{{Short description|American writer and media theorist}} {{Infobox writer | name = Douglas Rushkoff | image = Sxsw-20230311-rushkoff-PORTRAIT.jpg | imagesize = | alt = Douglas Rushkoff at 2023 SXSW | caption = Douglas Rushkoff at 2023 SXSW | pseudonym = | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1961|2|18}} | birth_place = New York City, US | occupation = Media theorist, writer, columnist, lecturer, graphic novelist, documentarian | nationality = | citizenship = | education = Princeton University (BA)<br>California Institute of the Arts (MFA)<br>American Film Institute<br>Utrecht University (PhD) | alma_mater = | period = | genre = | subject = American media | movement = | notableworks = | spouse = Barbara Kligman | partner = | children = 1 | relatives = | awards = | signature = | website = {{URL|rushkoff.com}} }} '''Douglas Mark Rushkoff''' (born February 18, 1961) is an American media theorist, writer, professor, columnist, lecturer, graphic novelist, documentarian and podcaster. He is best known for his association with the early cyberpunk culture, his advocacy of open source solutions to social problems, his critique of technocapitalism, and his call to retrieve our humanity in a digital age.
Rushkoff is most frequently regarded as a media theorist and is known for coining terms and concepts including viral media (or media virus), digital native, and social currency. {{citation needed |reason=Has he coined these terms? The respective articles do not mention this. If someone finds sources both this article and the others should be updated.|date=January 2023}} He has written fourteen books on media, technology and culture, as well as several novels and graphic novels. He wrote the first syndicated column on cyberculture for ''The New York Times Syndicate'', as well as regular columns for ''The Guardian'' of London,<ref name="guardian2002">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2002/jul/25/onlinesupplement.newmedia |title=Signs of the times | Technology |work=The Guardian |date=2002-07-25 |access-date=2009-07-25 |location=London | first=Douglas | last=Rushkoff}}</ref> ''Arthur'',<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.arthurmag.com/2009/03/30/crowdsourcing-the-bank-recovery-by-douglas-rushkoff/ |title=Crowdsourcing The Bank Recovery |first=Douglas |last=Rushkoff |website=Arthur Magazine |date=2009-03-30 |access-date=2009-07-25}}</ref> ''Discover'',<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://discovermagazine.com/search?SearchableText=rushkoff&Submit.x=0&Submit.y=0 |title=Science and Technology News, Science Articles |publisher=Discover Magazine |date=2007-01-21 |access-date=2009-07-25}}</ref> and the online magazines ''Daily Beast'',<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/author/douglas-rushkoff/ |title=Douglas Rushkoff |publisher=The Daily Beast |access-date=2009-07-25}}</ref> and ''TheFeature''.
Rushkoff is currently Professor of Media Theory and Digital Economics at the City University of New York, Queens College.<ref name="i741">{{cite web | title=Douglas Rushkoff | website=Media Studies | date=Jun 27, 2023 | url=https://www.qc.cuny.edu/academics/ms/douglas-rushkoff-profile/ | access-date=Mar 21, 2026}}</ref> He has previously lectured at The New School university in Manhattan<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.newschool.edu/mediastudies/courses.aspx?id=29211 |title=Media Studies :: Academics :: All Courses |publisher=Newschool.edu |access-date=2009-07-25 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110530045337/http://www.newschool.edu/mediastudies/courses.aspx?id=29211 |archive-date=2011-05-30}}</ref> and the Interactive Telecommunications Program at New York University's Tisch School of the Arts, where he created the Narrative Lab.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://itp.nyu.edu/research/areas/narrative-lab/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120712151223/http://itp.nyu.edu/research/areas/narrative-lab/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-07-12 |title=ITP Research 2005 » Narrative Lab |publisher=Interactive Telecommunications Program |access-date=2009-07-25}}</ref> He also has taught online for the Maybe Logic Academy.<ref>{{cite web |title = Maybe Logic Academy |url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090503193050/http:/www.maybelogic.org/rushkoff.htm |archive-url = http://www.maybelogic.org/rushkoff.htm |archive-date = 2009-05-03 |url-status = dead |access-date = 2026-03-21}}</ref> In 2012, Rushkoff was declared the sixth most influential thinker in the world by ''MIT Technology Review''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.technologyreview.com/2013/08/09/177043/network-analysis-reveals-worlds-most-influential-thinkers/ |author=Emerging Technology from the arXiv |title=World's Most Influential Thinkers Revealed |website=MIT Technology Review |access-date=2 April 2023}}</ref> and the Gottlieb Duttweiler Institute,<ref>{{Cite arXiv|title=Coolhunting for the World's Thought Leaders |eprint=1308.1160 |last1=Frick |first1=Karin |last2=Guertler |first2=Detlef |last3=Gloor |first3=Peter A. |year=2013 |class=cs.SI}}</ref> following Steven Pinker, David Graeber, Nobel Prize-winner Daniel Kahneman, Thilo Sarrazin, and Richard Florida. On March 9, 2026, Rushkoff announced that he had been confirmed as a permanent member of the Club of Rome.<ref name="q719">{{cite web | title=Rushkoff, Douglas | website=Club of Rome | date=Dec 2, 2025 | url=https://www.clubofrome.org/member/rushkoff-douglas/ | access-date=Mar 9, 2026}}</ref><ref name="z221">{{cite web | last=Rushkoff | first=Douglas | title=The Tech Elite's Frictionless Fantasy | website=by Douglas Rushkoff | date=Mar 9, 2026 | url=https://rushkoff.substack.com/p/the-tech-elites-frictionless-fantasy | access-date=Mar 9, 2026}}</ref>
