Psychodidae

{{Short description|Family of flies}} {{For|the common household drain fly|Clogmia albipunctata}} {{Automatic_taxobox | fossil_range = {{fossilrange|Norian|Present}} | image = Clogmia Albipunctata or moth fly.jpg | image_caption = Male ''Clogmia albipunctata''. A moth-like dense coat of small hairs gives rise to the term "moth fly". | display_parents = 3 | taxon = Psychodidae | authority = Newman, 1834<ref name="Newman1834">{{cite journal |last1=Newman |first1=E. |title=Attempted division of British insects into natural orders |journal=The Entomological Magazine |date=1834 |volume=2 |pages=379–431 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8980527#page/405/mode/1up |access-date=10 November 2021}}</ref> | synonyms = Phlebotomidae }}

'''Psychodidae''', common name '''moth flies''', is a family of true flies. Many genera have short, hairy bodies and wings, giving them a "furry" moth-like appearance, hence one of their common names, moth flies.<ref name="PSU">{{Cite web|url=https://ento.psu.edu/extension/factsheets/moth-flies-in-the-home|title=Moth Flies in the Home (Department of Entomology)|website=Department of Entomology (Penn State University)}}</ref> Also called '''drain flies''', '''sink flies''', '''filter flies''',<ref name="PSU" /> '''sewer flies''', or '''sewer gnats''' because a few species live in drains. Members of the sub-family Phlebotominae, which are hematophagous (feed on blood), may be called '''sand flies''' in some countries, although this term is also used for other unrelated flies, such as horse flies (Tabanidae) and no-see-ums (Ceratopogonidae).

There are more than 2,600 described species worldwide, most of them native to the humid tropics. This makes them one of the most diverse families of their order.<ref>Quate LW, Vockeroth JR. Psychodidae. In: McAlpine JF, Peterson BV, Shewell GE, Teskey HJ, Vockeroth JR, Wood DM, eds. ''Manual of Nearctic Diptera. Vol. 1''. Ottawa: Research Branch, Agriculture Canada, Monograph 27; 1981:293–300.</ref> Drain flies sometimes inhabit plumbing drains and sewage systems, where they are harmless, but may be a persistent annoyance.<ref name="OscozGalicia2011">{{cite book|author1=Javier Oscoz|author2=David Galicia|author3=Rafael Miranda|title=Identification Guide of Freshwater Macroinvertebrates of Spain|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-mm5rt6IRxwC&pg=PA138|date=27 June 2011|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-94-007-1554-7|page=138}}</ref>

The larvae of the subfamilies Psychodinae, Sycoracinae and Horaiellinae live in aquatic to semi-terrestrial or sludge-based habitats, including bathroom sinks,<ref>{{cite web|title=How to get rid of drain flies | website=YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IcHduAy12CY |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/IcHduAy12CY |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|access-date=2018-07-03}}{{cbignore}}</ref> where they feed on bacteria and can become problematic. The larvae of the most commonly encountered species are nearly transparent with a non-retractable black head and can sometimes be seen moving along the moist edges of crevices in shower stalls or bathtubs or submerged in toilet water. The larval form of the fly is usually between {{convert|4|and|5|mm|abbr=on}} long, and is shaped like a long, thin, somewhat flattened cylinder. The body lacks prolegs, but the body segments are divided into a series of rings called ''annuli'' (singular is ''annulus''). Some of these rings will have characteristic plates on the dorsal side. The larval thorax is not significantly larger than the abdomen, giving the larvae a more "worm-like" appearance than those of most aquatic insects.

