Dove (Unilever brand)

{{Short description|Personal care brand owned by the British company Unilever}} {{Other uses|Dove (disambiguation)}} {{Use American English|date=September 2024}} {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}} {{Infobox Brand | name = Dove | logo = Dove logo.png | type = Personal care | currentowner = Unilever | introduced = 1956 | related = {{Plainlist| * Dove Men+Care * Baby Dove }} | markets = Worldwide | previousowners = | trademarkregistrations = | tagline = Let's Change Beauty | website = {{URL|https://www.dove.com/us/en/home.html}} }}

'''Dove''' is a personal care brand owned by the British consumer goods company Unilever.<ref>{{Cite news |last=de la Merced |first=Michael J. |date=2020-06-11 |title=Unilever Decides One Headquarters Is Better Than Two |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/11/business/unilever-headquarters.html |access-date=2025-02-21 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Dove products are sold in more than 150 countries and are offered for women, men, babies, adolescents and children. American chemist Vincent Lamberti was granted the original patents related to the manufacturing of Dove in the 1950s, while he worked for Lever Brothers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=In Remembrance: Vincent Lamberti '47, '51PhD |url=https://yalealumnimagazine.org/obituaries/1326-vincent-lamberti-47-51phd |access-date=2025-02-21 |website=yalealumnimagazine.org}}</ref>

== History ==

The brand's original product, the Dove Beauty Bar, was developed by Lever Brothers in the 1950s for the American market.<ref name="Hill">{{cite book |last1=Hill |first1=Michael I. |last2=Post |first2=Albert J. |editor1-last=Ng |editor1-first=Ka M. |editor2-last=Gani |editor2-first=Rafiqul |editor3-last=Dam-Johansen |editor3-first=Kim |title=Chemical Product Design: Towards a Perspective through Case Studies |date=2007 |publisher=Elsevier |location=Amsterdam |isbn=9780080466743 |pages=275–288 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X1UeMNTzj1QC&pg=PA275 |chapter=Design of the Dove Beauty Bar}}</ref> It was launched in the United States in 1957.<ref name="Jones_Page_134">{{cite book |last1=Jones |first1=Geoffrey |title=Renewing Unilever: Transformation and Tradition |date=2005 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=9780191556388 |page=134 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XBWLfba4adMC&pg=PA134}}</ref> Not long after, the product was also introduced to Canada.<ref name="Jones_Page_145">{{cite book |last1=Jones |first1=Geoffrey |title=Renewing Unilever: Transformation and Tradition |date=2005 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=9780191556388 |page=135 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XBWLfba4adMC&pg=PA145}}</ref> Unilever also briefly test marketed Dove in Europe in the mid-1960s.<ref name="Jones_Page_145" /> However, Unilever did not proceed to launch the brand in Europe at that time.<ref name="Jones_Page_146">{{cite book |last1=Jones |first1=Geoffrey |title=Renewing Unilever: Transformation and Tradition |date=2005 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=9780191556388 |page=146 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XBWLfba4adMC&pg=PA146}}</ref>

The Dove Beauty Bar was originally developed as a cleansing bar that would not leave behind a bathtub ring (i.e., soap scum).<ref name="Hill" /> In the 1950s, most American consumers preferred to regularly take baths while seated in bathtubs, rather than standing upright in showers.<ref name="Hill" /> Thus, the Dove Beauty Bar was intended to save consumers the time and labor needed to constantly scour away bathtub rings.<ref name="Hill" /> Lever Brothers solved this problem by formulating the Dove Beauty Bar from synthetic detergents, rather than traditional soap.<ref name="Hill" />

The Dove Beauty Bar initially reached 3% market share but then remained a niche player in the U.S. bar soap market for more than 25 years.<ref name="Hill" /> Somehow, the Dove brand ended up attached to both a premium bar soap and a discount dishwashing liquid (i.e., both made from synthetic detergents), and neither were very successful.<ref name="Jones_Page_135">{{cite book |last1=Jones |first1=Geoffrey |title=Renewing Unilever: Transformation and Tradition |date=2005 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=9780191556388 |page=135 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XBWLfba4adMC&pg=PA135}}</ref>

In 1979, Unilever relaunched the Dove brand with a medical marketing campaign, claiming that dermatologists had confirmed Dove was less irritating to human skin than other soaps.<ref name="Jones_Page_135" /> Today, Dove's mildness—due to its neutral pH—is still its primary selling point.<ref name="Hill" /> By 1986, Dove had become the best-selling soap brand in the United States.<ref name="Jones_Page_135" /> In 1989, Unilever launched the Dove brand in Europe, starting with Italy.<ref name="Jones_Page_146" /> In 1991, Dove's rapid growth helped "Unilever overtake Procter & Gamble as America's leading soap maker".<ref name="Barnes">{{cite news |last1=Barnes |first1=Julian E. |title=The Making (Or Possible Breaking) Of a Megabrand |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/07/22/business/the-making-or-possible-breaking-of-a-megabrand.html |work=The New York Times |date=July 22, 2001 |location=Sec. 3 |page=1}}</ref>

