyan.
is a long Hungarian , [dːz]. It is collated as rather than as . It is not used within roots, where may be either long or short; but when an assimilated suffix is added to the stem, it may form the trigraph rather than the regular sequence *. Examples are eddze, lopóddzon.
is used for the prevoiced uvularized affricate /d͡tʃᵡ/ in Juǀʼhoan.
is used for /tˡʰ/ in the Romanized Popular Alphabet of Hmong.
is used for /dʒ/ in English transcriptions of the Polish digraph .
is used for the foreign sound /dʒ/ in German. A common variant is the tetragraph . It is used in Juǀʼhoan for the prevoiced aspirated affricate /d͡tsʰ/.
is used for foreign loan words with /dʒ/ Norwegian. Sometimes the digraph dj is used.
is used for the voiced palatal click /ᶢǂ/ in Naro.
is used for /dʒ/ in English transcriptions of the Russian digraph . In the practical orthography of Taa, where it represents the prevoiced affricate /dtsʰ/.
is used for /dʑ/ when it precedes a vowel and /dʑi/ otherwise in Polish, and is considered a variant of the digraph dź appearing in other situations.
is used for the voiced palato-alveolar affricate /dʒ/ in Hungarian
is used for the whistled sibilant affricate /d͡z̤ᵝ/ in Shona.
is used for the prevoiced uvularized affricate /d͡tsᵡ/ in Juǀʼhoan.
E
is used for /a/ in Irish, between slender consonants. It is also used in French for /e/ after .
is used for /aː/ in Irish, between slender consonants.
is used for /o/ in French and is a word itself meaning "water".
is used for /ɐʏ/ in Lancashire dialect.
is used for /iːu/ in Afrikaans.
is used for /ɛ̃/ (/ɛn/ before a vowel) in French.
is used for /oː/ in Irish, between slender consonants. It is also used in Cantonese Jyutping for /ɵy̯/.
is used for the strident vowel /e᷽/ in the practical orthography of Taa (If this symbol does not display properly, it is an with a double tilde underneath).
is used in Cantonese Yale romanisation for /ɵy̯/.
F
is used for /mt/ in Icelandic.
is used for /m̥t/ in Icelandic.
G
is used for /ʒy/ in French words such as vergeüre.
is used for /dʒː/ before , , in Italian.
is used for /ʝː/ in the Nynorsk Norwegian standard; e.g., leggja "lay".
is used for ejective /kʷʼ/ in Hadza.
is used for [ɟː] in Hungarian as a geminated . It is collated as rather than as . It is only used within roots; when two are brought together in a compound
is used for /ɟ/ in Corsican.
is used for a labialized velar/uvular /ʁʷ/ in Chipewyan. In Canadian Tlingit it represents /qʷ/, which is written in Alaska. It is also used for /ɣʷ/ in Gwich'in.
is used for /ʎː/ before a vowel other than in Italian.
is used for /ŋn/ in Talossan.
is used for /ɲ/ in a few French words such as châtaignier /ʃɑtɛɲe/.
is used for the prevoiced affricate /ɢqʰ/ in the practical orthography of Taa.
and are used for /ɡy/ at the ends of words that end in the feminine suffix -e in French. E.g. aiguë "sharp" and ambiguë "ambiguous". In the French spelling reform of 1990, it was recommended that traditional be changed to .
are used in Juǀʼhoan for its four prevoiced aspirated clicks, /ᶢᵏǃʰ, ᶢᵏǀʰ, ᶢᵏǁʰ, ᶢᵏǂʰ/.
are used in Juǀʼhoan for its four prevoiced affricate ejective-contour clicks, /ᶢᵏǃ͡χʼ, ᶢᵏǀ͡χʼ, ᶢᵏǁ͡χʼ, ᶢᵏǂ͡χʼ/.
are used in Juǀʼhoan for its four prevoiced affricate pulmonic-contour clicks, /ᶢᵏǃ͡χ, ᶢᵏǀ͡χ, ᶢᵏǁ͡χ, ᶢᵏǂ͡χ/.
H
is used for a labialized velar/uvular /χʷ/ in Chipewyan.
is used for the aspirated voiceless post-alveolar affricate /t͡ʃʰ/ in some romanizations of Burmese ချ or ခြ.
is used for /m̥ˡ/ in the Romanized Popular Alphabet used to write Hmong.
is used for /ɲ̥/ in the Romanized Popular Alphabet used to write Hmong.