In some species, the larvae can secure themselves to surfaces of their environment using "attachment disks" on their ventral side. Like mosquito larvae, they cannot absorb oxygen through water, and instead breathe via a small dark tube (a spiracle) on their posterior end — they must regularly reach the surface to obtain oxygen. The larval stage lasts for between 9 and 15 days, depending on species, temperature, and environment. There are four instar stages.<ref name="OscozGalicia2011"/><ref name="McCafferty1983">{{cite book|author=W. Patrick McCafferty|title=Aquatic Entomology: The Fishermen's and Ecologists' Illustrated Guide to Insects and Their Relatives|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wiTq7x-fI_0C&pg=PA297|date=January 1983|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Learning|isbn=978-0-86720-017-1|page=297}}</ref><ref name="Schrock2004">{{cite book|author=Denny Schrock|title=Ortho home gardener's problem solver|url=https://archive.org/details/homegardenerspro00orth|url-access=registration|access-date=1 August 2011|date=31 January 2004|publisher=Meredith Books|isbn=978-0-89721-504-6}}</ref> In small numbers, the larvae are sometimes considered beneficial, as their strong jaws can cut through the hair and sludge waste in drains which might otherwise form clogs. However, unless this sludge layer is removed entirely, the adult flies will continue to find it and lay more eggs.

While the biting midges also have larvae that have no prolegs and which also have attachment disks, the larvae of the netwinged midges can be distinguished from those of the moth fly by the multiple deep lateral constrictions of the latter.<ref name="McCafferty1983"/>

The pupal stage lasts between 20 and 40 hours. During this stage, the insect does not feed, but stays submerged near the water surface, still breathing through a spiracle, and soon metamorphoses into an adult fly, which bursts through a seam in the pupal casing and emerges onto the water's surface.

The adults are half as long as the larvae, but are much broader in appearance, with a pair of hairy wings held pitched-roof-like over the body. The wings have the most elementary venation of any of the Diptera, having little more than a series of parallel veins without crossveins.[https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychodidae ] <ref>Vaillant, F. 1971. Psychodidae - Psychodinae. In: E. Lindner, ed. Die Fliegen der Palaearktischen Region, 9d, Lieferung 287: 1-48.</ref>

The adults are typically nocturnal, though they orient themselves around lights and may appear to be attracted to light and odors. They are erratic fliers, and are often seen walking or running rapidly as well as taking flight.<ref name="Townsend">{{cite web|last1=Townsend|first1=Lee|title=Drain Flies or Moth Flies|url=https://entomology.ca.uky.edu/ef615|website=Entomology at the University of Kentucky|publisher=University of Kentucky|access-date=2017-06-21}}</ref> They are most active at night, but may also be seen during daylight, or near windows, lights, or illuminated display panels.<ref name="DIYPC">{{cite web|title=Get Rid Of Drain Flies {{!}} Drain Fly Control Treatment|url=https://www.doyourownpestcontrol.com/drainflies.htm|access-date=2017-06-21|website=Do It Yourself Pest Control}}</ref>

The adults live for about 20 days, during which they will breed only once, often within hours of emerging from their pupal casings. Females will lay their eggs (between 30 and 100) just above the water line inside moist drains. Within 48 hours these eggs hatch into drain worms, the larval form.<ref>[https://drainflies.info/drain-fly-life-cycle/ Drain Fly Life Circle]</ref>

<gallery widths="160px" heights="200px"> File:Psychodidae SEM top view.tif|Psychodidae SEM top view File:Psychodidae SEM rear view.tif|Psychodidae SEM rear view File:Psychodidae SEM view from left.tif|Psychodidae SEM view from left File:Psychodidae SEM front view.tif|high resolution SEM image of Psychodidae (drain- or moth flies), front view File:Psychodidae SEM whiskers.tif|high resolution SEM image of Psychodidae (drain- or moth flies) whiskers segments File:Psychodidae leg.tif|high resolution SEM image of Psychodidae (drain- or moth flies) leg </gallery>

== Health effects == The drain flies which are commonly found in bathrooms, ''Clogmia albipunctata'', are not known to carry any human diseases, but have been known to be an opportunistic agent of myiasis. However, the subfamily of Phlebotominae does feed on blood with the ability to transmit (tropical) diseases, and ''Sycorax silacea'' can transmit microfilaria.<ref>Schulz-Stübner, Sebastian, et al. "Psychodidae (Drain Fly) Infestation in an Operating Room." Infection control and hospital epidemiology 36.3 (2015): 366-367.</ref> Inhalation of insect fragments may cause asthma.

