{{Short description|Simulator steering wheel}} A '''direct-drive simulator steering wheelbase''' (sometimes abbreviated "'''DD wheel'''") is a simulator steering wheel with a direct-drive mechanism between the drive and output, i.e. without gearing (as opposed to simulator steering wheels with reduction gearing via gears or belts<ref name="MacKenzie"/><ref name="Baxter2020"/><ref name="Asada1983">Asada, H., & Kanade, T. (1983) ''[https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=490826303723520066 Design of direct-drive mechanical arms]'' in ''Journal of Vibration, Acoustics, Stress, and Reliability in Design'', Volume 105, Issue 3, pp.312-316</ref><ref name="simxperience">[https://www.simxperience.com/blog/simxperience-news-1/direct-drive-vs-belt-drive-vs-gear-drive-70 Direct Drive vs Belt Drive vs Gear Drive], SimXperience News at simxperience.com ([https://web.archive.org/web/20210705191716/https://www.simxperience.com/blog/simxperience-news-1/direct-drive-vs-belt-drive-vs-gear-drive-70 archived] on July 5th, 2021)</ref>), and is used similarly as with other simulator steering wheels for providing torque feedback (often called ""force" feedback", or FFB) so that the driver, through movement in the steering wheel, gets an interface for sensing what is happening to the car in the simulator. It is an example of human–computer interaction in driving simulators, racing simulators, and racing video games, and is an example of haptic technology.
Direct-drive steering wheels typically differ from geared or belted sim racing wheels by being stronger (having more torque), and being able to more accurately reproduce details from the simulator. They are typically constructed using a 3-phase brushless AC servomotor (on more expensive models), or sometimes a hybrid stepper-servomotor, or only a stepper motor<ref>[https://hackaday.io/project/163904-open-ffboard Open FFBoard |Hackaday.io]</ref> (on very affordable models).
In a direct drive simracing steering wheel system, the wheelbase and the wheel rim are typically separate, so that is possible to switch between rims according to the use case, for instance formula wheelrims, GT wheelrims, oval racing or truck wheel rims. The base and the rim are typically connected through a quick release system.
==History== {{See also|Direct-drive mechanism}}
Direct-drive mechanisms for use in industrial arms began to be possible in the 1980s, with the use of rare-earth magnets,<ref name="Asada1983"/> of which today the most commonly used are neodymium magnets.<ref>{{cite web |title=What is a Strong Magnet? |website=The Magnetic Matters Blog |publisher=Adams Magnetic Products |date=October 5, 2012 |url=https://www.adamsmagnetic.com/blogs/magnet-blog-what-strong-magnet/ |access-date=October 12, 2012}}</ref>
Before the 1980s, servo motors were not powerful enough (did not have enough torque) to be used directly, and therefore reduction gears or mechanical belts were added to the motor to leverage and multiply its power.<ref name="Asada1983"/> Higher-power motors were not feasible due to the expensive rare-earth materials needed to build them. This problem was surpassed in the 1980s, with the development of less-expensive high-power magnets.<ref name="Asada1983"/>
In 2013, direct-drive sim steering wheels were introduced in large scale to the consumer mass market as a more advanced alternative to gear- and belt-driven steering wheels. The first commercially broadly available direct-drive wheel base was released in 2013 by the UK-based [https://www.leobodnar.com/ Leo Bodnar Electronics], after having been retailing to racing teams and professional centers since 2008.<ref name="mockracerDec2015"/> It was followed in 2015 by the US-based SimXperience AccuForce V1, and by the first do-it-yourself open-source hardware OpenSimwheel or "OSW" kits for users with good technical knowledge.
In 2015, a preliminary comparison of gear-driven and direct-drive wheels in the 0–30 Hz frequency range, for a study on hard real-time multibody simulation and high-fidelity steering wheel force feedback, concluded that direct-drive wheels are preferable.<ref name="Pastorino2015">Pastorino, R., Desloovere, M., Vanneste, F., Degezelle, P., Desmet, W., & Optidrive, N. V. (2015) ''[http://congress.cimne.com/multibody2015/admin/files/fileabstract/a39.pdf Development, implementation and validation of a hard real-time multibody simulation for high-fidelity steering wheel force feedback]'', in Proceedings of the ECCOMAS Thematic Conference on Multibody Dynamics, Barcelona, Spain (Vol. 10).</ref>
Simucube was one of the manufacturers who previously provided Open Sim Wheel kits, and is a brand name owned by the Finnish manufacturer Granite Devices, which also supplies driver electronics for controlling servomotors and stepper motors, both for sim racing and industrial use. Granite Devices started as a hobby project by the Finn Kontkanen Tero when he was building a CNC milling machine, and realised that there was many alternating current servomotors of high quality on the market, but that driver electronics for controlling such motors was expensive or hard to come by. He investigated the operation of AC servos, and realized that it was possible to make usable control electronics with a handful of the latest electronic components and some real-time algorithms. The development of the controller then took around a year. The electronics are based on an IONI motherboard and STM32F4, and a proprietary firmware called MMos. An open source version of this software has been planned for release, but has not yet been released as of 2022.<ref>[https://granitedevices.com/wiki/Installing_MMos_firmware_into_SimuCUBE Installing MMos firmware into SimuCUBE - Granite Devices Knowledge Wiki]</ref>
==Performance metrics== Issues, quality, and performance indicators of direct-drive wheels, and of sim racing wheels in general, include detail and fidelity of force feedback, smooth torque transmission, nearly-zero backlash, rotary encoder resolution, clipping, dynamic range, torque ripple,<ref name="Baxter2020"/> cogging torque,<ref name="Barnaby2019">Barnaby, G., & Roudaut, A. (2019) ''[https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3332165.3347909 Mantis: A scalable, lightweight and accessible architecture to build multiform force feedback systems]'', in Proceedings of the 32nd Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology (pp. 937-948).</ref> drivers and digital signal processing with control electronics,<ref name="Baxter2020">Richard Baxter [https://simracingcockpit.com/direct-drive-wheels/ Direct drive wheels for sim racing: everything you need to know], at simracingcockpit.com, November 17, 2020</ref><ref name="boxthislap2021">[https://boxthislap.org/expectations-vs-reality-how-to-build-a-direct-drive-racing-wheel/ Expectations vs. Reality – How To Build A Direct Drive Racing Wheel?], Alberto from boxthislap.org, July 24, 2021</ref> signal filtering,<ref name="Pastorino2015"/> backdrive friction,<ref name="Barnaby2019"/><ref name="Gonzalo2016"/> low inertia,<ref name="Gonzalo2016"/> damping,<ref name="Gonzalo2016">Gonzalo [https://boxthislap.org/bodnar-v2-impressions/ Bodnar V2 impressions], at boxthislap.org, October 20, 2016</ref> fast response, precise positioning, electromagnetic interference,<ref>Jimmy Broadbent [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X10kz-Ps48Y Is A Direct Drive Wheel Worth The Money?], Aug 1, 2018</ref> and latency.
==Construction==
===Motors=== [[File:3417 09 Servogetriebe.jpg|thumb|right|Industrial servomotors and gearboxes, with standardised flange mountings for interchangeability.]] The Leo Bodnar, OSW kits, Sim-pli.city and VRS systems are based on industrial servo motors (typically MiGE, Lenze, or Kollmorgen motors), while SimXperience's AccuForce, Frex, Simucube (which initially used a MiGE motor), Fanatec, and Simagic use custom-made motors. The types of motors used vary between high-end 3-phase brushless servomotors<ref name="ReimerPremiumAKM52"/> and lower budget hybrid stepper-servo motors.<ref name="MacKenzie"/> In-runner servo motors are typically smoother and more expensive than stepper or outrunner motors.<ref name="gd_scube_launch"/> Outrunner motors typically can produce more torque than inrunner motors,<ref name="simracingcockpitDDs">{{cite web | title=The Best Direct Drive Wheels for Sim Racing | date=20 November 2025 | url=https://simracingcockpit.gg/direct-drive-wheels/ }}</ref> but need more cooling at higher torque levels.
===Control electronics=== Other than the motor, other parts of a complete direct-drive wheelbase include a rotary encoder (the position sensor), a controller board (that translate the FFB data from the game into steering wheel forces), and a motor driver board (servo drive), which fits into a slot of the controller board, and that controls the position, velocity and torque output of the motor.<ref name="MODIFYUP2020">[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_h417VxFmWQ How to build a Direct Drive steering wheel - OSW Simucube], by MODIFY UP, Sep 20, 2020</ref> Examples of encoders are the Biss-C and the SinCos encoders, an example of a controller board is the Simucube board, and some examples of motor driver boards are the IONI and the Argon ones.