== Early life, education and works == Rushkoff was born in New York City, New York, of Jewish heritage to Sheila, a psychiatric social worker, and Marvin Rushkoff, a hospital administrator.<ref name=reff1>{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/article-1G2-3483100124/rushkoff-douglas-1961.html|title=Rushkoff, Douglas 1961– - Dictionary definition of Rushkoff, Douglas 1961– |website=Encyclopedia.com}}</ref>
Rushkoff graduated from Princeton University in 1983.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://paw.princeton.edu/issues/2009/07/15/sections/search-and-archives/search.xml |title=Princeton Alumni Weekly: Search & Archives |publisher=Paw.princeton.edu |date=2009-07-15 |access-date=2009-07-25}}</ref> He moved to Los Angeles and completed a Master of Fine Arts in Directing from the California Institute of the Arts. Later he took up a post-graduate fellowship from the American Film Institute.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Devil's Candy|date= 1992|page=138|isbn=978-0-7867-4183-0 |last1=Salamon |first1=Julie |publisher= Hachette Books}}</ref> He was a PhD candidate at Utrecht University's New Media Program, writing a dissertation on new media literacies,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.let.uu.nl/tftv/nieuwemedia/comments.php?id=P656_0_3_0_C |title=NewMediaStudies.nl |publisher=Let.uu.nl |date=1999-02-22 |access-date=2009-07-25}}</ref> which was approved in June, 2012.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/rushkoff/status/217387153188065281 |title=Dissertation approved. |publisher=Twitter |date=2012-06-25 |access-date=2012-06-25}}</ref>
''Free Rides'',<ref name="n460">{{cite book | last1=Rushkoff | first1=Douglas | last2=Wells | first2=Patrick | title=Free Rides | publisher=Delta | publication-place=New York, NY | date=1991 | isbn=0-385-30331-9 | page=}}</ref> Rushkoff’s first book, in 1991, commissioned by film producer Patrick Wells, was a compendium of ways to alter consciousness without drugs. Rushkoff’s contention was that it was the states of consciousness, and not the chemicals themselves, that made psychedelic culture so threatening to mainstream society.
== Mass media theorist == Rushkoff emerged in the early 1990s as an active member of the cyberpunk and the cyberdelic movements, developing friendships and collaborations with people including Timothy Leary, RU Sirius, Paul Krassner, Robert Anton Wilson, Ralph Abraham, Terence McKenna, Genesis P-Orridge, Ralph Metzner, Grant Morrison, Mark Pesce, Erik Davis and other writers, artists and philosophers interested in the intersection of technology, society and culture.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.educause.edu/blog/agould/OpenSourceRealityDouglasRushko/167730 |title=Open Source Reality: Douglas Rushkoff Examines the Effects of Open Source | EDUCAUSE |publisher=Educause.edu |date=2008-07-01 |access-date=2009-07-25 |archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160516055344/http://www.educause.edu/blog/agould/OpenSourceRealityDouglasRushko/167730 |archive-date=2016-05-16 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|first=Michael |last=Foord |url=http://www.voidspace.org.uk/cyberpunk/cyberia.shtml |title=Douglas Rushkoff – Cyberia |publisher=Voidspace.org.uk |date=1905-10-14 |access-date=2009-07-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.seric.com/timothy/ |title=An Open Letter from the friend's of Dr. Timothy Leary |publisher=Seric.com |access-date=2009-07-25}}</ref>
''Cyberia'', widely acknowledged as the first book on cyberculture, on cyberculture, was inspired by the San Francisco rave scene of the early 1990s. The initially planned publication was scrapped, however; in Rushkoff's words, "in 1992 Bantam canceled the book because they thought by 1993 the internet would be over."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/digitalnation/extras/interviews/rushkoff.html |title=Digital Nation{{!}}Frontline: digital nation: interviews: douglas rushkoff |publisher=PBS |date=2009-03-24 |access-date=2009-07-25}}</ref> It was eventually published in 1994. Among other things, the book documented the role of psychedelics in the development of the personal computer and associated networking technologies, and warned of the potential for business interests associated with Wired magazine to “hijack” the net from the more countercultural interests celebrated by cyberpunks, artists, and writers associated with Mondo2000.