This family has seven subfamilies that contain more than 2600 described species.<ref>Quate, L.W. & B.V. Brown. 2004. Revision of Neotropical ''Setomimini'' (Diptera: ''Psychodidae'': ''Psychodinae''). Contributions in Science, 500: 1-117.</ref><ref name="PeerJPsychodidaeMyanmar">{{Cite journal|last1=Stebner|first1=F.|last2=Solórzano Kraemer|first2=M. M.|last3=Ibáñez-Bernal|first3=S.|last4=Wagner|first4=R.|year=2015|title=Moth flies and sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Cretaceous Burmese amber|journal=PeerJ|volume=3|article-number=e1254|doi=10.7717/peerj.1254|pmc=4579024|pmid=26401462 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

{{div col|colwidth=30em}} *Horaiellinae Enderlein, 1937<ref name="Enderlein1937">{{cite journal |last1=Enderlein |first1=Günther |title=Klassifikation der Psychodiden (Dipt.) |journal=Entomologische Zeitschrift |date=1937 |volume=1936 |issue=3–4 |pages=81–112 |doi=10.1002/mmnd.193619360301 |url=https://www.zobodat.at/pdf/Deutsche-Ent-Zeitschrift_1936_0081-0112.pdf |access-date=26 May 2022}}</ref> **''Horaiella'' Tonnoir, 1933<ref name="Tonnoir1933">{{cite journal |last1=Tonnoir |first1=A.L. |title=Descriptions of remarkable Indian Psychodidae and their early stages, with a theory of the evolution of the ventral suckers of dipterous larvae |journal=Records of the Indian Museum |date=1933 |volume=35 |pages=53–75 |url=http://recordsofzsi.com/index.php/zsoi/article/view/162601/113049 |access-date=26 May 2022}}</ref> **{{extinct}}''Protohoraiella'' Curler, Krzeminski & Skibinska, 2019<ref name="CurlerKrzeminskiSkibinska2019">{{cite journal |last1=Curler |first1=G.R. |last2=Krzeminski |first2=W. |last3=Skibinska |first3=K. |title=The first record of fossil Horaiellinae (Diptera: Psychodidae) from mid-Cretaceous amber of northern Myanmar |journal=Cretaceous Research |date=2019 |volume=98 |issue=305–315|page=305 |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2019.02.005 |bibcode=2019CrRes..98..305C |s2cid=133710850 }}</ref> Burmese amber, Myanmar Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian) *Bruchomyiinae Alexander, 1921<ref name="Alexander1921">{{cite journal |last1=Alexander |first1=C.P. . |title=A new subfamily of tanyderid flies (Diptera) |journal=Annals of the Entomological Society of America |date=1921 |volume=13[1920] |pages=402–407 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/11996575#page/436/mode/1up |access-date=23 May 2022}}</ref> - selected genera: **''Alexanderia'' Wagner & Kvifte, 2018<ref name="PolseelaWagner2018">{{cite journal |last1=Polseela |first1=Raxsina |last2=Wagner |first2=Rüdiger |last3=Kvifte |first3=Gunnar Mikalsen |last4=Rulik |first4=Björn |last5=Apiwathnasorn |first5=Chamnarn |title=Revision of Bruchomyiinae (Diptera, Psychodidae) of the Oriental Region, with description of a new genus and species and discussion of putative male/female antagonistic coevolution |journal=Insect Systematics & Evolution |date=2018 |volume=50 |issue=1 |pages=67–82|doi=10.1163/1876312X-00002183 |s2cid=91174059 }}</ref> (Oriental) **''Boreofairchildia'' Wagner & Stuckenberg, 2016<ref name = "W&S2016">{{cite journal | title = Cladistic analysis of Subfamily Bruchomyiinae (Diptera: Psychodidae) | date = 2016-03-16 | last1 = Wagner | first1 = Rüdiger | last2 = Stuckenberg | first2 = Brian | journal = Zootaxa | volume = 4092 | issue = 2 | pages = 151–174 | pmid = 27394447 | doi = 10.11646/zootaxa.4092.2.1}}</ref> (Americas) **''Bruchomyia'' Alexander, 1921<ref name="Alexander1921"/> (South America): **''Eutonnoiria'' Alexander, 1940<ref name="Alexander1940">{{cite journal |last1=Alexander |first1=C.P. |title=Further observations on the Psychodid subfamily Bruchomyinae (Diptera) |journal=Revista de Entomologia |date=1940 |volume=11 |pages=793–799}}</ref> (Central Africa) **''Laurenceomyia'' Wagner & Stuckenberg, 2016<ref name = "W&S2016"/> (South America) **''Nemopalpus'' Macquart, 1838<ref name="Macquart1838">{{cite book |last1=Macquart |first1=P.J.M. |title=Insectes diptères nouveaux ou peu connus. Tome premier.