I
is used for an unstressed word-final /əj/ in Irish, which is realised as /iː/, /ə/ and /əɟ/ depending on dialect.
represents /iː/ in Afrikaans.
is used for an unstressed word-final /əj/ in Irish, which is realised as /iː/, /ə/ and /əɟ/ depending on dialect. In English it may be used for /aɪ/, e.g. light /laɪt/.
is used for /ɲ/ in a few French words such as oignon /ɔɲɔ̃/ "onion" and encoignure "corner". It was eliminated in the French spelling reform of 1990, but continues to be used.
is used for /je/ or /jeː/ in the ijekavian reflex of Serbo-Croatian.
is used for /ʎ/ in Breton.
is used for /j/ in French, as in épouiller /epuje/.
is used for the strident vowel /i᷽/ in the practical orthography of Taa. (If IPA does not display properly, it is an with a double tilde underneath.)
is used for /uː/ in Irish, between slender consonants.
K–L
is used for /kʷʼ/ in Ossete.
is used for /qʷʰ/ in Canadian Tlingit, which is written in Alaska. It is also used for /xʷ/ in Gwich'in.
is used for /çː/ in the Nynorsk Norwegian standard, e.g. in ikkje "not".
is used for /ᵏŋ/ in Arrernte.
is used for /kʷʰ/ in Purépecha.
is used for /kʷʼ/ in Nuxalk.
is a common convention for /kʷʰ/.
is used for /l̪ʷ/ in Arrernte.
is used for /j/ after /i/ in a few French words, such as coquillier.
is used for [jː ~ ʎː] in Hungarian as a geminated . It is collated as rather than as . It is only used within roots; when two are brought together in a compound word, they form the regular sequence .
is used for /ʎʷ/ in Arrernte.
M
is used for /ᵐbʷ/ in Shona.
is used for the /w̃t/ sound in Portuguese.
N
is used for /ɲɟʱ/ in the Romanized Popular Alphabet used to write Hmong.
is used for /ndˡ/ in the Romanized Popular Alphabet used to write Hmong. In Xhosa it represents /ndɮ/.
is used for /ndz/ in Xhosa.
is used for /ŋ/ in Swahili. Technically, it may be considered a digraph rather than a trigraph, as is not a letter of the Swahili alphabet.
is used for /ⁿɡ͡b/, a prenasalised /ɡ͡b/, in some African orthographies.
is used for /ŋǀʱ/ in Xhosa.
is used for /ŋɡ/ in several languages such as Filipino and Malay that use for /ŋ/.
is used for /ŋ/, before , , and , in Vietnamese. In Welsh, it represents a voiceless velar nasal (a under the nasal mutation). In Xhosa, represents a murmured velar nasal.
is used for voiceless /ŋ̊/ in Gogo.
is used for a back velar stop, /ⁿɡ̠ ~ ⁿḵ/, in Yanyuwa
is used for doubly articulated consonant /ŋ͡m/ in Yélî Dnye of Papua New Guinea.
is used for /ŋǃʱ/ in Xhosa.
is used for /ŋʷ/ in Bouyei and Standard Zhuang.
is used /ŋʷ/ or /ŋɡʷ/ in the orthographies of several languages.
is used for /ŋǁʱ/ in Xhosa.
is used for /n̪ʷ/ in Arrernte.
is info for /ŋ.ǀ/ in Xhosa.
is used in for /ŋɡʱ/ the Romanized Popular Alphabet used to write Hmong.
is used for /ⁿk͡p/, a prenasalized /k͡p/, in some African orthographies.
is used for the alveolar click /ŋ.ǃ/ in Xhosa.
is used for the prenasalized lateral click /ŋ.ǁ/ in Xhosa.
is used in Inuktitut and Greenlandic to write a long (geminate) velar nasal, /ŋː/.
is a long Hungarian , [ɲː]. It is collated as rather than as . It is only used within roots; when two are brought together in a compound word, they form the regular sequence .
is used for /mbʱ/ in the Romanized Popular Alphabet used to write Hmong.
is used for /mbˡ/ in the Romanized Popular Alphabet used to write Hmong.
is used for /ɴɢʱ/ in the Romanized Popular Alphabet used to write Hmong.
is used for /ɳɖʱ/ in the Romanized Popular Alphabet used to write Hmong.
is used for the click /ᵑǂ/ in Naro.
is used for /ndʱ/ in the Romanized Popular Alphabet used to write Hmong. In the transcription of Australian Aboriginal languages such as Yanyuwa it represents a dental stop, /n̪t̪ ~ n̪d̪/.