The Dove Beauty Bar is primarily formulated with isethionates.<ref name="Friedman_Page_82">{{cite book |last1=Friedman |first1=Marcel |editor1-last=Spitz |editor1-first=Luis |title=Soap Manufacturing Technology |date=2016 |edition=2nd|publisher=Elsevier |location=Amsterdam |isbn=9781630670665 |pages=73–106 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GBcfCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA82 |chapter=Chemistry, Formulation, and Performance of Syndet and Combo Bars}} (At p. 82.)</ref> As of 1992, 47–49% of each Dove Beauty Bar in the United States consisted of sodium cocoyl isethionate (SCI), an "expensive ingredient".<ref name="Friedman_Page_82" /> About 23–25% of each bar consisted of fatty acids, presented as "moisturizing cream".<ref name="Friedman_Page_82" /> The bar is neutralized to a final pH of 7.2 to 7.5.<ref name="Friedman_Page_82" /> In the early 21st century, Unilever's success in promoting mildness as a desirable feature caused other cleansing bar manufacturers in Western Europe to reformulate their products away from alkyl sulfate and towards isethionates.<ref name="Friedman_Page_82" />

The main "drawback" of sodium cocoyl isethionate bars is their strong coconut odor; as the word "cocoyl" implies, SCI is traditionally derived from coconuts.<ref name="Friedman_Page_83">{{cite book |last1=Friedman |first1=Marcel |editor1-last=Spitz |editor1-first=Luis |title=Soap Manufacturing Technology |date=2016 |edition=2nd|publisher=Elsevier |location=Amsterdam |isbn=9781630670665 |pages=73–106 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GBcfCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA83 |chapter=Chemistry, Formulation, and Performance of Syndet and Combo Bars}} (At p. 83.)</ref> This is why SCI bars like Dove were traditionally formulated with high fragrance levels, to mask their natural smell.<ref name="Friedman_Page_83" /> During the 1990s, the odor problem was solved by substituting sodium-distilled, topped cocoyl isethionate (STCI) for SCI, leading to the release of fragrance-free hypoallergenic isethionate bars for sensitive skin.<ref name="Friedman_Page_83" /> Unilever later transitioned from SCI to sodium lauroyl isethionate as the primary ingredient in the Dove Beauty Bar.<ref>{{cite web |title=Original Beauty Bar |url=https://www.dove.com/us/en/p/original-beauty-bar.html/00011111610798 |publisher=Unilever |access-date=March 30, 2025}}</ref>

Meanwhile, during the 1990s, Unilever extended the Dove brand to other skin cleansing products and then a broad line of personal care products.<ref name="Hill" /> By 2001, Dove was the leading brand of bar soap with 24% market share.<ref name="Barnes" /> Within the United States, P&G's flagship personal care brand Olay was bringing in higher sales than the Dove personal care brand (because of Olay's better performance in other categories besides bar soap), but Dove had already surpassed Olay in terms of worldwide sales to become the global leader in personal care products.<ref name="Barnes" /> As of 2001, Dove was bringing in more than a billion dollars per year worldwide, and was Unilever's third-largest brand.<ref name="Barnes" />

In 2025, $1 million in Dove products was donated to Boys and Girls Clubs of Dane County in Wisconsin, U.S.A.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Journal |first=Nicole Pollack {{!}} Wisconsin State |date=2025-12-22 |title=$1 million in Dove products donated to Boys & Girls Clubs of Dane County |url=https://madison.com/news/local/article_54326c10-602f-4c97-b8a1-98ec6bc50346.html |access-date=2025-12-23 |website=Wisconsin State Journal |language=en}}</ref>

== Product lines == Products include antiperspirants/deodorants, body washes, beauty bars, lotions/moisturizers, hair care, or facial care products. Dove is primarily made from synthetic surfactants, vegetable oils (such as palm kernel) and salts of animal fats (tallow). In some countries, Dove is derived from tallow, and for this reason it is not considered vegan, unlike vegetable oil based soaps.{{citation needed|date=February 2024}}