--1re partie |date=1838 |publisher=Roret |location=Paris |pages=5–221, 25 pls}}</ref> **''Notofairchildia'' Wagner & Stuckenberg, 2016<ref name = "W&S2016"/> **{{extinct}}''Hoffeinsodes'' Wagner, 2017 Baltic amber, Eocene **{{extinct}}''Palaeoglaesum'' Wagner, 2017 Burmese amber, Myanmar *Phlebotominae Rondani, 1840 **''Australophlebotomus'' Theodor, 1948 **''Bichromomyia'' Artemiev, 1991 **''Brumptomyia'' França & Parrot, 1921 (Mexico to South America) **''Chinius'' Leng, 1985 (2 species: China, Thailand) **''Dampfomyia'' Addis, 1945 **{{extinct}}''Datzia'' Stebner et al., 2015 (Burmese amber, Cenomanian) **''Deanemyia'' Galati, 1995<ref name="Galati1995">{{cite journal |last1=Galati |first1=E.A.B. |title=Phylogenetic systematics of Phlebotominae (Diptera) with emphasis on American groups |journal=Boletín de Dirección de Malariologia y Ssaneamiento Ambiental |date=1995 |volume=35 |issue=Suplemento 1 |pages=133–142}}</ref> **''Evandromyia'' Mangabeira, 1941<ref name="Mangabeira1941a">{{cite journal |last1=Mangabeira |first1=O. |title=3a contribuição ao estudo dos Flebotomus. Evandromyia n. subg. (Diptera: Psychodidae) |journal=Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz |date=1941 |volume=36 |pages=215–233|doi=10.1590/S0074-02761941000200003 |doi-access=free }}</ref> **''Edentomyia'' Galati, Andrade-Filho, da Silva & Falcão, 2003 (Brazil) **''Expapillata'' Galati, 1995<ref name="Galati1995"/> **''Hertigia'' Fairchild, 1949 **''Idiophlebotomus'' Quate & Fairchild, 1961 **{{extinct}}''Libanophlebotomus'' Azar et al., 1999<ref name="AzarEtAl1999">{{cite journal |last1=Azar |first1=D. |last2=Nel |first2=A. |last3=Solignac |first3=M. |last4=Paicheler |first4=J.-C. |last5=Bouchet |first5=F. |title=New genera and species of psychodoid flies from the Lower Cretaceous amber of Lebanon |journal=Palaeontology |date=1999 |volume=42 |issue=6 |pages=1101–1136|doi=10.1111/1475-4983.00112 |bibcode=1999Palgy..42.1101A |s2cid=84535813 }}</ref> Lebanese amber Early Cretaceous (Barremian) **''Lutzomyia'' França, 1924 (North and South America) **{{extinct}}''Mandalayia'' Stebner et al., 2015 (Burmese amber, Cenomanian) **''Martinsmyia'' Galati, 1995<ref name="Galati1995"/> **{{extinct}}''Mesophlebotomites'' Azar et al., 1999<ref name="AzarEtAl1999"/> Lebanese amber, Barremian **''Micropygomyia'' Barretto, 1962<ref name="Barretto1962">{{cite journal |last1=Barretto |first1=M.P. |title=Novos subgeneros de Lutzomyia Franca, 1924 (Diptera, Psychodidae, subfamilia Phlebotominae) |journal=Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo |date=1962 |volume=4 |pages=91–100}}</ref> **''Migonemyia'' Galati, 1995<ref name="Galati1995"/> **''Nyssomyia'' Barretto, 1962<ref name="Barretto1962"/> **''Oligodontomyia'' Galati, 1995<ref name="Galati1995"/> **{{extinct}}''Palaeomyia'' Poinar 2004 Burmese amber, Albian <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Poinar Jr, George|title=Palaeomyia burmitis gen. n., sp. n.