is used for /nt͡ʃ/ in Cypriot Arabic.
is used for /ntɬʼ/ in Xhosa.
is used for /ɳɖʐ/ in the Romanized Popular Alphabet used to write Hmong. In Malagasy it represents /ⁿts/.
is used for /ndz/ in the Romanized Popular Alphabet used to write Hmong.
is used for /n̤ʲ/ in Xhosa. In Gogo it's voiceless /ɲ̊/.
is used for a pre-velar stop, /ⁿɡ̟ ~ ⁿk̟/ in Yanyuwa.
is used for /ɲʷ/ in Arrernte.
is used for the prenasalized whistled sibilant /ⁿz̤ᵝ/ in Shona.
are used in Juǀʼhoan for its four murmured nasal clicks, /ᵑǃʱ, ᵑǀʱ, ᵑǁʱ, ᵑǂʱ/.
O
is used for /əu̯/ (/oː/ in Ulster) in Irish.
is used for /əu̯/ (/oː/ in Ulster) in Irish.
is used for /uː/ in Afrikaans.
is used for /uiː/ in Dutch and Afrikaans.
is that represents a Walloon nasal vowel.
is used for /ø/ and /øː/ in the Classical Milanese orthography for the Milanese dialect of Lombard.
is used for /əu̯/ (/oː/ in Ulster) in Irish.
is used for /wɛ̃/ (/wɛn/ before a vowel) in French. In Tibetan Pinyin, it represents /ø̃/ and is alternately ön.
is used for /iː/ in Irish, between broad consonants.
is used for /oː/ in Irish.
is used for /oːi̯/ in Dutch and Afrikaans.
is used for the strident vowel /o᷽/ in the practical orthography of Taa. (If this symbol does not display properly, it is an with a double tilde underneath.)
P–R
is used in Kuanua, in p'hoq̄e'ẽ "water".
is used for /pˡʰ/ in the Romanized Popular Alphabet used to write Hmong.
is used for /ᵖmʷ/ in Arrernte.
is used for /ᵖqᵇ/ in Soninke.
is used for /psˤ/ in Silesian.
is used for final /k/ in some English words of French origin, such as macaque, oblique, opaque, and torque.
is used for /k/ in several English names of Scots origin, such as Sanquhar, Farquhar, and Urquhart or /h/, as in Colquhoun.
is used for /qʷʼ/ in Nuxalk.
is used for the affricate /qχʼ/ in the practical orthography of Taa.
is used for /ɭʷ/ in Arrernte.
is used for a retroflex stop /ɳʈ ~ ɳɖ/ in Yanyuwa.
is used for [ɴŋ], a uvular nasal followed by velar nasal, in Inuktitut.
is used for /ɳʷ/ in Arrernte.
is used for /r/ in words of Greek derivation such as diarrhea.
is used for /rʷ/ in Arrernte.
is used for the sje sound /ɧ/ in Swedish as in the word marskalk /'maɧalk/ "marshal".
is used for /ʈɳ/ in Arrernte.
is used for /ʈʷ/ in Arrernte.
S
is used for ʃ in German and other languages influenced by it such as Low German and Romansh. It is used for the sje sound /ɧ/ in Swedish at the end of a French loanword; e.g., marsch (fr. marche), or in Greek loanwords, such as schema ("schedule") and ischias. In Walloon, it represents a consonant that is variously /h/, /ʃ/, /ç/, or /sk/, depending on the dialect. In English, is usually used for /sk/, but the word schedule (from the Late Latin schedula) can be /sk/ or /ʃ/ depending on dialect. In Dutch, it may represent word-final [s], as in the common suffix -isch and in some (sur)names, like Bosch and Den Bosch. In the Rheinische Dokumenta, is used to denote the sounds [ʃ], [ɕ] and [ʂ], while with an arc below denotes [ʒ].
is used in Italian for /ʃː/ before , , .
is used in Bolivian Quechua for /ʂ/.
is used in Gwich'in for [ʂ].
represents a fricative phoneme /ʃ/ in some Scandinavian languages. In Faroese (e.g. at skjóta "to shoot") and in Norwegian (e.g. kanskje "maybe"), it is a usually the voiceless postalveolar fricative [ʃ]. In Swedish (e.g. skjorta "shirt") it is often realised as the sje sound [ɧ].
is used for /ʃ/ in English such as in mission. It is used in a few French loanwords in Swedish for the sje sound /ɧ/, e.g. assiett "dessert plate".
is used for the sje sound /ɧ/ in a few Swedish words between two short vowels, such as hässja "hayrack".