The motor encoder reads the position and/or motion (torque and rotation) of the shaft.<ref name="simracingcockpitDDs"/> The resolution of the encoder is typically measured in PPR (pulses per revolution), but sometimes CPR (counts, or steps, per revolution) is used instead, where 1 pulse equals 4 counts.<ref>{{cite web | title=What's the Difference Between an Incremental Encoder's PPR, CPR, and LPR? | date=6 June 2017 | url=https://www.sameskydevices.com/blog/what-is-encoder-ppr-cpr-and-lpr }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=What is the difference between CPR and PPR? | url=https://www.rls.si/eng/faq/index/show/cat_id/2/faq/59/ }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Rotary and linear encoder resolution basics, including Incremental & absolute types | url=https://eltra-encoder.eu/news/encoder-resolution }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Encoder's PPR, CPR and LPR as resolution value | url=https://eltra-encoder.eu/news/encoder-ppr-and-cpr }}</ref> The main advantage of very high resolution encoders is the ability to implement more advanced firmware or software FFB filters to the force feedback signal; for instance, encoders with a 21-bit resolution or more (2M steps or cpr), like the SinCos encoder, allow the servo-motor electronics to handle the filters more smoothly, and also allow to have more nuances in the FFB signal.<ref>Mirko De Santis [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YKtlWXdi_ZA&t=990s Simagic Alpha Mini review "the end of the straps!"], Aug 25, 2021</ref>
One of the main purposes of FFB filters is to optimize the FFB signal for a given wheelbase and rim device.<ref name="DeSantisFilters"/><ref>[https://simucube.com/app/uploads/2022/11/Simucube_2_User_Guide.pdf Simucube_2_User_Guide]</ref> The most basic FFB filters include the reconstruction filter, damper, friction and inertia. The reconstruction filter is included even in non-directdrive wheelbases, and has the effect of interpolating and smoothing the FFB signal from the game, to reduce the noise and artifacts from the FFB signal caused by the low update rate of a racing game.<ref name="DeSantisFilters">Mirko De Santis [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_45SRe5eal8 I "filtri" nel simracing pro e contro ], Oct 3, 2020</ref><ref>[https://www.instagram.com/simucube/reel/C74ApoEImRb/], 6 June 2024</ref><ref name="MDS_VNMreview"/> The wheel rim weight and size also have a significant effect on the perceived FFB signal, with lighter and smaller wheels being able to move faster and deliver more details.<ref name="DeSantisFilters"/>
More advanced FFB filters include static force reduction and slew rate reduction filter. The static force reduction filter was introduced to address a problem that emerged with high-torque DD wheelbase, due to their force output making too difficult to even turn the wheel with some cars in high-speed corners.<ref name="DeSantisFilters"/> The static force reduction filter introduced with Simucube 2 wheelbase allowed to address this issue while keeping a fully linear signal. A side-effect of this filter however is that while turning the wheel one feels a weakening of the FFB signal, which some drivers might dislike.<ref name="DeSantisFilters"/><ref name="DeSantisSC1SFR">Mirko De Santis [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MBK2KJRcUkI Riprovo Simucube 1 OSW è ancora un prodotto valido nel Simracing?], Aug 4, 2020</ref> Similarly, the slew rate reduction filter reduces or dampens sudden acceleration spikes in FFB torque, due for example to hitting kerbs or bumps.<ref name="DeSantisSC1SFR"/> Therefore, the static force reduction and slew rate reduction filters make feasible to drive with higher maximum torque settings, which can enhance micro-details in the FFB signal.<ref name="DeSantisSC1SFR"/>
===Torque=== The torque says something about how "powerful" the engine is, and can be specified in two ways: * Continuous torque, the greatest load of which the motor still can perform continuous movement at a continuous speed, and thus performing continuous work * Stall torque, the load which will cause the motor to stop so that it can no longer move, and thus produces a holding torque, but not performing any work
The latter always gives a higher number in newton-meters, and is therefore the number that usually is communicated the most by manufacturers to consumers, but is actually a less useful specification since the steering wheel in theory does not perform any work when rotation has stopped. One must therefore be aware of the ''type'' of torque specification given when comparing two motors. The relationship between the continuous torque and stall torque can vary between motors, and can say something about the motor characteristics (responsiveness versus strength).{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}
For comparison, usually around 7-10 Nm is experienced in a street car, and on steering wheels with very high torque (e.g. 20 Nm) it may therefore be appropriate to adjust the torque down in the software. However, the stronger motors will often have a faster slew rate (the time an amplifier takes to respond to a signal) which gives better steering response and more realism.
===Steering wheel mount=== Similar to many real-world racing cars, sim-racing steering wheels usually come with a bolt circle of 6×70 mm, which means the wheel is mounted to the base via 6 evenly spaced out screws along a 70 mm circle on the steering wheel. Other bolt circles are sometimes used.
Some steering wheels attach to the base via quick release, as is commonly seen on many real-world racing cars, and these come in many varieties: Proprietary quick releases (e.g. Fanatec QR1 or Simucube SQR, the latter which has a wedge-shaped dovetail), or standardized quick releases such as the D1 spec (used by many manufacturers, including SimXperience, Simagic, Moza, IMMSource). D1 spec couplers are built to the same pattern as the NRG quick coupler approved for use in real-world racing cars per SFI Spec 42.1.<ref>{{cite web |title=SFI Foundation - SFI 42.1 Steering Wheel Quick Disconnect/Release - Participating Manufacturers – updated April 21, 2022 |url=https://www.sfifoundation.com/wp-content/pdfs/manufacturers/42.1%20Manufacturers%20List.pdf}}</ref> Formerly, another common aftermarket quick release has been the Q1R type (not to be confused with the Fanatec ''QR''1). Some quick releases have (often proprietary) integrated contact pins for transferring power and data to buttons and displays on the wheel, but these usually do not work across manufacturers. Others instead use wireless transmission via Bluetooth and inductive (magnetic) power transfer via the quick release. If using a steering wheel and base from two different manufacturers, it is usually possible to connect the steering wheel electronics to the base via a separate USB cable, for example connecting between USB-C, Micro, Mini, or Type B interfaces on the base and wheel.
===Base mount=== On bases with a high torque, the most robust mounting is usually achieved using an industry-standard front-mounted flange mount, and this is often preferred among sim racers, as such base mounts usually are less inclined to bend during heavy steering movements. This typically gives a shorter lever and therefore more sturdy mounting due to less torque on the mounting interface. A de facto industry standard among sim wheels, which again stems from a widely used mechanical industry standard, is a front mount with a bolt circle measuring 4×130 mm diameter and metric M8 screws, which means that four screws are evenly placed along a circle measuring 130 mm in diameter. This roughly corresponds to a square of 91.9 mm × 91.9 mm, which is often quoted as a square pattern with 92 mm long sides.
There are also a number of other proprietary patterns for mounting the base to a sim racing cockpit or table. Some of these instead have mounting on the sides or underside of the base.
==List of direct-drive bases==
===Main specifications=== Sorted chronologically by time of introduction:
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left; width:auto;" |- ! scope="col" | Model ! scope="col" | Introduced ! scope="col" | Peak torque (stall torque) ! scope="col" | Slew rate (Nm/ms) ! scope="col" | Encoder Resolution ! scope="col" | Motor |- ! scope="row" | LeoBodnar Sim Steering | 2013<ref name="mockracerDec2015">[http://www.mockracer.com/2015/12/leo-bodnar-simsteering2-read-view.html Leo Bodnar SimSteering2 Read-View] at mockracer.com, December 19, 2015</ref><ref>[http://www.virtualr.net/simsteering-wheel-by-leo-bodnar-released SimSteering Wheel by Leo Bodnar – Released] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118182406/http://www.virtualr.net/simsteering-wheel-by-leo-bodnar-released |date=2022-01-18}}, at virtualr.net, June 5, 2013</ref> | 16 Nm<ref name="SimRacingGarage2016"/> | | 12-bit (40k cpr / 10k ppr) EJ encoder<ref name="SimRacingGarage2016"/><ref name="bsimracing2014">[https://www.bsimracing.com/leo-bodnar-simsteering/ Leo Bodnar SimSteering review video by Sim Racing Garage], at bsimracing.com, 25/03/2014</ref><ref name="isrtv">{{cite web |url=https://www.isrtv.com/forums/topic/23904-looking-to-build-an-osw-setup-with-simucube-and-kollmorgen-akm-motor-could-use-some-help/ |title=Looking to build an OSW setup with Simucube and Kollmorgen AKM motor, could use some help. - Custom / High End Wheels - InsideSimRacing Forums |website=isrtv.com |date=December 2016 |access-date=September 3, 2021}}</ref> | Kollmorgen AKM52G-ANCNEJ00,<ref name="SimRacingGarage2014">[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ofutOu98WVU?t=90 Leo Bodnar SimSteering Review Part 1 (at 1min 30s)], review by SimRacingGarage, Mar 24, 2014</ref> brushless servomotor, ⌀ 24.2 mm shaft |-
! scope="row" | LeoBodnar Sim Steering 2 (standard 52 version) | 2015<ref name="mockracerDec2015"/><ref name="SimRacingGarage2016">[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0YzmcRHg-c4 Sim Steering FFB System Version 2], review by SimRacingGarage, Feb 13, 2016</ref><ref name="boxthislapSS2">[https://boxthislap.org/ss2-reviews/ SS2 reviews], by Gonzalo at boxthislap.org, January 23, 2016</ref> | 16 Nm<ref name="MacKenzie"/> | | 24-bit (16.7M cpr) C resolver ("SFD, Smart Feedback Device")<ref name="SimRacingGarage2016"/> | Kollmorgen AKM52G-ANCNC-00,<ref name="SimRacingGarage2016"/><ref name="simracingpaddock2018">[https://simracingpaddock.com/sim-hw/sim-racing-wheel-buyers-guide-2018/ Sim Racing Wheel Buyers' Guide 2018] at simracingpaddock.com, March 14, 2018</ref> brushless servomotor, ⌀ 24.2 mm shaft |-
! scope="row" | LeoBodnar Sim Steering 2 (53 version) | 2015<ref name="mockracerDec2015"/><ref name="SimRacingGarage2016"/><ref name="boxthislapSS2"/> | 20.5<ref>[https://www.ricmotech.com/simsteering-v2-force-feedback-system-53-kit SimSteering V2 Force Feedback System (53) Kit], ay ricmotech.com</ref> | | 24-bit (16.7M cpr) 16.7M cpr C resolver ("SFD, Smart Feedback Device")<ref name="SimRacingGarage2016"/> | Kollmorgen AKM53G, brushless servomotor, ⌀ 24.2 mm shaft |-
! scope="row" | "OSW" DIY kit, Lenze | 2015<ref name="bsimracing.com">[https://www.bsimracing.com/sim-racing-garage-direct-drive-open-sim-wheel-review/ Sim Racing Garage – Direct Drive Open Sim Wheel Review], at bsimracing.com, 08/09/2015</ref> | 29 Nm<ref name="OSWwiki"/> | | 16k ppr<ref name="OSWwiki"/> | Lenze MCS12H15L<ref name="MacKenzie"/><ref name="OSWwiki"/> |-
! scope="row" | "OSW" DIY kit, M15 | 2015<ref name="bsimracing.com"/> | 30 Nm<ref name="OSWwiki"/> | | 10k ppr<ref name="OSWwiki"/> | MiGE 130ST-M15015 (large MiGE),<ref name="OSWwiki">[http://opensimwheel.wikidot.com/ Open Sim Wheel] at OpenSimWheel Wiki</ref> ⌀ 22 mm shaft |-
! scope="row" | "OSW" DIY kit, M10 | 2015<ref name="bsimracing.com"/> | 20 Nm<ref name="OSWwiki"/> | | 10k ppr<ref name="OSWwiki"/> | MiGE 130ST-M10010 ("small MiGE"), ⌀ 22 mm shaft |-
! scope="row" | "OSW" DIY kit, Hobbystar | 2015<ref name="bsimracing.com"/> | 20 Nm<ref name="OSWwiki"/> | | 10k ppr<ref name="OSWwiki"/> | MiGE 130ST-M10010 ("small MiGE"), ⌀ 22 mm shaft |-
! scope="row" | Reimer Motorsports OpenSimwheel Premium<ref name="ReimerPremium">[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304144651/http://www.reimer-motorsports.com:80/index.php/en/products/osw-premium-en OpenSimwheel Premium] at reimer-motorsports.com, archived on 21 Jul 2015</ref> | 2015{{citation needed|date=August 2022}} | 29 Nm<ref name="ReimerPremium"/> | | 16k cpr<ref name="ReimerPremium"/> | Lenze MCS12H15L<ref name="ReimerPremium"/> |-
! scope="row" | Reimer Motorsports OpenSimwheel Premium AKM52<ref name="ReimerPremiumAKM52">[https://web.archive.org/web/20151216235928/http://www.reimer-motorsports.com:80/index.php/en/products/osw-premium-en-akm52 OpenSimwheel Premium AKM52] at reimer-motorsports.com, archived on 16.12.2015</ref> | 2015{{citation needed|date=August 2022}} | 24 Nm<ref name="ReimerPremiumAKM52"/> | | 32k cpr<ref name="ReimerPremiumAKM52"/> | Kollmorgen AKM52 3-phase AC servo,<ref name="ReimerPremiumAKM52"/> ⌀ 24.2 mm shaft |-
! scope="row" | SimXperience AccuForce V1 | 2015<ref name="mockracerJan2015">[http://www.mockracer.com/2015/01/simxperience-accuforce-review.html AccuForce Review], at mockracer.com, January 16, 2015</ref> | 16 Nm | | 16k PPR encoder<ref name="mockracerJan2015"/> | Stepper motor, ⌀ 14 mm shaft |-
! scope="row" | Frex SimWheel DD | 2016<ref>[https://www.simrace-blog.com/2016/01/2016-01-frex-simwheel-dd-direct-drive/ Frex Simwheel DD (Direct Drive)], at simrace-blog.com, 23 Jan 2016</ref> | 16 Nm | | | MiGE servomotor |-
! scope="row" | Sim-pli.city SW20 | 2017<ref name="simracingpaddock2017">William Marsh [https://simracingpaddock.com/direct-drive-wheels/gamermuscle-reviews-simplicity/ GamerMuscle Reviews SimPliCity SW20 DD Wheel], at simracingpaddock, June 13, 2017</ref> | 20 Nm<ref name="simracingpaddock2017"/> | | 10k ppr encoder<ref name="sim-pli.citySW20"/> | MiGE 130ST-M10010 (small MiGE),<ref name="sim-pli.citySW20">[https://sim-pli.city/products/sw20-20nm-direct-drive-wheel SW20 (20Nm Direct Drive Wheel) - (Discontinued)], Sim-pli.city official product page</ref> inrunner, ⌀ 22 mm shaft |-
! scope="row" | SimXperience AccuForce V2 | 2017 | 15.6 Nm | | 16k resolution | Hybrid stepper/servomotor,<ref name="MacKenzie">Jack MacKenzie [https://coachdaveacademy.com/tutorials/direct-drive-wheels-complete-guide/ Buying Guide: 7 of The Best Direct Drive Wheels in 2021], at coachdaveacademy.com, 2021</ref> ⌀ 14 mm shaft |-
! scope="row" | Simucube-based pre-assembled OSW kit (large MiGE) | (before 2018) | 30 Nm<ref name="sim-pli.cityPre2018"/> | | 5k or 10k ppr encoder<ref name="sim-pli.cityPre2018">{{cite web |url=https://sim-pli.city/products/pre-assembled-direct-drive-wheel-kit-mige-simucube |title=Pre-assembled Direct Drive Wheel Kit (MiGE/SimuCUBE) (Discontinued) – Sim-plicity |website=sim-pli.city |access-date=September 3, 2021}}</ref> | MiGE 130ST-M15015, inrunner, ⌀ 22 mm shaft |-
! scope="row" | Simucube-based pre-assembled OSW kit (small MiGE) | (before 2018) | 20 Nm<ref name="sim-pli.cityPre2018"/> | | 5k or 10k ppr encoder<ref name="sim-pli.cityPre2018"/> | MiGE 130ST-M10010, inrunner, ⌀ 22 mm shaft |-
! scope="row" | Simucube-based pre-assembled OSW kit Biss-C (2018 version), M15 | 2018<ref name="bsimracing2018">[https://www.bsimracing.com/sim-cube-30nm-direct-drive-wheel-base-review-by-the-simpit/ Sim Cube 30nm Direct Drive Wheel Base Review By The Simpit], at bsimracing.com, 29.6.2018</ref> | 30 Nm | | 22-bit (4.2M cpr) in the 2018 version<ref name="bsimracing2018"/> | MiGE 130ST-M15015,<ref name="bsimracing2018"/> inrunner, ⌀ 22 mm shaft |-
! scope="row" | Simucube-based pre-assembled OSW kit Biss-C (2018 version), M10 | 2018<ref name="bsimracing2018"/> | 20 Nm | | 22-bit (4.2M cpr) in the 2018 version<ref name="bsimracing2018"/> | MiGE 130ST-M10010 or MiGE 130ST-M15015,<ref name="bsimracing2018"/> inrunner, ⌀ 22 mm shaft |-