(Phlebotominidae: Diptera) a new genus of Cretaceous sandflies with evidence of blood sucking habits|journal=Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington}}</ref> **{{extinct}}''Phlebotomites'' Stebner et al., 2015 Lebanese amber, Barremian, Burmese amber, Cenomanian **{{extinct}}''Phlebotoiella'' Solórzano Kraemer and Wagner 2009 Cambay amber, India, Eocene **''Phlebotomus'' Rondani& Berté, 1840 (Europe, Africa, Asia, Australia) **''Pintomyia'' Costa Lima, 1932 **''Pressatia'' Mangabeira, 1942<ref name="Mangabeira1942">{{cite journal |last1=Mangabeira |first1=O. |title=7a contribuição ao estudo dos Flebotomus. Diptera: Psychodidae. Descrição dos machos de 24 novas espécies. |journal=Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz |date=1942 |volume=37 |issue=2 |pages=111–218|doi=10.1590/S0074-02761942000200003 |doi-access=free }}</ref> **{{extinct}}Protopsychodinae Stebner et al., 2015 **{{extinct}}''Protopsychoda'' Azar et al., 1999<ref name="AzarEtAl1999"/> Lebanese amber, Barremian **''Psathyromyia'' Barretto, 1962<ref name="Barretto1962"/> **''Psychodopygus'' Mangabeira, 1941<ref name="Mangabeira1941b">{{cite journal |last1=Mangabeira |first1=O. |title=4a contribuição ao estudo dos Flebotomus. Psychodopygus n. subg. (Diptera: Psychodidae) |journal=Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz |date=1941 |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=237–250|doi=10.1590/S0074-02761941000300001 |doi-access=free }}</ref> **''Sciopemyia'' Barretto, 1962<ref name="Barretto1962"/> **''Sergentomyia'' França & Parrot, 1920 (Europe, Africa, Asia, Australia) **''Trichophoromyia'' Barretto, 1962<ref name="Barretto1962"/> **''Viannamyia'' Mangabeira, 1941<ref name="Mangabeira1941c">{{cite journal |last1=Mangabeira |first1=O. |title=5a contribuição ao estudo dos Flebotomus. Viannamyia n. subg. (Diptera: Psychodidae) |journal=Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz |date=1941 |volume=36 |issue=251–262}}</ref> **''Warileya'' Hertig, 1948 (Central and South America) *{{extinct}}Protopsychodinae Stebner et al., 2015 **{{extinct}}''Datzia'' Stebner et al., 2015 (Burmese amber, Cenomanian) **{{extinct}}''Mandalayia'' Stebner et al., 2015 (Burmese amber, Cenomanian) **{{extinct}}''Protopsychoda'' Azar et al., 1999<ref name="AzarEtAl1999"/> Lebanese amber, Barremian *Psychodinae Newman, 1834<ref name="Newman1834"/> **''Abcharis'' Tkoc and Jezek, 2013 (= ''Notiocharis'' Eaton, 1913, preoccupied) (Australia) **''Alloeodidicrum'' Duckhouse, 1990 (Australia) **''Arisemus'' Satchell, 1955 **''Atrichobrunettia'' Satchell, 1953 **''Australopericoma'' Vaillant, 1975 **''Balbagathis'' Quate, 1996 **''Bazarella'' Vaillant, 1961 **''Berdeniella'' Vaillant, 1976 **''Boreoclytocerus'' Duckhouse, 1978 **''Breviscapus'' Quate, 1955<ref name="Quate1955">{{cite journal |last1=Quate |first1=L.W. |title=A revision of the Psychodidae (Diptera) in America north of Mexico |journal=University of California Publications in Entomology |date=1955 |volume=10 |pages=103–273}}</ref> **''Brunettia'' Annandale, 1910 **''Clogmia'' Enderlein, 1937<ref name="Enderlein1937"/> **''Clytocerus'' Eaton, 1904 **''Didicrum'' Enderlein, 1937<ref name="Enderlein1937" /> **''Epacretron'' Quate, 1965 **''Eremolobulosa'' Duckhouse, 1990 (Australia) **''Eurygarka'' Quate, 1959 **''Feuerborniella'' Vaillant, 1974 **''Gerobrunettia'' Quate & Quate, 1967 **''Lepimormia'' Enderlein, 1937<ref name="Enderlein1937" /> **''Lepidiella'' Enderlein, 1937<ref name="Enderlein1937"/> **''Lobulosa'' Szabo, 1960 **''Maruina'' Müller, 1895 (Americas) **{{extinct}}''Matuna'' Stebner and Solórzano Kraemer 2014 Mexican