In January 2010, Unilever launched a men's toiletries range that was branded as "Dove Men + Care". In November 2013, Steve Bell of Macon, Georgia, won the Dove Men+Care Hair "King of the Castle Home Upgrade" contest, receiving a home upgrade and consultation with Jonathan Scott of ''Property Brothers''.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/dove-mencare-hair-crowns-king-of-the-castle-home-upgrade-winner-232993431.html|title=Dove® Men+Care™ Hair Crowns "King of the Castle Home Upgrade" Winner|newspaper=www.prnewswire.com|date=22 November 2013|access-date=15 May 2020|archive-date=15 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215185041/https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/dove-mencare-hair-crowns-king-of-the-castle-home-upgrade-winner-232993431.html|url-status=live}}</ref> <gallery mode="packed" heights="180px"> dove I.jpg|Dove Shampoo & Conditioner File:Dove Cream.jpg|Dove Intensive Cream </gallery>

== Dove Campaign for Real Beauty == {{Main|Dove Campaign for Real Beauty}} In September 2004, Dove began its Campaign for Real Beauty, followed by the creation of the Dove Self-Esteem Project in 2006, by Geyner Andres Gaona and Amy. The campaign has been criticized as hypocritical in light of the highly sexualized images of women presented in the advertising of Axe, which, like Dove, is produced by Unilever.<ref>{{cite web|last=Kurtzleben|first=Danielle|title=Do Dove and Axe Sell the Same Message?|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2013/04/18/unilever-faces-criticism-for-real-beauty-ad-campaign|work=U.S. News & World Report|access-date=21 January 2014|archive-date=27 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140127022906/http://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2013/04/18/unilever-faces-criticism-for-real-beauty-ad-campaign|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Taylor|first=Corina|title=Dove's Real Beauty is bogus|url=http://o.canada.com/life/doves-real-beauty-is-bogus/|work=Canada.com|access-date=21 January 2014|archive-date=16 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116024010/http://o.canada.com/life/doves-real-beauty-is-bogus/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2016, Dove published their largest ever study where they interviewed more than 10,000 women from 13 different countries, and found more than half of feel pressure from the media to fulfil an unrealistic level of beauty, and that women's confidence in relation to body image was on a constant decline.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cage |first=Carolyn |date=October 6, 2017 |title=Confessions of a retoucher: how the modelling industry is harming women |url=https://www.smh.com.au/lifestyle/beauty/confessions-of-a-retoucher-how-the-modelling-industry-is-harming-women-20171006-gyvqf2.html |url-status=live |website=Sydney Morning Herald}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Brown |first=Vanessa |date=23 June 2016 |title=Women’s body confidence becomes a ‘critical issue’ worldwide, Dove global study indicates |url=https://www.news.com.au/lifestyle/beauty/face-body/womens-body-confidence-becomes-a-critical-issue-worldwide-dove-global-study-indicates/news-story/5bf063c6a19c838cee9464a248af6bff |url-status=live |website=News.com.au}}</ref>

== Controversies == {{criticism section|date=December 2025}}

In October 2017, a three-second video for Dove body lotion posted on their Facebook page in the United States prompted criticism and accusations of racism.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/08/dove-apologises-for-ad-showing-black-woman-turning-into-white-one|title=Dove apologises for ad showing black woman turning into white one|last=Slawson|first=Nicola|date=2017-10-08|website=The Guardian|language=en|access-date=2018-04-24|archive-date=9 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171009112756/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/08/dove-apologises-for-ad-showing-black-woman-turning-into-white-one|url-status=live}}</ref> The video clip showed a black woman removing her T-shirt to reveal a white woman, who then lifts her own T-shirt to reveal an Asian woman. The full thirty-second television advert version included seven women of different races and ages.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Astor |first=Maggie |date=2017-10-08 |title=Dove Drops an Ad Accused of Racism |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/08/business/dove-ad-racist.html |access-date=2024-02-18 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Unilever withdrew the advertisement and apologized, stating it should "never have happened".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Daneshkhu |first=Scheherazade |date=October 9, 2017 |title=Unilever pulls Dove ad after complaints of racism |url=https://www.ft.com/content/32e16984-acf4-11e7-beba-5521c713abf4 |access-date=2024-02-18 |website=Financial Time}}</ref>

