Dedicator of cytokinesis protein 11

{{Short description|Protein-coding gene in humans}} {{cs1 config|name-list-style=vanc}} {{Infobox_gene}} '''Dedicator of cytokinesis protein 11''' ('''Dock11'''), also known as '''Zizimin2''', is a large (~240 kDa) protein encoded in the human by the ''DOCK11'' gene, involved in intracellular signalling networks.<ref name="entrez">{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: DOCK11 dedicator of cytokinesis 11| url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=139818}}</ref><ref name="Côté_2002">{{cite journal | vauthors = Côté JF, Vuori K | title = Identification of an evolutionarily conserved superfamily of DOCK180-related proteins with guanine nucleotide exchange activity | journal = Journal of Cell Science | volume = 115 | issue = Pt 24 | pages = 4901–13 | date = December 2002 | pmid = 12432077 | doi = 10.1242/jcs.00219 | doi-access = | s2cid = 14669715 }}</ref> It is a member of the DOCK-D subfamily of the DOCK family of guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) which function as activators of small G-proteins. Dock11 activates the small G protein Cdc42.

== Discovery == Dock11 was identified as a protein which is highly expressed in germinal center B lymphocytes.<ref name="Nishikimi_2005">{{cite journal | vauthors = Nishikimi A, Meller N, Uekawa N, Isobe K, Schwartz MA, Maruyama M | title = Zizimin2: a novel, DOCK180-related Cdc42 guanine nucleotide exchange factor expressed predominantly in lymphocytes | journal = FEBS Letters | volume = 579 | issue = 5 | pages = 1039–46 | date = February 2005 | pmid = 15710388 | doi = 10.1016/j.febslet.2005.01.006 | bibcode = 2005FEBSL.579.1039N | s2cid = 36721405 }}</ref> Subsequent RT-PCR analysis revealed expression of this protein in the spleen, thymus, bone marrow and in peripheral blood lymphocytes. Dock11 is expressed at lower levels in NIH-3T3 fibroblasts, C2C12 myoblasts and Neuro-2A neuroblastoma cells. Dock11 mRNA has also been detected in the pars intermedia.<ref name="Chien_2007">{{cite journal | vauthors = Chien WM, Garrison K, Caufield E, Orthel J, Dill J, Fero ML | title = Differential gene expression of p27Kip1 and Rb knockout pituitary tumors associated with altered growth and angiogenesis | journal = Cell Cycle | volume = 6 | issue = 6 | pages = 750–7 | date = March 2007 | pmid = 17361101 | pmc = 2040307 | doi = 10.4161/cc.6.6.3986 }}</ref>

== Structure and function == Dock11 exhibits the same domain arrangement as other members of the DOCK-D/Zizimin subfamily and shares the highest level of sequence identity with Dock9.<ref name="Nishikimi_2005"/> It contains a DHR2 domain which mediates GEF activity and a DHR1 domain which may interact with membrane phospholipids. It also contains an N-terminal PH domain which may be involved in its recruitment to the plasma membrane. Dock11 binds and activates nucleotide-free Cdc42 via its DHR2 domain<ref name="Nishikimi_2005"/> and has also been reported to mediate positive feedback on active, GTP-bound Cdc42,<ref name="Lin_2006">{{cite journal | vauthors = Lin Q, Yang W, Baird D, Feng Q, Cerione RA | title = Identification of a DOCK180-related guanine nucleotide exchange factor that is capable of mediating a positive feedback activation of Cdc42 | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 281 | issue = 46 | pages = 35253–62 | date = November 2006 | pmid = 16968698 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M606248200 | doi-access = free }}</ref> although this interaction required a small N-terminal region of Dock11 in addition to the DHR2 domain. Cdc42 in turn regulates signaling pathways that control diverse cellular functions including morphology, migration, endocytosis and cell cycle progression.<ref name="Sinha_2008">{{cite journal | vauthors = Sinha S, Yang W | title = Cellular signaling for activation of Rho GTPase Cdc42 | journal = Cellular Signalling | volume = 20 | issue = 11 | pages = 1927–34 | date = November 2008 | pmid = 18558478 | doi = 10.1016/j.cellsig.2008.05.002 }}</ref> Gene expression studies have suggested that Dock11 may have a role in the development of pituitary and testicular tumours.<ref name="Chien_2007"/><ref name="Almstrup_2007">{{cite journal | vauthors = Almstrup K, Leffers H, Lothe RA, Skakkebaek NE, Sonne SB, Nielsen JE, Rajpert-De Meyts E, Skotheim RI | title = Improved gene expression signature of testicular carcinoma in situ | journal = International Journal of Andrology | volume = 30 | issue = 4 | pages = 292–302; discussion 303 | date = August 2007 | pmid = 17488342 | doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2605.2007.00758.x | doi-access = free }}</ref>