! scope="row" | simracingbay "OSW" DIY kit | 2018<ref name="SRGOSW2018">[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n7xC5kDVnvc Sim Racing Bay OSW Wheel Kit Review], at Sim Racing Garage, Apr 17, 2018</ref> | 20 Nm<ref name="SRGOSW2018"/> | | 22-bit (4.2M cpr)<ref name="simracingbayOSWkitBissC2018">[https://www.simracingbay.com/product/simucube-based-osw-kit-sincos-with-cm110-case/ SimuCUBE based OSW kit Biss-C – with CM110 case] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117160915/https://www.simracingbay.com/product/simucube-based-osw-kit-sincos-with-cm110-case/ |date=2022-01-17}} at simracingbay</ref> (originally 2.1M cpr)<ref name="SRGOSW2018"/> | MiGE 130ST-M10010,<ref name="SRGOSW2018"/> ⌀ 22 mm shaft |-
! scope="row" | Augury Simulations SimuCube OSW Kit | 2018 | 18 Nm<ref name="simracingpaddock2018"/> | | | MiGE servomotor, ⌀ 22 mm shaft |-
! scope="row" | Sim-pli.city SW7C | 2018<ref name="simracingpaddock2018"/> | 7.1 Nm<ref name="simracingpaddock2018"/> | | | Mige 80ST Series Motor,<ref name="simracingpaddock2018"/> inrunner,<ref name="simracer.es">[https://simracer.es/app/uploads/2019/05/Wheel_Comparison_5_6_19.pdf High-end wheel guide] at simracer.es</ref> ⌀ 21.5 mm shaft |-
! scope="row" | Sim-pli.city SW20 V3<ref>Richard Baxter ''[https://simracingcockpit.com/test-drive-simplicity-sw20-v3-dd/ Test drive: SimPlicity SW20 V3 DD]'', at simracingcockpit.com, September 9, 2020</ref> | 2019 | 20 Nm<ref name="MacKenzie"/> | | 23-bit (8M cpr)<ref name="sim-pli.city"/> | MiGE 130ST-M10010,<ref name="MacKenzie"/><ref name="sim-pli.city">{{cite web |url=https://sim-pli.city/collections/all/mige |title=All – Tagged "MiGE" – Sim-plicity |website=sim-pli.city |access-date=September 3, 2021}}</ref> inrunner, ⌀ 22 mm shaft |-
! scope="row" | Simucube 2 Sport | 2019-04-03<ref name="gd_scube_launch"/> | 17 Nm | 4.8 | 22-bit absolute (4.2M cpr)<ref>[https://www.simucu.be/sc2sport-direct-drive-wheel-base Simucube 2 Sport] Official product page</ref> | ultra low torque ripple Brushless Servomotor, inrunner |-
! scope="row" | Simucube 2 Pro | 2019-04-03<ref name="MacKenzie"/><ref name="gd_scube_launch">{{cite web | title=Simucube 2 and Simucu.be Launched! | date=4 June 2019 | url=https://granitedevices.com/simucube-2-and-simucu-be-launched/ }}</ref> | 25 Nm |8.0 | 22-bit absolute (4.2M cpr)<ref>[https://rightstuffracing.com/sim-racing-hardware/pc-and-console-racing-wheel/ Simulator Racing Wheels], at rightstuffracing.com</ref> | ultra low torque ripple Brushless Servomotor,<ref name="FlowRacers">[https://flowracers.com/blog/best-direct-drive-wheel-base/ The 5 Best Direct Drive Wheel Bases] By FLOW RACERS</ref> inrunner |-
! scope="row" | Simucube 2 Ultimate | 2019-04-03<ref name="gd_scube_launch"/> | 32 Nm | 9.5<ref name="gd_scube_launch"/> | 24-bit absolute 24-bit, 16M cpr<ref name="gd_scube_launch"/> | ultra low torque ripple Brushless Servomotor, inrunner |-
! scope="row" | Fanatec Podium DD2 | 2019<ref name="boxthislap2019">[https://boxthislap.org/podium-series-will-arrive-finally-30th-april/ Podium series will arrive finally 30th April], by Gonzalo at boxthislap.org, March 13, 2019</ref> | 25 Nm | | 16-bit (65k cpr) (was 8-bit initially)<ref name="FanatecForum2021"/><ref name="FanatecUpdate2019"/> | Custom-made outrunner servomotor,<ref name="FlowRacers"/> hollow ⌀ {{cvt|1+1/4|in|mm}} shaft with USB-C for data and power |-
! scope="row" | Fanatec Podium DD1 | 2019<ref name="boxthislap2019"/> | 20 Nm | | 16-bit (65k cpr) (was 8-bit initially)<ref name="FanatecForum2021">[https://forum.fanatec.com/discussion/23149/what-is-going-on-with-the-encoder-resolution-of-dd-wheelbases What is going on with the encoder resolution of DD wheelbases?] at forum.fanatec.com</ref><ref name="FanatecUpdate2019">Marcel Pfister [https://forum.fanatec.com/discussion/1414/fanatec-beta-driver-v352-356-dd-performance-update-for-podium-bases-only-all-steering-wheels Fanatec Beta Driver V352/356 [DD Performance Update] for Podium Bases ONLY (all steering wheels)], Dec 2019</ref> | Custom-made outrunner{{refn|name=fn_1-8|group=nb|Fanatec argues that outrunner motors "increase the moment arm of the motor" and "give more space for higher quality magnets"<ref name="Fanatec2019"/>}} servomotor,<ref name="Fanatec2019">[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-sNNyvIhSCs Podium Direct Drive Motor Dynamics | FANATEC], Apr 29, 2019</ref><ref name="FlowRacers"/> hollow ⌀ {{cvt|1+1/4|in|mm}} shaft with USB-C for data and power |-
! scope="row" | Fanatec Clubsport DD | 2023 | | | | |-
! scope="row" | Fanatec Clubsport DD+ | 2023 | | | | |-
! scope="row" | Simagic Dynamic M10 | 2020-01<ref name="DusoswaDec2020">Laurence Dusoswa [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_0K3EoM-SWM Simagic Alpha Review | 15nm Direct Drive Steering Wheel | LONG TERM review | World Exclusive], December 2020</ref><ref name="Dusoswa2019">Laurence Dusoswa [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6q46Q0eRlNs Simagic Dynamic M10 Unboxing | Chinese technology has arrived in Sim Racing], Dec 31, 2019</ref> | 10 Nm<ref name="simracingpaddock2020">William Marsh [https://simracingpaddock.com/sim-hw/sim-racing-wheel-buyers-guide-2020/ Sim Racing Wheel Buyer's Guide – 2020 Edition] at simracingpaddock.com, March 20, 2020[</ref> | | | Servo-Stepper Motor<ref name="simracingpaddock2020"/> |-
! scope="row" | Sim-pli.city SW8C+ | 2020{{citation needed|date=August 2022}} | 8 Nm<ref name="simracingpaddock2020"/> | | 23-bit (8M cpr)<ref name="sim-pli.city"/> | MiGE 110ST-M06030,<ref name="MacKenzie"/><ref name="sim-pli.city"/> inrunner |-
! scope="row" | VRS DirectForce Pro | 2020<ref name="MacKenzie"/> | 20 Nm | | 22-bit (4M cpr),<ref name="FanatecForum2021"/> absolute Biss encoder<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CpEV2QQT2LY VRS DirectForce Pro DD Wheel System Review], Sim Racing Garage, May 25, 2020</ref> | MiGE 130ST-M10010, inrunner, ⌀ 22 mm shaft |-
! scope="row" | Simagic Alpha | 2020-12-05 | 15 Nm<ref name="MacKenzie"/> | | 18-bit<ref name="FanatecForum2021"/><ref name="gper_sc_review">{{cite web | title=Simucube Direct Drive Wheelbases: Everything You Need to Know | date=26 April 2024 | url=https://gperformance.eu/simucube-direct-drive-wheels-everything-you-need-to-know/ }}</ref> based on hall sensor | 5-pole,<ref>{{Cite web |title=details-alpha |url=https://shop.simagic.com/pages/details-alpha |access-date=2025-04-20 |website=Simagic |language=en}}</ref> 3-phase servomotor<ref name="MacKenzie"/> |-
! scope="row" | Simagic Alpha-U (or Alpha Ultimate) | 2021-10-13<ref>{{cite web | title=Reddit - the heart of the internet | url=https://www.reddit.com/r/simracing/comments/qakygg/simagic_23nm_alpha_u/ }}</ref> | 23 Nm<ref name="gper_sc_review"/> | | 18-bit<ref name="gper_sc_review"/> | 5-pole servomotor<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alpha U Direct Drive Wheelbase |url=https://en.simagic.com/product/15 |access-date=2025-04-20 |website=en.simagic.com}}</ref> |-
! scope="row" | CAMMUS DDWB 2021 | 2021-11<ref>[https://www.ocsimracing.com/reviews/cammus-direct-drive The Direct-Drive Wheel Nobody is Talking About | Cammus DD Review], ocsimracing</ref> | 15 | | | servomotor<ref>[https://www.bsimracing.com/cammus-15nm-direct-drive-wheel-base-first-impressions-by-laurence-dusoswa/ CAMMUS 15Nm Direct Drive Wheel Base – First Impressions], Laurence Dusoswa at bsimracing, 11/04/2022</ref> |-
! scope="row" | Fanatec CSL DD (with optional 180 W power supply) | 2021-04-21<ref name="CSL-DD-announcement-1">[https://traxion.gg/fanatecs-csl-dd-is-a-cost-effective-direct-drive-wheel-base/ Fanatec's CSL DD is a cost-effective direct drive wheel base | Traxion]</ref><ref name="CSL-DD-announcement-2">[https://www.gtplanet.net/fanatec-reveals-csl-dd-20210421/ Fanatec Reveals New CSL DD: Entry Level, $350 Direct Drive Wheel Base – GTPlanet]</ref> | 8 Nm | | | Brushless inrunner servomotor,<ref name="BM_CSLDD_review">[https://boostedmedia.net/sim-racing/review-fanatec-csl-dd/ REVIEW - Fanatec CSL DD], boostedmedia</ref><ref name="BM_CSLDD_preview">[https://boostedmedia.net/sim-racing/hands-on-with-the-fanatec-csl-dd/ Hands On with the Fanatec CSL DD - Detailed First Look & Driving Tests], boostedmedia</ref> hollow ⌀ {{cvt|1+1/4|in|mm}} shaft with USB-C for data and power |-
