Dewoitine D.500

{{Short description|1932 French fighter aircraft}} {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}  {{Infobox aircraft |name= D.500/501/503/510/511 |image= File:Dewoitine510.jpg |caption=A Dewoitine 510 at The A&AEE Martlesham Heath in October 1936 |type= Fighter aircraft |manufacturer= Dewoitine |designer= Émile Dewoitine |first_flight= 18 June 1932 |introduction= July 1935 |retired= |status= Retired |primary_user= French Air Force |more_users= French Navy |produced= |number_built= 381 |unit cost= |developed_from= }}

The '''Dewoitine D.500''' was an all-metal, open-cockpit, fixed-undercarriage monoplane fighter aircraft designed and produced by French aircraft manufacturer Dewoitine.

Developed to meet a specification issued by the French Air Ministry in 1930, the D.500 was intended to be a more capable replacement to the Nieuport 62. Ordered by the French Air Force during November 1933 and introduced in its initial model during 1935, the design was developed into several variants, most notably the '''D.510''', which was re-engined with the more powerful Hispano-Suiza 12Ycrs powerplant. It proved to be a relatively popular aircraft during the Interwar period; in France, in addition to the French Air Force's units, a specialised variant, the '''D.501''', was also procured by the French Naval Aviation for carrier operations. Beyond its use in France, the D.500 saw several export sales and evaluations by prospective major customers including the Empire of Japan, the Soviet Union, and the United Kingdom.

The D.500/D.501 saw combat with several operators. During the Spanish Civil War, it was surreptitiously supplied to the Spanish Republican Air Force; it was also flown by the Republic of China Air Force against the invading Japanese during the Second Sino-Japanese War. During the late 1930s, the type was largely superseded by a new generation of French fighter aircraft, these typically featured further innovations such as enclosed cockpits and retractable undercarriages, and included the design's direct successor, the Dewoitine D.520. Despite being largely obsolete, both D.500s and D.510s were operated by the French Air Force during the initial months of the Second World War, the latter remaining in use up to the end of the Battle of France and signing of the Armistice of 22 June 1940 between France and Nazi Germany.

==Development== The origin of the D.500 was the issuing of the ''C1'' specifications by the French Air Ministry during 1930. Several aviation companies investigated a response to C1, including French aircraft manufacturer Dewoitine, headed by Émile Dewoitine. Dewoitine and his team designed a clean-sheet all-metal monoplane interceptor and submitted their proposal, designated ''D.500'', to the Air Ministry. On 18 June 1932, the prototype made its maiden flight.<ref name="green">{{cite book |last=Green |first=W |author2=Swanborough, G |year=2001 |title=The great book of fighters |publisher=MBI Publishing |isbn=0-7603-1194-3}}</ref> During November 1933, an initial quantity of sixty aircraft was ordered from Dewoitine on behalf of the French Air Force, for whom the type was to serve as a replacement for the Nieuport 62. On 29 November 1934, the first production D.500 made its first flight.<ref name="green"/>

In service, those aircraft armed with a pair of twin nose-mounted machine guns were designated as D.500, while those with a single 20 mm cannon which fired through the propeller hub received the designation ''D.501''. Perhaps the most significant derivative of the type was the ''D.510'', the principle difference of which was the adoption of a more powerful Hispano-Suiza 12Ycrs engine, capable of {{cvt|640|kW}}; minor refinements included a slightly lengthened nose, an increase in fuel capacity and a refined undercarriage arrangement.<ref name = "chant 2014"/> The design was further developed into the more capable Dewoitine D.520, which had an enclosed cockpit and a retractable undercarriage, unlike its predecessor.