The ad sparked criticism, leading Dove to remove the advert, saying it "deeply regret(ted) the offence it caused." Dove further stated that the "video was intended to convey that Dove body wash is for every woman and be a celebration of diversity". The black woman in the advert, Lola Ogunyemi, said the advert had been misinterpreted and defended Dove.<ref>Nicola Slawson: [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/08/dove-apologises-for-ad-showing-black-woman-turning-into-white-one "Dove apologises for ad showing black woman turning into white one"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171009112756/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/08/dove-apologises-for-ad-showing-black-woman-turning-into-white-one |date=9 October 2017 }}. ''The Guardian'', 8 October 2017; Maggie Astor: [https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/08/business/dove-ad-racist.html "Dove Drops Ad After It Draws Criticism for Being Racist"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171009144636/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/08/business/dove-ad-racist.html |date=9 October 2017 }}. ''The New York Times''; Casey Quackenbush: [https://time.com/4974075/dove-apology-racist-ad/ "Dove Apologizes After Body Wash Ad Is Slammed For Being Racist"] . ''Time''; Jeff Wicks: [https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2017-10-09-dove-extends-olive-branch-over-racist-ad/ "Dove extends olive branch over 'racist' ad"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171009101228/https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2017-10-09-dove-extends-olive-branch-over-racist-ad/ |date=9 October 2017 }}. ''The Times''. 9 October 2017; Natasha Bach: [http://fortune.com/2017/10/09/racist-dove-facebook-ad-taken-down/ "Dove Removes 'Racist' Ad That Seemed to Suggest Black Women Were Dirty"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171009134236/http://fortune.com/2017/10/09/racist-dove-facebook-ad-taken-down/ |date=9 October 2017 }}. ''Fortune''; Daniel Politi: [http://www.slate.com/blogs/the_slatest/2017/10/08/dove_apologizes_for_ad_that_shows_black_woman_turning_into_a_white_woman.html "Dove Apologizes for Ad That Shows Black Woman Turning Into a White Woman"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171009150357/http://www.slate.com/blogs/the_slatest/2017/10/08/dove_apologizes_for_ad_that_shows_black_woman_turning_into_a_white_woman.html |date=9 October 2017 }}. ''Slate''. 8 October 2017; Whitney Kimball: [https://jezebel.com/what-was-doves-thought-process-on-this-racial-transform-1819262866 "What Was Dove's Thought Process on This Racial Transformation Ad"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010230831/https://jezebel.com/what-was-doves-thought-process-on-this-racial-transform-1819262866 |date=10 October 2017 }}. ''Jezebel''. 8 October 2017; Biba Kang: [https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/dove-racist-advert-facebook-apology-racism-colourism-makeup-beauty-products-a7988961.html "Dove's apology for its Facebook advert is insulting to people of colour – 'sorry you're offended' really isn't enough"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180107203929/http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/dove-racist-advert-facebook-apology-racism-colourism-makeup-beauty-products-a7988961.html |date=7 January 2018 }}. ''The Independent''. 8 October 2017; [https://www.cnbc.com/2017/10/09/dove-faces-pr-disaster-over-ad-that-showed-black-woman-turning-white.html "Dove faces PR disaster over ad that showed a black woman turning white"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011022113/https://www.cnbc.com/2017/10/09/dove-faces-pr-disaster-over-ad-that-showed-black-woman-turning-white.html |date=11 October 2017 }}. CNBC, 9 October 2017; Lola Ogunyemi: [https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/oct/10/i-am-woman-racist-dove-ad-not-a-victim "I am the woman in the 'racist Dove ad'. I am not a victim"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010200730/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/oct/10/i-am-woman-racist-dove-ad-not-a-victim |date=10 October 2017 }}. ''The Guardian'', 8 October 2017.</ref>

Starting in 2023, Greenpeace have a campaign "Real beauty, real harm" highlighting the environmental impact of plastic waste from Dove products in countries such as India, Indonesia and the Philippines.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.greenpeace.org.uk/news/dove-real-beauty-plastic-pollution/|title=Real beauty, real harm: the ugly truth behind Dove's 'Real Beauty' campaign|date=2023-11-28|website=GreenPeace UK|language=en|access-date=2024-07-18|archive-date=2 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231202081336/https://www.greenpeace.org.uk/news/dove-real-beauty-plastic-pollution/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Research == In August 2023, a survey and research conducted in the UK by Kantar's Brand Inclusion Index showed that Dove was considered one of the most inclusive brands for British consumers among other skincare brands.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-31 |title=British consumers vote Dove and Nike as most inclusive brands |url=https://www.adgully.com/british-consumers-vote-dove-and-nike-as-most-inclusive-brands-134683.html |access-date=2023-08-04 |website=www.adgully.com |language=en-US |archive-date=4 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230804072557/https://www.adgully.com/british-consumers-vote-dove-and-nike-as-most-inclusive-brands-134683.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Brand Inclusion Index |url=https://www.kantar.com/expertise/sustainability/measuring-societal-and-commercial-impact/brand-inclusion-index |access-date=2023-08-04 |website=www.kantar.com |language=en |archive-date=4 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230804074059/https://www.kantar.com/expertise/sustainability/measuring-societal-and-commercial-impact/brand-inclusion-index |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References == {{reflist}}

== External links == {{commons category|Dove brand products}} {{wikinews|Dove ad viewed more than 3 million times on YouTube}} * {{official website|https://www.dove.com/us/en/home.html}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100110011312/http://www.greenpeace.org/international/campaigns/forests/asia-pacific/dove-palmoil-action Greenpeace's campaign page] (archived 10 January 2010)

Category:Personal care brands Category:Products introduced in 1957 Category:Soap brands Category:Unilever brands