! scope="row" | Fanatec CSL DD (with base 90 W power supply) | 2021-04-21<ref name="CSL-DD-announcement-1"/><ref name="CSL-DD-announcement-2"/> | 5 Nm | | | Brushless inrunner servomotor,<ref name="BM_CSLDD_review"/> hollow ⌀ {{cvt|1+1/4|in|mm}} shaft with USB-C for data and power |-
! scope="row" | Simagic Alpha Mini | 2021-06-27 | 13 Nm<ref name="SuzuziAlphaMini">Dan Suzuzi Simagic Alpha Mini review</ref> | | 256k ppr, 40Khz response rate | 3-phase servomotor optimized for sim racing use,<ref name="simfai">{{cite web |url=https://www.simfai-solutions.com/simagic-alpha-mini?currency=EUR |title=Simagic Alpha Mini}}</ref> outrunner |-
! scope="row" |Moza R21 | 2021-06-23 | 21 Nm | | 18-bits (256k ppr)<ref name="moza_spec_sheet"/> | Servomotor, slanted-pole design<ref name="mozaDDtech"/> |-
! scope="row" |Moza R16 | 2021-06-23 | 16 Nm | | 18-bits (256k ppr)<ref name="moza_spec_sheet">Moza [Which Wheel base is right for you?]</ref> | Servomotor, slanted-pole design<ref name="mozaDDtech"/> |-
! scope="row" |IMMSource (IMMS) ET5 | 2022-02-12<ref name="simrace-blog.com">[https://www.simrace-blog.com/2022/02/immsource-et-vlan-encore-du-nouveau-direct-drive/ IMMSOURCE : Et vlan ! Encore du nouveau Direct-Drive - Simrace-Blog]</ref><ref name="boxthislap.org">[https://boxthislap.org/immsource-new-chinese-direct-drive/ Immsource, new Chinese Direct Drive - BoxThisLap.org]</ref> | 17 Nm (8 Nm in low torque mode) | | 18-bit encoder (262 144 steps) | Servomotor |-
!s cope="row" |IMMSource (IMMS) ET3 | 2022-02-12<ref name="simrace-blog.com"/><ref name="boxthislap.org"/> | 10 Nm | | 18-bit encoder (262 144 steps) | Servomotor |-
! scope="row" |Moza R12 | 2023-06-26<ref>[https://racinggames.gg/article/moza-r12-ks-wheel-review-is-it-worth-making-the-switch/ MOZA R12 Review: The best mid-range DD base around]</ref> | 12 Nm | | 15-bit (32k ppr)<ref name="moza_spec_sheet"/> | 16-pole Servomotor,<ref name="mozar12v3">[https://mozaracing.com/blog/2024/08/15/moza-racing-upgrades-r12-dd-base-with-nexgen-3-0-ffb-algorithm/ R12 Receives NexGen 3.0 FFB Firmware Update and New Pricing], August 15, 2024 </ref> slanted-pole design<ref name="mozaDDtech">[https://mozaracing.com/blog/2024/02/02/mozas-innovations-in-direct-drive-and-vehicle-suspension-technology/ MOZA’s Innovations in Direct Drive and Vehicle Suspension Technology], February 2, 2024 </ref> |-
! scope="row" |Moza R9 | 2022-03-10<ref>[https://mozaracing.com/news/moza-racing-launched-2-new-products MOZA Racing Launched 2 New Products | MOZA Sim Racing]</ref><ref>[https://traxion.gg/moza-racing-launches-new-gs-steering-wheel-and-r9-direct-drive-wheel-base/ MOZA Racing launches GS Steering Wheel R9 Direct Drive Base | Traxion]</ref> | 9 Nm | | 15-bit (32k ppr)<ref name="moza_spec_sheet"/> | Outrunner servomotor |-
!scope="row" |Moza R5 | 2022-08-30<ref>[https://simracingsetup.com/sim-racing/mozas-new-budget-direct-drive-bundle-r5-bundle-first-look/ Moza's New Budget Direct Drive Bundle - R5 Bundle First Look]</ref> | 5.5 Nm | | 15-bit (32k ppr)<ref name="moza_spec_sheet"/> | Outrunner servomotor |-
! scope="row" |Moza R3 for Xbox | 2024-07-04<ref>[https://www.ign.com/articles/moza-r3-racing-wheel-and-pedals-review/ Moza R3 Racing Wheel and Pedals for Xbox Review]</ref> | 3.9 Nm | | 15-bit encoder | Servomotor |-
!Logitech G PRO Racing Wheel |2022-09-21<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ir.logitech.com/press-releases/press-release-details/2022/Logitech-G-Launches-Professional-Grade-PRO-Racing-Wheel-and-Pedals/default.aspx |title=Logitech G Launches Professional-Grade PRO Racing Wheel and Pedals |work=ir.logitech.com |language=en-US |access-date=23 September 2022}}</ref> |11 Nm | | | Outrunner servomotor |-
!Asetek Invicta |2022-11-10<ref name=":yt-announce">{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-FsV-ILPhmE/ |title=Introducing Direct Drive Wheelbases | work=Asetek SimSports |language=en-US |date=10 November 2022 |access-date=1 November 2022}}</ref> |27 Nm |9.4<ref>{{cite web | url=https://flowracers.com/blog/torque-slew-rate/ | title=Torque Slew Rate for Sim Racing (Plus Q&A with Asetek) - FLOW RACERS | date=13 July 2023 }}</ref> |22-bit absolute (4.2M steps) |MiGE servomotor<ref>[https://www.asetek.com/press-releases/asetek-announces-exclusive-supply-agreement-with-motor-manufacturer-hangzhou-mige/ Asetek Announces Exclusive Supply Agreement with Motor Manufacturer HangZhou MiGE], 15 Feb, 2022</ref> |-
!Asetek Forte |2022-11-10<ref name=":yt-announce"/> |18 Nm |6.7 |22-bit (4.2M steps) |MiGE servomotor |-
!Asetek La Prima |2022-11-10<ref name=":yt-announce"/> |12 Nm | 4.0 |22-bit (4.2M steps) |MiGE servomotor |-
!Thrustmaster T818 |2022-11-17<ref>{{cite web |access-date=2023-03-06 |date=2022-11-17 |language=en-GB |surname=Mjolnir |title=Thrustmaster T818 Launch - Brand New Direct Drive Racing Wheel |url=https://simracingsetup.com/product-guides/thrustmaster-t818-launch-10nm-direct-drive-racing-wheel/ |work=Sim Racing Setups}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> |10 Nm<ref>{{Cite web |title=T818 - Simracing |url=https://www.thrustmaster.com/en-us/products/t818/ |access-date=2025-11-05 |website=Thrustmaster |language=en-US}}</ref> | | | |-
!scope="row" |CAMMUS C5 | 2023-06-09<ref>{{cite web | title=Instagram | url=https://www.instagram.com/cammus_official/p/CtbSfo6rFv7/ }}</ref> | 7 Nm (holding 5 Nm) | | | Servomotor |-
!CAMMUS C12 |2024-02<ref>{{cite web | title=CAMMUS C12: The Evolution of C5 Now Available | work=BoxThisLap | date=29 February 2024 | url=https://boxthislap.org/cammus-c12-the-evolution-of-c5-now-available/ }}</ref> |12 Nm | | |Servomotor |-
!VNM Direct Drive Xtreme |2024-03<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ca3lEcmv14k VNM direct drive wheelbase simracing review], Alan Quan, Mar 25, 2024</ref> | 32 | | 23-bit (8M CPR),<ref name="MDS_VNMreview">[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9uooixFGxCE VNM Etreme 32nm born to challenge Simucube 2 Ultimate!], Mirko De Santis, Sep 12, 2024</ref> absolute | 5-pole servomotor |-
!Thrustmaster T598 |2024-10-19 | | | | Direct Axial Drive |-
!VRS DFP15 |2024-12 |15 Nm | |21-bit (2.1M steps), 10 kHz response rate<ref>https://vrs.racing/product/dfp15-r295-bundle</ref> |5-Pole Servomotor |-
!VNM Direct Drive Supreme |2025-01-18<ref name="vnm2025ddseriesintro">[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N5mAvU1Am7E VNM Direct Drive Series Introduction], VNM Simulation at Youtube, January 18th, 2025</ref> | 25 | | 23-bit (8M CPR), absolute<ref name="vnm2025ddseriesintro"/> | 5-pole servomotor |-
!VNM Direct Drive Elite |2025-01-18<ref name="vnm2025ddseriesintro"/> | 18 | | 23-bit (8M CPR), absolute<ref name="vnm2025ddseriesintro"/> | 5-pole servomotor |-
!VNM Direct Drive Premier |2025-01-18<ref name="vnm2025ddseriesintro"/> | 13 | | 23-bit (8M CPR), absolute<ref name="vnm2025ddseriesintro"/> | 5-pole servomotor |- !Simagic Alpha EVO Sport |2025-04-28 |9 | |21-bit | |- !Simagic Alpha EVO |2025-04-28 |12 | |21-bit | |- !Simagic Alpha EVO Pro |2025-04-28 |18 | |21-bit | |-
! scope="col" | Model ! scope="col" | Introduced ! scope="col" | Stall torque ! scope="col" | Slew rate (Nm/ms) ! scope="col" | Resolution ! scope="col" | Motor
|}
===Mount options and quick release===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left; width:auto;" |- ! scope="col" | Model ! scope="col" | Introduced ! scope="col" | Wheel bolt circle ! scope="col" | Wheel quick release ! scope="col" | Front base mount ! scope="col" | Other base mounts ! scope="col" | Other notes |-
! scope="row" | LeoBodnar Sim Steering | 2013<ref name="mockracerDec2015">[http://www.mockracer.com/2015/12/leo-bodnar-simsteering2-read-view.html Leo Bodnar SimSteering2 Read-View] at mockracer.com, December 19, 2015</ref><ref>[http://www.virtualr.net/simsteering-wheel-by-leo-bodnar-released SimSteering Wheel by Leo Bodnar – Released] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118182406/http://www.virtualr.net/simsteering-wheel-by-leo-bodnar-released |date=2022-01-18}}, at virtualr.net, June 5, 2013</ref> | style="background: #99ff99" |6×70 mm | style="background: #ffff90" |Not included | style="background: #ffff90" |4×140 mm bolt circle (M8)<br />(□ 99 mm × 99 mm) | No | 3000 r/min<ref name="SimRacingGarage2016"/> |-