== Deficiency in humans == Hemizygous ''DOCK11'' mutations in humans are associated with early-onset and severe autoimmunity.<ref name="Boussard_2023" /> In eight male patients, from seven unrelated pedigrees, with hemizygous DOCK11 missense variants, a reduction in DOCK11 expression was observed. The patients presented with early-onset autoimmunity, including cytopenia, systemic lupus erythematosus, skin, and digestive manifestations. Platelets and lymphocytes exhibited abnormal ultrastructural morphology and spreading as well as impaired CDC42 activity. The patients' cells exhibited aberrant protrusions and abnormal migration speed in confined channels concomitant with altered actin polymerization during migration. A DOCK11 knock-down in monocytes-derived dendritic cells (MDDC) and in T cells from healthy controls, recapitulated these abnormal cellular phenotypes. Abnormal regulatory T cells (Tregs) phenotype with profoundly reduced FOXP3 and IKZF2 expression was also observed, consistent with the autoimmune features developed by the DOCK11-deficient patients. Moreover, the authors observed a reduced T cell proliferation and an impaired STAT5B phosphorylation upon IL2 stimulation of the patients' lymphocytes. DOCK11 deficiency is therefore a new X-linked immune-related actinopathy leading to abnormal actin cytoskeleton remodeling, impaired CDC42 activity and STAT5 activation, and associated with early-onset autoimmunity.<ref name="Boussard_2023">{{cite journal | vauthors = Boussard C, Delage L, Gajardo T, Kauskot A, Batignes M, Goudin N, Stolzenberg MC, Brunaud C, Panikulam P, Riller Q, Moya-Nilges M, Solarz J, Reperant C, Durel B, Bordet JC, Pellé O, Lebreton C, Magerus-Chatinet A, Pirabakaran V, Vargas P, Dupichaud S, Jeanpierre M, Vinit A, Zarhrate M, Masson C, Aladjidi N, Arkwright PD, Bader-Meunier B, Baron Joly S, Benadiba J, Bernard E, Berrebi D, Bodemer C, Castelle M, Charbit-Henrion F, Chbihi M, Debray A, Drabent P, Fraitag S, Hié M, Landman-Parker J, Lhermitte L, Moshous D, Rohrlich P, Ruemmele FM, Welfringer-Morin A, Tusseau M, Belot A, Cerf-Bensussan N, Roelens M, Picard C, Neven B, Fischer A, Callebaut I, Ménager MM, Sepulveda FE, Adam F, Rieux-Laucat F | display-authors = 6 | title = DOCK11 deficiency in patients with X-linked actinopathy and autoimmunity | journal = Blood | volume = 141| issue = 22| date = March 2023 | pages = 2713–2726 | article-number = blood.2022018486 | pmid = 36952639 | doi = 10.1182/blood.2022018486 | s2cid = 257716324 | url = https://hal.science/hal-04246983 }}</ref>

== References == {{Reflist}}

== Further reading == {{refbegin | 2}} * {{cite journal | vauthors = Côté JF, Vuori K | title = GEF what? Dock180 and related proteins help Rac to polarize cells in new ways | journal = Trends in Cell Biology | volume = 17 | issue = 8 | pages = 383–93 | date = August 2007 | pmid = 17765544 | pmc = 2887429 | doi = 10.1016/j.tcb.2007.05.001 }} * {{cite book | vauthors = Côté JF, Vuori K | chapter = In Vitro Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Activity of DHR-2/DOCKER/CZH2 Domains | title = Regulators and Effectors of Small GTPases: Rho Family | series = Methods in Enzymology | volume = 406 | pages = 41–57 | year = 2006 | pmid = 16472648 | doi = 10.1016/S0076-6879(06)06004-6 | isbn = 9780121828110 }} * {{cite journal | vauthors = Meller N, Merlot S, Guda C | title = CZH proteins: a new family of Rho-GEFs | journal = Journal of Cell Science | volume = 118 | issue = Pt 21 | pages = 4937–46 | date = November 2005 | pmid = 16254241 | doi = 10.1242/jcs.02671 | doi-access = | s2cid = 3075895 }} * {{cite journal | vauthors = Yelo E, Bernardo MV, Gimeno L, Alcaraz-García MJ, Majado MJ, Parrado A | title = Dock10, a novel CZH protein selectively induced by interleukin-4 in human B lymphocytes | journal = Molecular Immunology | volume = 45 | issue = 12 | pages = 3411–8 | date = July 2008 | pmid = 18499258 | doi = 10.1016/j.molimm.2008.04.003 }} {{refend}}