==Design== The Dewoitine D.500 was an all-metal low-wing cantilever monoplane.<ref name = "naca 1">NACA 1933 p. 1.</ref> It featured a sharp fuselage, complete with a streamlined nose section that housed the aircraft's powerplant, a single Hispano-Suiza 12Xbrs V-12 liquid-cooled piston engine capable of generating up to {{cvt|515|kW}}. Underneath the fuselage was a relatively large-volume radiator, which was designed to present the smallest possible frontal area while still meeting the cooling requirements of the Hispano-Suiza engine.<ref name = "naca 13">NACA 1933 pp. 1, 3.</ref> The cockpit of the D.500 was located directly above the trailing edge of the wing.<ref name = "naca 1"/> The pilot is provided with a vertically-adjustable chair, which can be raised in-flight to improve visibility for landing. The cockpit was equipped with oxygen apparatus as well as a radio set for communication.<ref name = "naca 1"/> The control stick was connected to the aircraft's ailerons via a rod transmission to horns present on the upper wing's surface.<ref name = "naca 3">NACA 1933 p. 3.</ref> The control surfaces of the D.500 were relatively small as a result of the aircraft's high speed performance.<ref name = "naca 1"/>

The D.500 had an ovoid section monocoque fuselage, the structure of which comprised five main and eight false bulkheads which were connected together by four longerons and intermediate stringers; these stiffened the metal sheet covering, which was riveted onto the structure.<ref name = "naca 1"/> The sternpost was integral with the fuselage, while the engine bearer, comprising an oblique frame, was directly bolted to the attachment brackets of the crankcase. The aircraft's adjustable stabiliser was hinged around its front spar while rigid struts connected to either side of the lower fuselage to provide transverse stiffness.<ref name = "naca 12">NACA 1933 pp. 1-2.</ref> The fixed undercarriage had faired axleless wheels, complete with pneumatic brakes, mounted on a pair of V struts attached to the lower fuselage longerons. The undercarriage's vertical stresses are absorbed by an oleo-pneumatic strut bolted to the central wing's single spar and is integral with the fuselage.<ref name = "naca 2">NACA 1933 p. 2.</ref>

The D.500 had a low-mounted elliptical, all-metal cantilever wing, with an aspect ratio of 8.9.<ref name = "naca 2"/> It had a relatively small chord and contained only a single spar, similar to the record-setting Dewoitine D.33. The wing's strength came from its box spar, which was formed from a pair of vertical webs of sheet metal that connect with the flanges, which are in turn riveted to the flat sheet rib arcs of the sheet covering.<ref name = "naca 23">NACA 1933 pp. 2-3.</ref> The wing had a thickness of 0.3 m (11,81 in.) at the root, gradually tapering towards its rounded-off tips. Balanced ailerons extended throughout the span, except near the fuselage, where these were reduced to provide greater downward visibility for the pilot.<ref name = "naca 23"/> The lower wing surface sat only 1.5 m (4.92 ft.) above the ground, which generated a beneficial ground effect to significantly reduce landing speeds. The aircraft's fuel tanks, which were located in the wing's center portion on either side of the axis of symmetry, could be separately isolated using a multi-way stopcock.<ref name = "naca 2"/>

==Operational history== thumb|left|A scale model of a D.510 in French Air Force markings During July 1935, the initial models of the aircraft, the ''D.500'' and ''D.501'', were inducted into the ''Armée de l'Air''. During October 1936, the first examples of the more powerful ''D.510'' variant were also delivered. The type was operated as the primary fighter aircraft of the ''Armée de l'Air'', despite it soon being considered to be obsolete due to rapid advances in fighter technology being introduced during the late 1930s.<ref name = "chant 2014"/> The D.510s were retained in the mainline fighter role until their replacement by the more capable Morane-Saulnier M.S.406 during 1939. By September 1939, the month in which the Second World War broke out between the European powers, the early D.500/501 models had been relegated to regional defense and training squadrons.<ref name="green"/>

At the start of the conflict, significant numbers of D.510s were still in operation with three ''Groupes de Chasse'' (Fighter Groups), two ''Escadrilles Régionale de Chasse'' (Regional Fighter Squadrons in North Africa), and two ''Escadrilles de Aéronautique Navale'' (Naval Aviation Squadrons).<ref name="green"/> The type was normally tasked with the air defence of areas behind the front line, such as cities and industrial areas.<ref name = "chant 2014">Chant, Christopher. [http://www.cmchant.com/french-dewoitine-d-500-monoplanes "First-generation ‘modern’ monoplane fighters – The French Dewoitine D.500 series."] ''cmchant.com'', 15 March 2014.</ref> During November 1939, in Morocco, North Africa, a single ''escadrille'' of D.510s (ERC571) was activated despite these planes lacking cannon. During May 1940, this ''escadrille'' merged with ERC 573 to form GC III/4. This groupe was disbanded by the end of August 1940. At Dakar, one groupe designated GC I/6, remained in service until being replaced by Curtiss H-75s at the end of 1941.{{Citation needed|date=April 2007}}