In his book ''Media Virus'', Rushkoff coined the term “viral media,” using the Rodney King tape as the first example of a new media form: an unprofessional media artifact that nonetheless spread throughout the “datasphere” (another Rushkoff term), caused an ideological contagion, and eventually led to riots in a dozen American cities. Rushkoff analyzed media phenomena from Madonna and Michael Jackson to computer viruses and Beavis and Butt-Head as examples of mutating viral forms, dependent on “hidden agendas in popular culture” for their transmission and reproduction.
The datasphere as a concept in ''Media Virus'' was popularized by Rushkoff as advocate of cyberpunk culture and open-source solutions to social problems, in the 1980s. He approached the datasphere as the "circulatory system for today's information, ideas and images", understood as "our new natural environment".<ref>{{cite book |last=Rushkoff |first=D. |year=1994 |title=Media Virus!: Hidden Agendas in Popular Culture |publisher=Ballantine Books |isbn=9780345382764 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2hpiAAAAMAAJ}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Cobb |first=K |year=2008 |title=The Blackwell Guide to Theology and Popular Culture |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |page=39 |isbn=9780470777701 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aLgprgU7x-sC}}</ref> Rushkoff's conceptualization, centered in media theory, was deployed to explain how 'media viruses' – ideas that capture public attention – rapidly spread. As such, Rushkoff's datasphere invokes ideas of information flow, rather than being focused on structured data and its analysis.
Soon after Rushkoff published ''Media Virus'' in 1995, as his books became more accepted, and his concepts of the "media virus"<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mediamatic.nl/magazine/previews/reviews/marshall/marshall=rushkoff.html |title=Mediamatic Review: J. Marshall – Media Virus – D. Rushkoff |publisher=Mediamatic.nl |date=1996-10-01 |access-date=2009-07-25 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080929004301/http://www.mediamatic.nl/magazine/previews/reviews/marshall/marshall%3Drushkoff.html |archive-date=September 29, 2008}}</ref> and "social contagion" became mainstream ideas, Rushkoff was invited to deliver commentaries on National Public Radio's All Things Considered,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/search.php?text=rushkoff&sort=DREDATE%3Anumberdecreasing&aggId=0&prgId=0&topicId=0&how_long_ago=0 |title=National Public Radio |publisher=NPR |access-date=2012-05-03}}</ref> and to make documentaries for the PBS series ''Frontline''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/cool/interviews/rushkoff.html |title=Frontline: Merchants of Cool: interviews: Douglas Rushkoff |date=27 February 2001 |publisher=PBS |access-date=2009-07-25}}</ref> Rushkoff was disappointed, however, that his book was received most enthusiastically by marketers, who employed the ideas for what became known as “viral marketing.”<ref name="y471">{{cite web | last=Rushkoff. | first=Douglas | title=Bio-Media Theory | website=Rushkoff Archive | date=Jun 6, 2005 | url=https://archive.rushkoff.com/articles/bio-media-theory.html | access-date=Mar 21, 2026}}</ref>
In 2002, Rushkoff was awarded the Marshall McLuhan Award by the Media Ecology Association for his book ''Coercion'', and became a member and sat on the board of directors of that organization.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.media-ecology.org/awards/mea_recipients.html |title=Past MEA Award Recipients |publisher=Media-ecology.org |date=2001-02-26 |access-date=2009-07-25}}</ref> This allied him with the "media ecologists", a continuation of what is known as the Toronto School of media theorists including Marshall McLuhan, Walter Ong, and Neil Postman.