! scope="row" | LeoBodnar Sim Steering 2 (standard 52 version) | 2015<ref name="mockracerDec2015"/><ref name="SimRacingGarage2016">[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0YzmcRHg-c4 Sim Steering FFB System Version 2], review by SimRacingGarage, Feb 13, 2016</ref><ref name="boxthislapSS2">[https://boxthislap.org/ss2-reviews/ SS2 reviews], by Gonzalo at boxthislap.org, January 23, 2016</ref> | style="background: #99ff99" |6×70 mm | style="background: #ffff90" |Not included | style="background: #ffff90" |4×140 mm bolt circle (M8)<br />(□ 99 mm × 99 mm) | No | 3000 r/min,<ref name="SimRacingGarage2016"/> rated speed 5600 r/min,<ref name="AKM2G">[https://www.kollmorgen.com/en-us/products/motors/servo/akm-series/akm2g/akm2g-servo-motor/ AKM2G Servo Motor - Specifications], accessed September 3, 2021</ref> rotor inertia 4.58 kg-cm<sup>2</sup><ref name="AKM2G"/> |-
! scope="row" | LeoBodnar Sim Steering 2 (53 version) | 2015<ref name="mockracerDec2015"/><ref name="SimRacingGarage2016"/><ref name="boxthislapSS2"/> | style="background: #99ff99" |6×70 mm | style="background: #ffff90" |Not included | style="background: #ffff90" |4×140 mm bolt circle (M8)<br />(□ 99 mm × 99 mm) | No | Rated speed 5100 r/min, rotor inertia 6.64 kg-cm<sup>2</sup><ref name="AKM2G"/> |-
! scope="row" | "OSW" DIY kit, Lenze | 2015<ref name="bsimracing.com">[https://www.bsimracing.com/sim-racing-garage-direct-drive-open-sim-wheel-review/ Sim Racing Garage – Direct Drive Open Sim Wheel Review], at bsimracing.com, 08/09/2015</ref> | style="background: #99ff99" |6×70 mm | style="background: #ffff90" |Not included | style="background: #99ff99" |4×130 mm bolt circle (M8)<br />(□ 92 mm × 92 mm) | No | 1500 r/min, rotor inertia: 7.3 kg cm<sup>2</sup><ref name="OSWwiki"/> |-
! scope="row" | "OSW" DIY kit, M15 | 2015<ref name="bsimracing.com"/> | style="background: #99ff99" |6×70 mm | style="background: #ffff90" |Not included | style="background: #99ff99" |4×130 mm bolt circle (M8) <br />(□ 92 mm × 92 mm) | No | 1500 r/min, rotor inertia: 27.7 kg cm<sup>2</sup><ref name="OSWwiki"/> |-
! scope="row" | "OSW" DIY kit, M10 | 2015<ref name="bsimracing.com"/> | style="background: #99ff99" |6×70 mm | style="background: #99ff99" |Q1R (optional) | style="background: #99ff99" |4×130 mm bolt circle (M8) <br />(□ 92 mm × 92 mm) | No | 1000 r/min, rotor inertia: 19.4 kg cm<sup>2</sup><ref name="OSWwiki"/> |-
! scope="row" | "OSW" DIY kit, Hobbystar | 2015<ref name="bsimracing.com"/> | style="background: #99ff99" |6×70 mm | style="background: #99ff99" |Q1R (optional) | style="background: #99ff99" |4×130 mm bolt circle (M8) <br />(□ 92 mm × 92 mm) | No | 1000 r/min, rotor inertia: 19.4 kg cm<sup>2</sup><ref name="OSWwiki"/> |-
! scope="row" | Reimer Motorsports OpenSimwheel Premium<ref name="ReimerPremium">[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304144651/http://www.reimer-motorsports.com:80/index.php/en/products/osw-premium-en OpenSimwheel Premium] at reimer-motorsports.com, archived on 21 Jul 2015</ref> | 2015{{citation needed|date=August 2022}} | style="background: #99ff99" |6×70 mm | style="background: #ffff90" |Not included | style="background: #99ff99" |4×130 mm bolt circle (M8) <br />(□ 92 mm × 92 mm) | No | Granite Devices Argon electronics<ref name="ReimerPremium"/> |-
! scope="row" | Reimer Motorsports OpenSimwheel Premium AKM52<ref name="ReimerPremiumAKM52">[https://web.archive.org/web/20151216235928/http://www.reimer-motorsports.com:80/index.php/en/products/osw-premium-en-akm52 OpenSimwheel Premium AKM52] at reimer-motorsports.com, archived on 16.12.2015</ref> | 2015{{citation needed|date=August 2022}} | style="background: #99ff99" |6×70 mm | style="background: #ffff90" |Not included | style="background: #99ff99" |4×130 mm bolt circle (M8) <br />(□ 92 mm × 92 mm) | No | Granite Devices Argon electronics<ref name="ReimerPremiumAKM52"/> |-
! scope="row" | SimXperience AccuForce V1 | 2015<ref name="mockracerJan2015">[http://www.mockracer.com/2015/01/simxperience-accuforce-review.html AccuForce Review], at mockracer.com, January 16, 2015</ref> | style="background: #99ff99" |6×70 mm | style="background: #99ff99" |D1 spec | style="background: #ff9999" |No | Under, rectangle: <br />▭ 79.4 mm × 135 mm (M5) | |-
! scope="row" | Frex SimWheel DD | 2016<ref>[https://www.simrace-blog.com/2016/01/2016-01-frex-simwheel-dd-direct-drive/ Frex Simwheel DD (Direct Drive)], at simrace-blog.com, 23 Jan 2016</ref> | style="background: #ffff90" |3×50.8 mm | style="background: #ffff90" |Frex quick release | style="background: #99ff99" |4×130 mm bolt circle (M8) <br />(□ 92 mm × 92 mm) | No | Mini USB |-
! scope="row" | Sim-pli.city SW20 | 2017<ref name="simracingpaddock2017">William Marsh [https://simracingpaddock.com/direct-drive-wheels/gamermuscle-reviews-simplicity/ GamerMuscle Reviews SimPliCity SW20 DD Wheel], at simracingpaddock, June 13, 2017</ref> | style="background: #99ff99" |6×70 mm | style="background: #ffff90" |Not included | style="background: #99ff99" |4×130 mm bolt circle (M8) <br />(□ 92 mm × 92 mm) | No | Controller: Granite Devices IONI Pro and SimuCUBE;<ref name="sim-pli.citySW20"/> 1000 r/min; rotor inertia 19.4 kg cm<sup>2</sup><ref name="OSWwiki"/> |-
! scope="row" | SimXperience AccuForce V2 | 2017 | style="background: #99ff99" |6×70 mm | style="background: #99ff99" |D1 spec | style="background: #ff9999" |No | Under, rectangle: <br /> ▭ 39.4 mm × 135 mm | |-
! scope="row" | Simucube-based pre-assembled OSW kit (large MiGE) | (before 2018) | style="background: #99ff99" |6×70 mm | style="background: #ffff90" |Not included | style="background: #99ff99" |4×130 mm bolt circle (M8) <br />(□ 92 mm × 92 mm) | No | IONI Pro HC (25A)<ref name="sim-pli.cityPre2018"/> controller, SimuCUBE motherboard; 1500 r/min (MiGE M15); 27.7 kg cm<sup>2</sup> (M15)<ref name="OSWwiki"/> |-
! scope="row" | Simucube-based pre-assembled OSW kit (small MiGE) | (before 2018) | style="background: #99ff99" |6×70 mm | style="background: #ffff90" |Not included | style="background: #99ff99" |4×130 mm bolt circle (M8) <br />(□ 92 mm × 92 mm) | No | IONI Pro (18A)<ref name="sim-pli.cityPre2018"/> controller, SimuCUBE motherboard; 1000 r/min (MiGE M10); rotor inertia: 19.4 kg cm<sup>2</sup> (M10)<ref name="OSWwiki"/> |-
! scope="row" | Simucube-based pre-assembled OSW kit Biss-C (2018 version), M15 | 2018<ref name="bsimracing2018">[https://www.bsimracing.com/sim-cube-30nm-direct-drive-wheel-base-review-by-the-simpit/ Sim Cube 30nm Direct Drive Wheel Base Review By The Simpit], at bsimracing.com, 29.6.2018</ref> | style="background: #99ff99" |6×70 mm | style="background: #ffff90" |Not included | style="background: #99ff99" |4×130 mm bolt circle (M8) <br />(□ 92 mm × 92 mm) | No | Biss-C encoder;<ref name="bsimracing2018"/> 1500 r/min, 27.7 kg cm<sup>2</sup> rotor inertia<ref name="OSWwiki"/> |-
! scope="row" | Simucube-based pre-assembled OSW kit Biss-C (2018 version), M10 | 2018<ref name="bsimracing2018"/> | style="background: #99ff99" |6×70 mm | style="background: #ffff90" |Not included | style="background: #99ff99" |4×130 mm bolt circle (M8) <br />(□ 92 mm × 92 mm) | No | Biss-C encoder;<ref name="bsimracing2018"/> 1000 r/min, 19.4 kg cm<sup>2</sup> rotor inertia<ref name="OSWwiki"/> |-
! scope="row" | simracingbay "OSW" DIY kit | 2018<ref name="SRGOSW2018">[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n7xC5kDVnvc Sim Racing Bay OSW Wheel Kit Review], at Sim Racing Garage, Apr 17, 2018</ref> | style="background: #99ff99" |6×70 mm | style="background: #ffff90" |Not included | style="background: #99ff99" |4×130 mm bolt circle (M8) <br />(□ 92 mm × 92 mm) | No | SinCos encoder;<ref name="SRGOSW2018"/> driver board: Granite Devices IONI servo drive, IoniProHC 25A;<ref name="SRGOSW2018"/><ref name="simracingbayOSWkitBissC2018"/> 1000 r/min, 19.4 kg cm<sup>2</sup> rotor inertia<ref name="OSWwiki"/> |-