Fourteen D.501s (named D.501L), originally sold to Lithuania,<ref>This does not appear to be true, as all 13 D.501L's, except for single, crashed in 1937, were in Lithuania by 15 June 1940</ref> and two D.510s ostensibly intended for the Emirate of Hedjaz, saw service with the Republican forces during the Spanish Civil War, arriving some time during mid-1936. When the French government found out about the delivery of the D.510s, they demanded the return of the 12Y engines. As a result of this request, these aircraft were refitted with Klimov M-100s (a Soviet-built copy of the 12Y) from a Tupolev SB bomber.<ref name="green"/> During the conflict, the two D.510s were assigned to the 71st Coastal Defense Group. Neither reportedly engaged any enemy fighters. During 1938, one aircraft was irreparably damaged while landing, while the other was destroyed on a runway during a bombing attack.{{Citation needed|date=April 2007}}

In June 1938, the Nationalist Air Force of China established the 41st PS, French Volunteer Squadron at Wujiaba Airbase and Qingyunpu Airbase; French volunteer pilots participating in few combat engagements against the Japanese attacks while flying in both Hawk IIIs and the D.510s which they were demonstrating for Chinese procurement, but suffered only losses, including one pilot ''killed-in-action'' against the Japanese A5M fighters that proved to be too difficult of an adversary, and led to the disbandment of the 41st PS by October 1938. The 18 D.510 fighters left in China were reassigned to Chinese Nationalist Air Force 17th Fighter Squadron, 5th Fighter Group, where they would be stationed in Sichuan province and engaging the Imperial Japanese in primarily-defensive airwar campaign in the Battle of Chongqing-Chengdu.<ref>{{Cite web|last=脱走兵|first=Straggler|title=ROCAF Dewoitine D.510|url=http://www.aviationofjapan.com/2008/05/rocaf-dewoitine-d510.html|access-date=2020-11-15|website=Aviation of Japan 日本の航空史|language=en-GB|quote=Some accounts claim that the Dewoitines were only used as fighter trainers by the Chinese. In fact, after the French had departed, the surviving Dewoitines were deployed by the Chinese 17th Chung- tui (中队). On 4th November 1939 they were part of a force that intercepted formations of Imperial Japanese Navy G3M bombers attacking Chengtu. Captain Shen Tse-Liu in aircraft '5921', leading the 17th's Dewoitines, attacked the G3M of 13th Ku commander Captain Okuda in a head on pass, using the 20mm cannon to set fire to the Japanese bomber and destroying it.}}</ref> The French also dispatched two D.510 to Japan for evaluation by the Imperial Japanese Navy, but the Japanese found the A5M to be superior and did not place any orders.{{fact|date=January 2025}}

In course of the air battles over Chengdu and Chongqing, which were mostly fought using Soviet-made Polikarpov I-15 and I-16 fighter aircraft, Capt. Cen Zeliu of the Chinese Air Force 17th Fighter Squadron, 5th Fighter Group led seven Dewoitine D.510s fighters on 4 November 1939 in a level, head-on attack against an incoming formation of IJANF G3M bombers. Cen used experiences with the unreliability of the Hispano-Suiza HS.404 20mm autocannon under the g-forces of a diving attack to influence his method, and shot down the lead bomber of the formation, piloted by the commander of the ''13th Kōkūtai''.{{fact|date=January 2025}}