Simultaneously, Rushkoff continued to develop his relationship with counterculture figures, collaborating with Genesis P-Orridge as a keyboardist for Psychic TV, and credited with composing music for the album ''Hell Is Invisible... Heaven Is Her/e''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cduniverse.com/sresult.asp?HT_Search=xartist&HT_Search_Info=Douglas+Rushkoff |title=Douglas Rushkoff Discography and Music at CD Universe |publisher=Cduniverse.com |date=2009-03-08 |access-date=2009-07-25}}</ref> Rushkoff taught classes in media theory and in media subversion for New York University's Interactive Telecommunications Program,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.core77.com/design.edu/school_details.asp?school_id=64319 |title=Core77 / industrial design magazine + resource / Design.EDU |publisher=Core77.com |date=2005-01-08 |access-date=2009-07-25}}</ref> participated in activist pranks with the Yes Men<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.theyesmen.org/yes-men-book |title=Book |publisher=The Yes Men |access-date=2009-07-25 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090308025046/http://theyesmen.org/yes-men-book |archive-date=2009-03-08 }}</ref> and eToy,<ref>{{Cite magazine|first=Jill |last=Priluck |url=https://www.wired.com/techbiz/media/news/1999/12/33189 |title=Etoy: 'This Means War' |magazine=Wired |date=2009-01-04 |access-date=2009-07-25}}</ref> contributed to numerous books and documentaries on psychedelics, and spoke or appeared at many events sponsored by counterculture publisher Disinformation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.disinfo.com/archive/pages/dossier/id176/pg1/ |title=disinformation | Douglas Rushkoff |publisher=Disinfo.com |access-date=2009-07-25 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090417062032/http://www.disinfo.com/archive/pages/dossier/id176/pg1/ |archive-date=2009-04-17}}</ref>
Rushkoff has also collaborated with author, speaker, and podcaster Mitch Horowitz, known for his work on occult and esoteric history and ideas. In 2023, the two did a live talk on stage at an event titled "Can Magick Save Us? – Team Human Live in NYC,"<ref>{{cite web |last1=Horowitz |first1=Mitch |author1-link=Mitch Horowitz |title=Can Magick Save Us? Douglas Rushkoff x Mitch Horowitz – Team Human Live in NYC--Oct. 28, 2023 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V7nZ7Ttogrs |website=youtube.com |publisher=Mitch Horowitz YouTube Channel |language=en |format=video |date=November 3, 2023}}</ref> and Horowitz has been a recurring guest on Rushkoff's podcast, where they have explored questions and challenges of technology, media, and psychology.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Rushkoff |first1=Douglas |author1-link=Douglas Rushkoff |title=The Esoteric State of the Union: Magic, Will, and the New Neighborhood with Mitch Horowitz |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IZVO_FPITKs |website=youtube.com |publisher=Douglas Rushkoff YouTube Channel |language=en |format=video |date=February 11, 2026}}</ref>
=== Influences === References to media ecologist and Toronto School of Communication founder Marshall McLuhan appear throughout Rushkoff's work as a focus on media over content, the effects of media on popular culture and the level at which people participate when consuming media.<ref name="blogspot1">{{Cite web|url=https://digitalmindsblog.blogspot.com/2008/03/media-resistance-interview-with-douglas.html |title=Digital Minds Blog: Media Resistance – An Interview with Douglas Rushkoff |publisher=Digitalmindsblog.blogspot.com |date=2008-03-26 |access-date=2009-07-25}}</ref>
Rushkoff worked with both Robert Anton Wilson<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/Robert-Anton-Wilson-Maybe-Logic/dp/B000EU1HQM |title=Robert Anton Wilson – Maybe Logic: Robert Anton Wilson, Valerie Corral, Paul Krassner, Tom Robbins, Douglas Rushkoff, R.U. Sirius, Douglass Smith, Lance Bauscher, Cody McClintock, Robert Dofflemyer, Katherine Covell: Movies & TV |website=Amazon |date=30 May 2006 |access-date=2009-07-25}}</ref> and Timothy Leary on developing philosophical systems to explain consciousness, its interaction with technology, and social evolution of the human species, and references both consistently in his work. Leary, along with John Barlow and Terence McKenna characterized the mid-1990s as techno-utopian, and saw the rapid acceleration of culture, emerging media and the unchecked advancement of technology as completely positive.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.edge.org/3rd_culture/rushkoff/rushkoff_index.html |title=The Thing That I Call Doug |publisher=EDGE |access-date=2009-07-25}}</ref> Rushkoff's own unbridled enthusiasm for cyberculture was tempered by the dotcom boom, when the non-profit character of the Internet was rapidly overtaken by corporations and venture capital. Rushkoff often cites two events in particular – the day Netscape became a public company in 1995,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mindjack.com/rushkoff/coercion.html |title=Mindjack Magazine: Coercion by Douglas Rushkoff |publisher=Mindjack.com |date=1999-10-01 |access-date=2009-07-25}}</ref> and the day AOL bought Time Warner in 2000<ref name="guardian2002"/> – as pivotal moments in his understanding of the forces at work in the evolution of new media.