! scope="row" | Augury Simulations SimuCube OSW Kit | 2018 | style="background: #99ff99" |6×70 mm | style="background: #ffff90"|Quick release directly on axle (option)<ref>{{cite news |access-date=2022-09-02 |language=nb-NO |title=Augury Simulations18Nm SimuCube OSW Kit Review |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GHhf8KMyEkk}}</ref> | style="background: #99ff99" |4×130 mm bolt circle (M8) <br />(□ 92 mm × 92 mm) | No | |-
! scope="row" | Sim-pli.city SW7C | 2018<ref name="simracingpaddock2018"/> | style="background: #99ff99" |6×70 mm | style="background: #ffff90" |Not included | style="background: #99ff99" |4×130 mm bolt circle (M8) <br />(□ 92 mm × 92 mm) | No | |-
! scope="row" | Sim-pli.city SW20 V3<ref>Richard Baxter ''[https://simracingcockpit.com/test-drive-simplicity-sw20-v3-dd/ Test drive: SimPlicity SW20 V3 DD]'', at simracingcockpit.com, September 9, 2020</ref> | 2019 | style="background: #99ff99" |6×70 mm | style="background: #ffff90" |Not included | style="background: #99ff99" |4×130 mm bolt circle (M8) <br />(□ 92 mm × 92 mm) | No | 1000 r/min, 19.4 kg cm<sup>2</sup> rotor inertia<ref name="OSWwiki"/> |-
! scope="row" | Simucube 2 Pro | 2019<ref name="MacKenzie"/> | style="background: #99ff99" |6×70 mm | style="background: #ffff90" |Simucube SQR hub | style="background: #ffff90" |4×145 mm bolt circle <br />(□ 102.5 mm × 102.5 mm) (M8) | No | |-
! scope="row" | Simucube 2 Sport | 2019 | style="background: #99ff99" |6×70 mm | style="background: #ffff90" |Simucube SQR hub | style="background: #ffff90" |4×145 mm bolt circle <br />(□ 102.5 mm × 102.5 mm) (M8) | No | |-
! scope="row" | Fanatec Podium DD2 | 2019<ref name="boxthislap2019">[https://boxthislap.org/podium-series-will-arrive-finally-30th-april/ Podium series will arrive finally 30th April], by Gonzalo at boxthislap.org, March 13, 2019</ref> | style="background: #ffff90" |Requires adapter | style="background: #ffff90" |Fanatec QR1 quick release | style="background: #ff9999" |No | Under, triangle: <br /> ▽ 78.4 mm (b), 66 mm (h) (M6) <br /><br />Side: ◦ Two screw holes on each side (M8) | 12-bit MHL200 rotary position hall encoder<ref name="BoostedMediaDDTeardown2021">[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MDiQ9zmqOss?t=2508 FANATEC DD1/DD2 TEARDOWN - How a Fanatec Direct Drive Wheel Base Works] (at 41min 47s), BoostedMedia, Feb 2, 2021</ref> (Hall-position-sensor) |-
! scope="row" | Fanatec Podium DD1 | 2019<ref name="boxthislap2019"/> | style="background: #ffff90" |Requires adapter | style="background: #ffff90" |Fanatec QR1 quick release | style="background: #ff9999" |No | Under, triangle: <br /> ▽ 78.4 mm (b), 66 mm (h) (M6) <br /><br />Side: ◦ Two screw holes on each side (M8) | 12-bit MHL200 rotaty position hall encoder<ref name="BoostedMediaDDTeardown2021"/> (Hall-position-sensor) |-
! scope="row" | Fanatec Clubsport DD | 2023 | style="background: #ffff90" | | style="background: #ffff90" |Fanatec QR2 quick release | style="background: #ff9999" | | | |-
! scope="row" | Fanatec Clubsport DD+ | 2023 | style="background: #ffff90" | | style="background: #ffff90" |Fanatec QR2 quick release | style="background: #ff9999" | | | |-
! scope="row" | Simagic Dynamic M10 | 2020-01<ref name="DusoswaDec2020">Laurence Dusoswa [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_0K3EoM-SWM Simagic Alpha Review | 15nm Direct Drive Steering Wheel | LONG TERM review | World Exclusive], December 2020</ref><ref name="Dusoswa2019">Laurence Dusoswa [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6q46Q0eRlNs Simagic Dynamic M10 Unboxing | Chinese technology has arrived in Sim Racing], Dec 31, 2019</ref> | style="background: #99ff99" |6×70 mm | style="background: #99ff99" |D1 spec | style="background: #ff9999" |No | Side, rectangle: ▭ Via slots for T-nuts (M6) | LME2500FE encoder<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mbY6Wqt9hhM Simagic M10 GT1 DD FFB Wheel Kit Review], Sim Racing Garage, Oct 31, 2020</ref> |-
! scope="row" | Sim-pli.city SW8C+ | 2020{{citation needed|date=August 2022}} | style="background: #99ff99" |6×70 mm | style="background: #ffff90" |Not included | style="background: #99ff99" |4×130 mm bolt circle (M8) <br />(□ 92 mm × 92 mm) | No | |-
! scope="row" | VRS DirectForce Pro | 2020<ref name="MacKenzie"/> | style="background: #99ff99" |6×70 mm | style="background: #ffff90" |Not included | style="background: #99ff99" |4×130 mm bolt circle (M8) <br />(□ 92 mm × 92 mm) | No | 1000 r/min; rotor inertia 19.4 kg cm<sup>2</sup><ref name="OSWwiki"/> |-
! scope="row" | Simagic Alpha | 2020-12-05 | style="background: #99ff99" |6×70 mm | style="background: #99ff99" |D1 spec | style="background: #99ff99" |4×130 mm bolt circle (M8) <br />(□ 92 mm × 92 mm) | No | |-
! scope="row" | Fanatec CSL DD (with optional 180 W power supply) | 2021-04-21<ref name="CSL-DD-announcement-1">[https://traxion.gg/fanatecs-csl-dd-is-a-cost-effective-direct-drive-wheel-base/ Fanatec's CSL DD is a cost-effective direct drive wheel base | Traxion]</ref><ref name="CSL-DD-announcement-2">[https://www.gtplanet.net/fanatec-reveals-csl-dd-20210421/ Fanatec Reveals New CSL DD: Entry Level, $350 Direct Drive Wheel Base – GTPlanet]</ref> | style="background: #ffff90" |Requires adapter | style="background: #ffff90" |Fanatec QR1 quick release | style="background: #ff9999" |No | Under: ▭ 3 T-slots, 40 mm and 80 mm c-c (M6) <br /><br />Side: ▭ 2 T-slots, 70 mm c-c (M6) | Flux Barrier Rotor, hall-position-sensor |-
! scope="row" | Fanatec CSL DD (with base 90 W power supply) | 2021-04-21<ref name="CSL-DD-announcement-1"/><ref name="CSL-DD-announcement-2"/> | style="background: #ffff90" |Requires adapter | style="background: #ffff90" |Fanatec QR1 quick release | style="background: #ff9999" |No | Under: ▭ 3 T-slots, 40 mm and 80 mm c-c (M6) <br /><br />Side: ▭ 2 T-slots, 70 mm c-c (M6) | Flux Barrier Rotor, hall-position-sensor |-
! scope="row" | Simagic Alpha Mini | 2021-06-27 | style="background: #99ff99" |6×70 mm | style="background: #99ff99|D1 spec | style="background: #99ff99" |4×130 mm bolt circle (M8) <br />(□ 92 mm × 92 mm) | Side, two holes: ─ (50 mm) <br /><br /> Under, rectangle: ▯ 67 mm × 80 mm | |-
! scope="row" |Moza R21 | 2021-06-23 | style="background: #99ff99" |6×70 mm | style="background: #99ff99|D1 spec | style="background: #ff9999" |No | Under, rectangle: <br />▯ 78.5 mm × 66 mm (M6) | 480 W, 262 144 ppr resolution, 1000 Hz USB, wireless wheel |-
! scope="row" |Moza R16 | 2021-06-23 | style="background: #99ff99" |6×70 mm | style="background: #99ff99|D1 spec | style="background: #ff9999" |No | Under, rectangle: <br /> ▯ 78.5 mm × 66 mm (M6) | 360 W, 262 144 ppr resolution, 1000 Hz USB, wireless wheel |-
! scope="row" |IMMSource (IMMS) ET5 | 2022-02-12<ref name="simrace-blog.com">[https://www.simrace-blog.com/2022/02/immsource-et-vlan-encore-du-nouveau-direct-drive/ IMMSOURCE : Et vlan ! Encore du nouveau Direct-Drive - Simrace-Blog]</ref><ref name="boxthislap.org">[https://boxthislap.org/immsource-new-chinese-direct-drive/ Immsource, new Chinese Direct Drive - BoxThisLap.org]</ref> | style="background: #99ff99" |6×70 mm | style="background: #99ff99|D1 spec | style="background: #99ff99" |4×130 mm bolt circle (M8) <br />(□ 92 mm × 92 mm) | No | |-
!s cope="row" |IMMSource (IMMS) ET3 | 2022-02-12<ref name="simrace-blog.com"/><ref name="boxthislap.org"/> | style="background: #99ff99" |6×70 mm | style="background: #99ff99|D1 spec | style="background: #99ff99" |4×130 mm bolt circle <br /> (□ 92 × 92 mm) (M8) | No | Wireless wheel, with USB-C as an alternative |-
! scope="row" |Moza R12 | 2023-06-26<ref>[https://racinggames.gg/article/moza-r12-ks-wheel-review-is-it-worth-making-the-switch/ MOZA R12 Review: The best mid-range DD base around]</ref> | style="background: #99ff99" |6×70 mm | style="background: #99ff99|D1 spec | style="background: #99ff99" |4×70 mm bolt circle (M6) | Under, rectangle: <br /> ▯ 78.5 mm × 66 mm (M6) | 216 W, 1000 Hz USB, wireless wheel |-