amber, Miocene **{{extinct}}''Megapsychoda'' Azar and Nel 2002 Crato Formation, Brazil, Early Cretaceous (Aptian) **''Mormia'' Enderlein, 1935<ref name="Enderlein1935"/> **''Neoarisemus'' Botosaneanu & Vaillant, 1970 **{{extinct}}''Paleopsychoda'' Azar et al., 1999<ref name="AzarEtAl1999"/> Lebanese amber, Barremian, Jordanian amber, Albian, Taimyr amber, Russia, Albian **''Panimerus'' Eaton, 1913 **{{extinct}}''Paralibanopsychoda'' Azar and Nel 2002 Lebanese amber, Barremian **''Paramormia'' Enderlein, 1935<ref name="Enderlein1935"/> **''Parasetomima'' Duckhouse, 1968 (South America) **''Paratelmatoscopus'' Satchell, 1953 (Australia) **''Pericoma'' Haliday, in Walker, 1856 **''Peripsychoda'' Enderlein, 1935<ref>Günther Enderlein, Zur Klassifikation der Psychodinen. Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin, 1935</ref> **''Philosepedon'' Eaton, 1904 (Europe, North and Central America) **''Pneumia'' Enderlein, 1935<ref>Günther Enderlein, Zur Klassifikation der Psychodinen. Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin, 1935</ref> (= ''Satchelliella'' Vaillant, 1979) **''Psychoda'' Latreille, 1796 **''Rotundopteryx'' Duckhouse, 1990 (Australia) **''Saraiella'' Vaillant, 1981 **''Setomima'' Enderlein, 1937<ref name="Enderlein1937" /> **''Stupkaiella'' Vaillant, 1973 **{{extinct}}''Succinarisemus'' Wagner, 2002 Mexican amber, Dominican amber, Miocene **''Szaboiella'' Vaillant, 1979 **''Telmatoscopus'' Eaton, 1904 **''Thornburghiella'' Vaillant, 1982 **''Threticus'' Eaton, 1904 **''Tinearia'' Schellenberg, 1803 **''Tonnoiriella'' Vaillant, 1982 **''Trichopsychoda'' Tonnoir, 1922 **''Ulomyia'' Walker, 1856 (= ''Saccopterix'' Haliday, in Curtis, 1839, preoccupied) **''Vaillantodes'' Wagner, 2002 ( = ''Vaillantia'' Wagner, 1993, preoccupied) **{{extinct}}''Wightipsychoda'' Azar 2019 Bembridge Marls, United Kingdom, Priabonian *Sycoracinae Jung, 1954 **''Aposycorax'' Duckhouse, 1972 **{{extinct}}''Palaeoparasycorax'' Stebner et al., 2015 (Burmese amber, Cenomanian) **''Parasycorax'' Duckhouse, 1972 **''Sycorax'' Haliday, in Curtis, 1839 *Trichomyiinae Tonnoir, 1922 **{{extinct}}''Axenotrichomyia'' Azar et al., 2015 Burmese amber, Cenomanian **{{extinct}}''Eatonisca'' Meunier, 1905 Baltic, Bitterfeld amber, Eocene **{{extinct}}''Eotrichomyia'' Meunier Oise amber, France Eocene (Ypresian) **''Trichomyia'' Haliday, in Curtis, 1839 **{{extinct}}''Xenotrichomyia'' Azar et al., 2015 New Jersey amber, Late Cretaceous (Turonian) *''Incertae sedis'' **{{extinct}}''Bamara'' Stebner et al., 2015 Burmese amber, Cenomanian **{{extinct}}''Cretapsychoda'' Azar et al., 1999<ref name="AzarEtAl1999"/> Lebanese amber, Barremian **{{extinct}}''Eochaoborites'' Hong, 2002 Fushun amber, China, Ypresian **{{extinct}}''Eophlebotomus'' Cockerell, 1920 Lebanese amber, Barremian, Charentese amber, France, Cenomanian, Burmese amber, Cenomanian **{{extinct}}''Liassopsychodina'' Ansorge, 1994 Green Series, Germany, Early Jurassic (Toarcian) **{{extinct}}''Libanopsychoda'' Azar et al., 1999<ref name="AzarEtAl1999"/> Lebanese amber, Barremian **{{extinct}}''Mesopsychoda'' Brauer et al., 1889 Cheremkhovskaya Formation, Russia, Toarcian **{{extinct}}''Protopsychoda'' Azar et al., 1999<ref name="AzarEtAl1999"/> Lebanese amber, Barremian **{{extinct}}''Tanypsycha'' Ansorge, 1994 Green Series, Germany, Toarcian **{{extinct}}''Triassopsychoda'' Blagoderov and Grimaldi. 2007 Cow Branch Formation, North Carolina, Late Triassic (Norian) **{{extinct}}''Xenopsychoda'' Azar and Ziadé, 2005 Lebanese amber, Barremian{{div col end}}