Rushkoff spent several years exploring Judaism as a primer for media literacy, going so far as to publish a book inviting Jews to restore the religion to its "open source" roots.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.zeek.net/feature_03074.shtml |title=A Conversation with Douglas Rushkoff |publisher=Zeek |access-date=2009-07-25}}</ref> He founded a movement for progressive Judaism called Reboot, but subsequently left when he felt its funders had become more concerned with marketing and publicity of Judaism than its actual improvement and evolution.<ref name="blogspot1" />
Disillusioned by the failure of the open source model to challenge entrenched and institutional hierarchies from religion to finance, he became a colleague of Mark Crispin Miller and Naomi Klein, appearing with them at Smith College<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.smith.edu/response/timeline.php |title=Smith College: The Community Responds to Tragedy |publisher=Smith.edu |access-date=2009-07-25 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202211906/http://www.smith.edu/response/timeline.php |archive-date=2008-12-02 }}</ref> as well as in numerous documentaries decrying the corporatization of public space and consciousness.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/persuaders/ |title=frontline: the persuaders |publisher=PBS |date=2004-11-09 |access-date=2009-07-25}}</ref> He has dedicated himself most recently to the issues of media literacy,<ref name="namle1">{{Cite web |url=http://www.namle.net/about/national-advisory-council |title=National Advisory Council – NAMLE – National Association for Media Literacy Education – Advancing Media Literacy Education in America |publisher=NAMLE |access-date=2009-07-25 |archive-date=2009-11-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091108171503/http://www.namle.net/about/national-advisory-council |url-status=dead }}</ref> participatory government, and the development of local and complementary currencies.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Newitz |first=Annalee |url=http://www.portfolio.com/views/columns/dual-perspectives/2009/04/13/DIY-Currencies |title=DIY Currencies – Dual Perspectives |publisher=Portfolio.com |date=2008-09-11 |access-date=2009-07-25}}</ref> He wrote a book and film called ''Life Inc.'',<ref>{{Cite web|date=2009-05-11 |author=rushkoff|url=http://www.boingboing.net/2009/05/11/life-inc-the-movie.html |title=Life Inc: The Movie |publisher=Boing Boing |access-date=2009-07-25}}</ref> which traces the development of corporatism and centralized currency from the Renaissance to today, and hosted a radio show called ''The Media Squat'' on WFMU from 2008 to 2009, concerned with reclaiming commerce and culture from corporate domination.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://blog.wfmu.org/freeform/2009/03/new-podcast-the-media-squat-with-douglas-rushkoff.html |title=WFMU's Beware of the Blog: New Podcast: The Media Squat with Douglas Rushkoff |publisher=Blog.wfmu.org |date=2009-03-25 |access-date=2009-07-25}}</ref>
===Influence=== In September 2020, Rushkoff commented on the release of the documentary ''The Social Dilemma''. This was partly based on the prompting from his fanbase that expressed that the ideas in the film were direct quotations from his books and films. Rushkoff speculated at the possibility that the programmers interviewed in the film have read something from himself, or other writers such as Nicholas Carr, Sherry Turkle, Andrew Keen, Howard Rheingold, Richard Barbrook, Tim Wu, or even the singer Raffi. He acknowledged that while their work and analogies are being quoted without acknowledgement of their source, that these quotations serve as memes themselves and are indicative of their sustaining value beyond their original authors. Jaron Lanier, who was a subject in Rushkoff's ''Cyberia'' years before, is one of the people included in the documentary. Rushkoff also acknowledged he got a call from the Center for Humane Technology stating that they are starting a new organization called ''Team Humanity'', which is a direct wordplay from Rushkoff's podcast ''Team Human''. Rushkoff asked his fanbase to not act negatively toward this appropriation, and to be inclusive of this new community in order to open up a new dialogue between the groups.<ref>{{cite AV media |date=2020-09-16 |title=They've Joined Team Human! On Netflix's The Social Dilemma |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JT8HI_Tru_s |access-date=2022-03-24 |last=Rushkoff |first=Douglas}}</ref>
=== Awards and appointments === Douglas Rushkoff has been on the board of directors of the Media Ecology Association,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.media-ecology.org/about/organization.html#Board%20of%20Directors |title=Organization of the Media Ecology Association |publisher=Media-ecology.org |access-date=2009-07-25}}</ref> The Center for Cognitive Liberty and Ethics,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cognitiveliberty.org/who.html |title=Who is the CCLE? |publisher=Cognitiveliberty.org |access-date=2009-07-25 |archive-date=2009-10-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091008233656/http://www.cognitiveliberty.org/who.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> and is a founding member of Technorealism,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.technorealism.org/faq.html |title=Technorealism FAQ |publisher=Technorealism.org |date=1998-03-12 |access-date=2009-07-25}}</ref> as well as of the advisory board of The National Association for Media Literacy Education,<ref name="namle1"/> MeetUp.com<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.meetup.com/about/ |title=About Meetup |publisher=Meetup.com |access-date=2009-07-25}}</ref> and HyperWords<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.hyperwords.net/about_us_adv.html |title=The Hyperwords Company |publisher=Hyperwords.net |access-date=2009-07-25 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090717074320/http://www.hyperwords.net/about_us_adv.html |archive-date=2009-07-17 }}</ref>