! scope="row" |Moza R9 | 2022-03-10<ref>[https://mozaracing.com/news/moza-racing-launched-2-new-products MOZA Racing Launched 2 New Products | MOZA Sim Racing]</ref><ref>[https://traxion.gg/moza-racing-launches-new-gs-steering-wheel-and-r9-direct-drive-wheel-base/ MOZA Racing launches GS Steering Wheel R9 Direct Drive Base | Traxion]</ref> | style="background: #99ff99" |6×70 mm | style="background: #99ff99|D1 spec | style="background: #ff9999" |No | Under, rectangle: <br /> ▯ 78.5 mm × 66 mm (M6)<ref name="MOZA-R5-dimensions">[https://boostedmedia.net/sim-racing/hadware-reviews/moza/moza-r5-the-new-cheapest-direct-drive-wheel/ MOZA R5 - The New Cheapest Direct Drive Sim Racing Wheel]</ref> | 180 W power supply, wireless wheel |-
!scope="row" |Moza R5 | 2022-08-30<ref>[https://simracingsetup.com/sim-racing/mozas-new-budget-direct-drive-bundle-r5-bundle-first-look/ Moza's New Budget Direct Drive Bundle - R5 Bundle First Look]</ref> | style="background: #99ff99" |6×70 mm | style="background: #99ff99|D1 spec | style="background: #ff9999" |No | Under, rectangle: <br /> ▯ 78.4 mm × 40 mm (M6)<ref name="MOZA-R5-dimensions"/> | Wireless wheel, with USB-C as an alternative |-
! scope="row" |Moza R3 for Xbox | 2024-07-04<ref>[https://www.ign.com/articles/moza-r3-racing-wheel-and-pedals-review/ Moza R3 Racing Wheel and Pedals for Xbox Review]</ref> | style="background: #99ff99" |6×70 mm | style="background: #99ff99|D1 spec | style="background: #99ff99" |4×60 mm bolt circle (M6) | Under, rectangle: <br /> ▯ 78.5 mm × 66 mm (M6) | 72 W, 1000 Hz USB, wireless wheel |-
!Logitech G PRO Racing Wheel |2022-09-21<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ir.logitech.com/press-releases/press-release-details/2022/Logitech-G-Launches-Professional-Grade-PRO-Racing-Wheel-and-Pedals/default.aspx |title=Logitech G Launches Professional-Grade PRO Racing Wheel and Pedals |work=ir.logitech.com |language=en-US |access-date=23 September 2022}}</ref> | style="background: #ffff90" | 6×44.5 mm (1.75") | style="background: #ffff90" |Logitech quick release | style="background: #ff9999" |No | Table clamp |Separate models with support for either Xbox or PlayStation. The paddles can be used for gear shifting or for throttle/braking. Separate paddles for dual clutch operation. |-
!Asetek Invicta |2022-11-10<ref name=":yt-announce">{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-FsV-ILPhmE/ |title=Introducing Direct Drive Wheelbases | work=Asetek SimSports |language=en-US |date=10 November 2022 |access-date=1 November 2022}}</ref> | missing data | style="background: #ffff90" |Asetek quick release (with USB and power) | style="background: #ffff90" |Front: Proprietary (M5) | Under: ▭ 2 T-slots, 87 mm c-c (M6) |Power and USB to the steering wheel through the quick release, via a hollow drive shaft and a slip ring. Integrated measurement of the motors torque output. Initial models only for PC via USB-C. USB-C hub with 5 ports for extra peripherals (pedals, levers, etc.). Integrated control electronics. External power supply via Molex connector. |-
!Asetek Forte |2022-11-10<ref name=":yt-announce"/> | missing data | style="background: #ffff90" |Asetek quick release (with USB and power) | style="background: #ffff90" |Front: Proprietary (M5) | Under: ▭ 2 T-slots, 87 mm c-c (M6) |Power and USB to the steering wheel through the quick release, via a hollow drive shaft and a slip ring. Integrated measurement of the motors torque output. Initial models only for PC via USB-C. USB-C hub with 5 ports for extra peripherals (pedals, levers, etc.). Integrated control electronics. External power supply via Molex connector. |-
!Asetek La Prima |2022-11-10<ref name=":yt-announce"/> | missing data | style="background: #ffff90" |Asetek quick release (with USB and power) | style="background: #ffff90" |Front: Proprietary (M5) | Under: ▭ 2 T-slots, 87 mm c-c (M6) |Asetek's entry-level model. Power and USB to the steering wheel through the quick release, via a hollow drive shaft and a slip ring. Integrated measurement of the motors torque output. Initial models only for PC via USB-C. Only one USB-C connection directly to PC. Integrated control electronics. External power supply via Molex connector. |-
!Thrustmaster T818 |2022-11-17<ref>{{cite web |access-date=2023-03-06 |date=2022-11-17 |language=en-GB |surname=Mjolnir |title=Thrustmaster T818 Launch - Brand New Direct Drive Racing Wheel |url=https://simracingsetup.com/product-guides/thrustmaster-t818-launch-10nm-direct-drive-racing-wheel/ |work=Sim Racing Setups}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> | style="background: #ff9999" |No | style="background: #ff9999" |New proprietary Thrustmaster quick release | style="background: #ff9999" |No |Under: ▭ 4 screw holes, spaced 79 mm c-c lengthwise, 63 mm c-c widthwise (M6) |168 W power supply, RJ-45 and USB-C interface in the base, proprietary 3-pin contact for electric signals via wheel connector. |-
!scope="row" |CAMMUS C5 | 2023-06-09<ref>{{cite web | title=Instagram | url=https://www.instagram.com/cammus_official/p/CtbSfo6rFv7/ }}</ref> | style="background: #ff9999" |No | style="background: #ff9999|No | style="background: #ff9999" |No | | First direct drive wheel top integrate motor and wheel integrated together |- !CAMMUS C12 |2024-02<ref>{{cite web | title=CAMMUS C12: The Evolution of C5 Now Available | work=BoxThisLap | date=29 February 2024 | url=https://boxthislap.org/cammus-c12-the-evolution-of-c5-now-available/ }}</ref> | style="background: #99ff99" |6×70 mm |No | | |Uses C5 Technology |-
! scope="col" | Model ! scope="col" | Introduced ! scope="col" | Wheel bolt circle ! scope="col" | Wheel quick release ! scope="col" | Front base mount ! scope="col" | Other base mounts ! scope="col" | Other notes
|}
Legend: * {{legend|#99ff99|Industry standard or de facto standard}} * {{legend|#ffff90|Proprietary}} * {{legend|#ff9999|Missing}}
==See also== * {{section link|Sim racing wheel|Comparison of racing wheels}}, for a comparison of other types of racing wheels * Full motion racing simulator * Linkage (mechanical) * Motion simulator * Power steering * Sawtooth wave * Servo drive * Servomechanism * Virtual reality headset
==Notes== {{Reflist|group=nb}}
==References== {{Reflist}}
==Further reading== * Berber-Solano, T. P., Giacomin, J. A., & Ajovalasit, M. (2013) ''[http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1665-73812013000100005 Effect of steering wheel acceleration frequency distribution on detection of road type]'', in Ingeniería mecánica, tecnología y desarrollo, 4(4), 145-151. * Walmsley, A., & Williams, L. R. T. (1991) ''[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Alan-Walmsley-2/publication/21193676_The_Perception_of_Torque_Pulses/links/02bfe50f6b3d286eee000000/The-Perception-of-Torque-Pulses.pdf The perception of torque pulses]'', in Perceptual and motor skills, 72(3_suppl), 1223-1227. * Yang, S., Tan, H. Z., Buttolo, P., & Johnston, M. (2004) ''[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Matthew-Johnston-10/publication/228947100_Detection_of_torque_vibrations_transmitted_through_a_passively-held_rotary_switch/links/09e4150b75ad60c43e000000/Detection-of-torque-vibrations-transmitted-through-a-passively-held-rotary-switch.pdf Detection of torque vibrations transmitted through a passively-held rotary switch]'', in Proceedings of EuroHaptics 2004, 217-222.
==External links== * [https://boxthislap.org/high-end-wheel-comparison/ High end wheel comparison], by Gonzalo at boxthislap.org, December 11, 2017 * [https://boxthislap.org/sincos-impressions/ SinCos impressions], by Gonzalo at boxthislap.org, December 7, 2017 * [https://boxthislap.org/granite-devices-and-osw-future/ Granite devices and OSW future], by Gonzalo at boxthislap.org, November 5, 2015 * Sim Racing Garage ''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fnugyXhVsZI Direct Drive FFB Wheel System Comparison]'', June 1, 2015 * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210903195537/https://www.racedepartment.com/threads/mmos-direct-drive-wheel-in-2020.190121/ MMOS Direct drive wheel in 2020], at racedepartment.com, September 3, 2020 * [https://simracingcompare.com/wheelbase Sim Racing Wheel Base Ranking], at simracingcompare.com
{{Game controllers}}
Category:Driving simulators Category:Game controllers Category:Comparisons