is a long Hungarian , [sː]. It is collated as rather than as . It is only used within roots; when two are brought together in a compound word, they form the regular sequence .
is found in words of Greek origin. In French, it is pronounced /s/ before a consonant, as in isthme and asthme; in American English, it is pronounced /s/ in isthmus and /z/ in asthma.
is used for the sje sound /ɧ/ in 5 native Swedish words, it can also represent the voiceless postalveolar fricative /ʃ/ or the consonant cluster /stʲ/ in Norwegian depending on dialect.
is used for /siː/ in Cantonese romanization.
and are used for the sequence /stʃ/ in Piedmontese.
and are used for the sequence /zdʒ/ in Piedmontese.
T
is used for the click /ǂχ/ in Naro.
is used for the aspirated click /ǂʰ/ in Naro, the aspirated affricate /tʃʰ/ in Sandawe, Hadza and Juǀʼhoan, and the affricate /tʃ/ in French and Portuguese. In modern Walloon it is /tʃ/, which used to be written ch. In Swedish it is used for the affricate /tʃ/ in a small number of English loanwords, such as match and batch. In English it is a variant of the digraph , used in situations similar to those that trigger the digraph for .
is used for the uvularized affricate /tʃᵡ/ in Juǀʼhoan.
and are used for /ᵗ̪n̪/ in Arrernte.
is used for /tsʰ/ in Xhosa. It is often replaced with the ambiguous trigraph .
is used for /t̪ʷ/ in Arrernte.
is used for /t͡ɬʰ/ in Nuxalk.
is used for /tɬʰ/ in languages such as Tswana, and is /tɬ/ in the fictional Klingon language from Star Trek, where it is treated as a single letter.
is used in Catalan for /ʎː/. In Valencian and Balearic it represents /ʎ/.
and are used for /ᵗ̪n̪/ in Arrernte.
is used for /ᵗnʷ/ in Arrernte.
is used for /ᶜɲ/ in Arrernte.
is used for /t͡sʼ/ in Nuxalk.
is used for /tsχ/ in Naro.
is used in various languages, such as Juǀʼhoan, for the aspirated affricate /tsʰ/. In the Romanized Popular Alphabet used to write Hmong, it represents the sound /tʂʰ/. In Xhosa, it may be used to write /tsʰ/, /tʃʼ/, or /tʃʰ/, though it is sometimes limited to /tʃʼ/, with /tsʰ/ and /tʃʰ/ distinguished as and .
is used for /tʃ/ in Dutch and Norwegian.
is used for the whistled sibilant affricate /t͡sᶲ/ in Shona.
is used for the uvularized affricate /tsᵡ/ in Juǀʼhoan.
is used for /tʃ/ or /dʒ/ in Seneca, can also be .
is used for the syllables /t͡si/ and /t͡sʰi/ in Cantonese romanization.
is used for dental affricate /tθʰ/ in Chipewyan.
is used for ejective /tɬʼ/ in Haida (Bringhurst orthography).
is used for ejective /tsʼ/ in Haida (Bringhurst orthography).
is used for [cː] in Hungarian as a geminated . It is collated as rather than as . It is only used within roots; when two are brought together in a compound word, they form the regular sequence .
is used for /tsʰ/ in the Romanized Popular Alphabet used to write Hmong.
is used for /tʲʰ/ in Xhosa.
is used for /cʷ/ in Arrernte.
is used for /t͡si/ in Cantonese names (such as Cheung Tze-keung) or in Chinese names (such as Yangtze).
U
is used for /iː/ in Irish, between broad consonants.
is used for the strident vowel /u᷽/ in the practical orthography of Taa. (If this symbol does not display properly, it is an with a double tilde underneath.)
is used for /χʷ/ in Central Alaskan Yup'ik.
X–Z
is used for /χʷ/ in Canadian Tlingit, which is written in Alaska.
is used in Gwich'in for [ʐ].
is used for [ʒː] in Hungarian as a geminated . It is collated as rather than as . It is only used within roots; when two are brought together in a compound word, they form the regular sequence .
Other
(capital ) is used for [ŋ͡mɡ͡b] in Kabiye, a pre-nasalized .
are used in Juǀʼhoan for its four aspirated nasal clicks, /ᵑ̊ǃʰ, ᵑ̊ǀʰ, ᵑ̊ǁʰ, ᵑ̊ǂʰ/.
are used in Khoekhoe for its four plain aspirated clicks, /ǃʰ, ǀʰ, ǁʰ, ǂʰ/.