He is the winner of the first Neil Postman Award for Career Achievement in Public Intellectual Activity, given by the Media Ecology Association, in 2004.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://media-ecology.org/awards/mea_recipients.html |title=Past MEA Award Recipients |publisher=Media-ecology.org |date=2001-02-26 |access-date=2009-07-25}}</ref>
== Themes ==
=== General === Douglas Rushkoff's philosophy developed from a techno-utopian view of new media to a more nuanced critique of cyberculture discourse and the impact of media on society. Viewing everything except for intention as media, he explores the themes of how to make media interactive, how to help people (especially children) effectively analyze and question the media they consume, as well as how to cultivate intention and agency. He has discussed religion, culture, politics, and money.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.strategy-business.com/article/Team-Human-vs-Team-AI?gko=4d55d|title=Team Human vs. Team AI|date=February 2, 2019|website=strategy+business}}</ref>
=== Technology and cyberculture === Up to the late-1990s, Douglas Rushkoff's philosophy towards technology could be characterized as media-deterministic. Cyberculture and new media were supposed to promote democracy and allow people to transcend the ordinary.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.austinchronicle.com/issues/vol18/issue34/screens.rushkoff.html |title=Archives: 1998-1999 |publisher=The Austin Chronicle |access-date=2009-07-25}}</ref>
In ''Cyberia'', Rushkoff states the essence of mid-1990s culture as being the fusion of rave psychedelia, chaos theory and early computer networks. The promise of the resulting "counter culture" was that media would change from being passive to active, that we would embrace the social over content, and that empowers the masses to create and react.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.enotes.com/cyberia-salem/cyberia |title=Cyberia Summary – Douglas Rushkoff – Magill Book Reviews |publisher=Enotes.com |access-date=2009-07-25}}</ref>
This idea also comes up in the concept of the media virus, which Rushkoff details in the 1994 publication of ''Media Virus: Hidden Agendas in Popular Culture''. This significant work adopts organic metaphors to show that media, like viruses, are mobile, easily duplicated and presented as non-threatening.<ref>Boyd, Andrew. "Truth is a Virus ." Culture Jamming 101 . 2002. Retrieved on May 3, 2009.</ref> Technologies can make our interaction with media an empowering experience if we learn to decode the capabilities offered to us by our media. Unfortunately, people often stay one step behind our media capabilities. Ideally, emerging media and technologies have the potential to enlighten, to aid grassroots movements, to offer an alternative to the traditional "top-down" media, to connect diverse groups and to promote the sharing of information.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://firstmonday.org/htbin/cgiwrap/bin/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/1517/1432 |title=Barbrook |publisher=Firstmonday.org |access-date=2009-07-25 |archive-date=2009-10-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091016092948/http://firstmonday.org/htbin/cgiwrap/bin/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/1517/1432 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
''Playing the Future'' (1996)
In 1996 Rushkoff published ''Playing the Future'', about the generation of people growing up who understand the language of media like natives.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.spikemagazine.com/0297rush.php |title=Douglas Rushkoff : Children Of Chaos (Playing The Future) : Lost In Translation |publisher=Spikemagazine.com |date=1999-02-22 |access-date=2009-07-25}}</ref>
''Playing the Future'' argued that interactive media was preparing young people, who he called ''screenagers'', a term originated by Rushkoff,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.worldwidewords.org/turnsofphrase/tp-scr1.htm |title=Screenager |publisher=World Wide Words |date=1998-01-10 |access-date=2009-07-25}}</ref> and ''digital natives'', to surf rather than drown in a sea of media and data overload.
''Ecstasy'' Club (1997) Rushkoff's first fictional work, the novel ''Ecstasy Club'' covers many of the same subjects as his non-fiction work ''Cyberia'', but as a black comedy about a cultish group of young people forging a rave collective in Oakland. Rushkoff considers the way that egos and hype undermine the possibilities for a digital utopia. The explosion and fire at the Oakland warehouse in the book foreshadowed the later Ghost Ship tragedy.