==See also== * Fungus gnat * ''Trichomyia lengleti''

==References== {{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading== * Quate, L.W. & B.V. Brown (2004). [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/210558 "Revision of Neotropical Setomimini (Diptera: Psychodidae: Psychodinae)"]. ''Contributions in Science'', 500: 1–117. [https://biostor.org/reference/201375 BioStor]. {{doi|10.5962/p.210558}}. * Vaillant, F. (1971). "Psychodidae–Psychodinae". In: E. Lindner, ed. ''Die Fliegen der Paläarktischen Region'', 9d, Lieferung 287: 1–48. * Young, D.G. & P.V. Perkins (1984). "Phlebotomine sand flies of North America (Diptera: Psychodidae)". ''Mosquito News'', 44: 263–304.

==External links== {{Commons category|Psychodidae}} * [http://www.drawwing.org/insects/diptera/psychodidae Wing venation] * [https://archive.today/20121215004055/http://ohioline.osu.edu/hyg-fact/2000/2071.html Ohio State University Extension] * [http://www.diptera.info/photogallery.php?album_id=83 Diptera.info Gallery] * [https://waarneming.nl/taxa/10259/ Waarneming Gallery]

Category:Psychodidae Category:Nematocera families Category:Taxa named by Edward Newman Category:Extant Late Triassic first appearances Category:Norian first appearances