With ''Coercion'' (1999), Rushkoff explored the way classic manipulation and persuasion techniques were about to be adapted for use online and in other interactive contexts. The book explains traditional persuasion, such as spectacles, salesmanship, casinos, and cults, then shows how each of the features of these styles of persuasion are being, or will soon be, leveraged by technology and media companies through automation and algorithms.
In 2002, Rushkoff was awarded the Marshall McLuhan Award by the Media Ecology Association for his book Coercion, and became a member and sat on the board of directors of that organization.[23]{{cn|date=March 2026}}
=== Religion === In ''Nothing Sacred: The Truth About Judaism'', Rushkoff explores the medium of religion and intellectually deconstructs the Bible and the ways that he says religion fails to provide true connectivity and transformative experiences.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wishtank.org/magazine/commons/douglas_rushkoff_interview |archive-url=https://archive.today/20080526122741/http://www.wishtank.org/magazine/commons/douglas_rushkoff_interview |url-status=dead |archive-date=2008-05-26 |title=Douglas Rushkoff Interview // wishtank magazine |publisher=Wishtank.org |access-date=2009-07-25}}</ref>
=== Currency === Most recently, Douglas Rushkoff has turned his critical lens to the medium of currency. One of the most important concepts that he creates and develops is the notion of social currency, or the degree to which certain content and media can facilitate and/or promote relationships and interactions between members of a community. Rushkoff mentions jokes, scandals, blogs, ambiance, i.e. anything that would engender "water cooler" talk, as social currency.
In his book, ''Life, Inc.'' and his dissertation "Monopoly Moneys", Rushkoff takes a look at physical currency and the history of corporatism. Beginning with an overview of how money has been gradually centralized throughout time, and pondering the reasons and consequences of such a fact, he goes on to demonstrate how our society has become defined by and controlled by corporate culture.
=== Social media ===
Rushkoff has long been skeptical of social media.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2011-09/21/doug-rushkoff-hello-etsy|title=You are Facebook's product, not its customer // Wired |publisher=wired.com |date=2011-09-11 |access-date=2011-09-11}}</ref> On February 25, 2013, he announced in a CNN op-ed that he was leaving Facebook, citing concerns about the company's use of his personal data.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/02/25/opinion/rushkoff-why-im-quitting-facebook|title=Why I'm quitting Facebook // CNN |publisher=CNN.com |date=2013-02-25 |access-date=2013-02-25}}</ref> In 2023, he announced his departure from X and other social media platforms, explaining, "And Twitter has no tolerance for ambiguity. It's missing the moderated, the emotional, the poetic...the whole human experience."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rushkoff.medium.com/why-im-finally-leaving-x-and-probably-all-social-media-5ded6b78ce33|title=Why I'm Finally Leaving X And Probably All Social Media // Medium |publisher=Medium.com |date=2023-10-28 |access-date=2023-10-31}}</ref>
=== Wealth and power === In his most recent work, ''Survival of the Richest: Escape Fantasies of the Tech Billionaires'' (2022), Rushkoff explored the calculus some of the extremely wealthy make in the recognition that their often single-minded pursuit of greater profits and better technology are creating an increasingly unstable world. In a 2022 talk for House of SpeakEasy's ''Seriously Entertaining'' program,<ref>{{Citation |title=Seriously Entertaining: Douglas Rushkoff on "Life, Liberty & Other Pursuits" | date=18 October 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r2w_CRGmWhA |language=en |access-date=2023-02-15}}</ref> Rushkoff explained the billionaires' mindset as coming down to this essential question: "How much money and technology do I need to insulate myself from the reality I'm creating by earning money and using technology in this way?" He argues that treating people better in the present may be the most surefire way to avoid widespread catastrophe in the future.
==Bibliography==
=== Articles === * "Team Human vs. Team AI", ''Strategy+Business'', February 5, 2019.
=== Books === * 1991. ''Free Rides: How To Get High Without Drugs'' {{ISBN|978-0-385-30331-6}} * 1994. ''Cyberia: Life in the Trenches of Cyberspace'' {{ISBN|978-1-903083-24-6}} * 1994. ''The GenX Reader'' (Editor, contributor) {{ISBN|978-0-345-39046-2}} * 1995. ''Media Virus: Hidden Agendas in Popular Culture'' {{ISBN|978-0-345-39774-4}} * 1996. ''Playing the Future: What We Can Learn From Digital Kids'' {{ISBN|978-1-57322-764-3}} (Published in the UK in 1997 as "Children of Chaos: Surviving the End of the World as We Know it" {{ISBN|0-00-654879-2}}) * 1999. ''Coercion: Why We Listen to What "They" Say'' {{ISBN|978-1-57322-829-9}} * 2003. ''Nothing Sacred: The Truth About Judaism'' {{ISBN|978-1-4000-5139-7}} * 2003. ''Open Source Democracy'' A Demos Essay * 2005. ''Get Back in the Box: Innovation from the Inside Out'' {{ISBN|978-0-06-075869-1}} * 2009. ''Foreword: The Opportunity for Renaissance'', pp. 273–281, in ''Be The Media'', David Mathison, editor * 2009. ''Life, Inc.: How the World Became A Corporation and How To Take It Back'' {{ISBN|978-1-4000-6689-6}} * 2010. ''Program or be Programmed: Ten Commands for a Digital Age'' Paperback {{ISBN|978-1-935928-15-7}} Ebook {{ISBN|978-1-935928-16-4}} * 2013. ''Present Shock: When Everything Happens Now'' {{ISBN|978-1-59184-476-1}} * 2016. ''Throwing Rocks at the Google Bus'' {{ISBN|978-1-61723-017-2}} * 2019. ''Team Human'' {{ISBN|978-0-393-65169-0}} * 2022. ''Survival of the Richest'' {{ISBN|978-0-393-88106-6}} * 2024. ''Program or Be Programmed: Eleven Commands for the AI Future'' Paperback {{ISBN|978-1-68219-435-5}} Ebook {{ISBN|978-1-68219-436-2}}
=== Book chapters === * {{Cite book |author=Douglas Rushkoff |editor=Extinction Rebellion |editor-link=Extinction Rebellion |title=This Is Not a Drill: An Extinction Rebellion Handbook |publisher=Penguin Books |date=2019 |pages=58–64 |chapter=Chapter 8: Survival of the richest |isbn=978-0-14-199144-3}}
=== Fiction works === * 1997. ''Ecstasy Club'' {{ISBN|978-1-57322-702-5}} * 2002. ''Exit Strategy'' (aka Bull) {{ISBN|978-1-887128-90-2}}`
===Graphic novels=== * 2004. ''Club Zero-G'' {{ISBN|978-0-9729529-3-4}} * 2005–2008. ''Testament'' {{ISBN|978-1-4012-1063-2}} * 2012. ''A.D.D. – Adolescent Demo Division'' {{ISBN|978-1-78116-019-0}} * 2016. ''Aleister and Adolf'' with Michael Avon Oeming {{ISBN|978-1-5067-0104-2}}
== Documentaries == * 2001. ''Merchants of Cool'', a groundbreaking, award-winning Frontline documentary which explores the people, marketing techniques and ideologies behind popular culture for teenagers. This video attempts to answer whether or not teen popular culture is reflective of its population or manufactured by big business and related groups. * 2004. ''The Persuaders''. This Frontline documentary examines the psychological techniques behind popular marketing and advertising trends, determines how these methods influence how we view ourselves and desires, and postulates on the future implications of these persuasive approaches at work. * 2009. ''Life Inc. The Movie'' * 2009–2010. ''Digital Nation, Life on the Virtual Frontier''. Web site and documentary, PBS Frontline. * 2008. ''American Music: OFF THE RECORD'' Dir. Benjamin Meade, Cosmic Cowboy Studio. * 2014. ''Generation Like''. PBS Frontline.
=== Radio === * ''The Media Squat'' (creator and host): freeform, bottom-up, open source WFMU radio which examines similarly open source, bottom-up solutions to social problems. * ''Team Human Podcast'' (creator and host): a weekly interview show focused on themes of inspecting and subverting technology's effect on human behaviour.
== References == {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}
==External links== * {{Official website|http://www.rushkoff.com}} * {{C-SPAN|9277742}} * {{Gutenberg author | id=3665| name=Douglas Rushkoff}} * {{Internet Archive author |sname=Douglas Rushkoff}} * {{OL author}} * {{Triangulation|105|Douglas Rushkoff}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Rushkoff, Douglas}} Category:20th-century American non-fiction writers Category:21st-century American essayists Category:American technology writers Category:American mass media scholars Category:Mass media theorists : Category:Critical theorists Category:Internet theorists Category:American philosophers of technology Category:American futurologists Category:Jewish American non-fiction writers Category:Jewish American activists Category:Open-source movement Category:Open content activists Category:Anti-corporate activists Category:New York University faculty Category:American bloggers Category:Cyberpunk writers Category:Chaos magicians Category:American radio DJs Category:Princeton University alumni Category:California Institute of the Arts alumni Category:Utrecht University alumni Category:Writers from Scarsdale, New York Category:Scarsdale High School alumni Category:20th-century American Jews Category:21st-century American Jews Category:1961 births Category:Living people