==Variants== <small>''Sources: Green,<ref name="green"/> Chant<ref name = "chant 2014"/>''</small> ;D.500.01 [[File:Dewoitine BA 112.JPG|thumb|D.500 at the Reims – Champagne Air Base, c.1938]] :First prototype aircraft. ;D.500 :First production version with a {{cvt|515|kW}} Hispano-Suiza 12Xbrs engine and was armed with 2 × 7.7 mm (.303 in) Vickers machine guns or 2 × 7.5 mm (.295 in) Darne machine guns in the nose, provision for 2 × additional Darnes in the wings. 101 built. ;D.500V :D.500 built for Venezuela - 3 built. ;D.501thumb|D.501 number R-001 :[[File:Dgobj low 7250772546557576848.jpg|thumb|Dewoitine D.501L of the Lithuanian Air Force, c. 1938-1940]]Re-engined with a Hispano-Suiza 12Xcrs engine, it was armed with a {{cvt|20|mm}} Hispano-Suiza S7 cannon between the engine cylinder banks firing through the propeller hub and 2 × wing-mounted machine guns. 157 built. ;D.501L :D.501 built for Lithuania - 14 built. ;D.503 thumb|D.511 prototype :The sole D.511 prototype fitted with a 12Xcrs engine with a circular radiator in the nose, it had the same armament as the D.501. Its first flight was on 15 April 1935, it was found to perform worse than the D.500. The aircraft was briefly the personal mount of René Fonck. ;D.510 :Re-engined with a {{cvt|640|kW}} Hispano-Suiza 12Ycrs and armed with a {{cvt|20|mm}} Hispano cannon and 2 × {{cvt|7.5|mm}} MAC 1934 machine guns in the wings. Its first flight was on 14 August 1934, 120 built. ;D.510A :D.510 built for Britain for evaluation - 1 built. ;D.510C :D.510 built for China - 24 built. ;D.510J :D.510 built for Japan for evaluation - 1 built. ;D.510R :D.510 built for Russia for evaluation - 1 built. ;D.510T :D.510 built for Turkey - 12 built but deliveries halted by embargo. ;D.511 :Prototype with D.500 fuselage and tail, it had smaller wings, a cantilever undercarriage and a 12Ycrs engine. One prototype was built in 1934 but never flown; it was converted to the D.503. ;AXD1 :The short designation for the single Dewoitine D.510J supplied to the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service for evaluation in 1935. ;Dewoitine Navy Type D Carrier Fighter :Long service designation for the D.510J which was supplied to the IJNAS in 1935.

==Operators== ;thumb|Map with former users of the D.500 in red{{China as ROC}}: *Republic of China Air Force - 24 D.510C ;{{FRA}} *French Air Force 98 x D.500, 130 x D.501 and 88 x D.510 *''Aviation Navale'' 30 x D.501 ;{{JPN}} *Japanese Imperial Navy 2 x D.510J designated as '''AXD''' ;{{flag|Lithuania|1918}}: *Lithuanian Air Force - 14 x D.501L ;{{POL}} *Polish Air Forces in exile in France ;{{USSR}} *Soviet Air Force 1 x D.510R for evaluation ;{{flag|Spain|1931}} *Spanish Republican Air Force. 7 x D.500 and 2 x D.510 in the Escuadrilla Internacional. ;{{UK}} *Royal Air Force - One x 510A for evaluation ;{{VEN}} *Venezuelan Air Force - 3 D.500V

==Specifications (D.510)== thumb|Dewoitine D.500 3-view {{Aircraft specs |ref= ''The Great Book of Fighters'',<ref name="green"/> ''The Dewoitine D.500 pursuit airplane''<ref name = "naca 45">NACA 1933 pp. 4-5.</ref> |prime units?= met |crew=One |length m=7.94 |span m=12.09 |height m=2.42 |wing area sqm=16.5 |airfoil= |empty weight kg=1496 |gross weight kg=1929  |eng1 number=1|eng1 name= Hispano-Suiza 12Ycrs|eng1 type= V-12 liquid-cooled piston engine|eng1 kw= 640

|prop blade number= 3|prop name= Ratier metal propeller|prop dia m=  |max speed kmh= 402 |max speed note= at {{cvt|5000|m}} |range km=700 |ceiling m= 11000 |climb rate ms= 14.85 |time to altitude= {{cvt|1000|m}} in 1 minute 19 seconds |wing loading kg/m2= 117 |fuel consumption kg/km= |power/mass= {{cvt|0.330|kW/kg}}  |guns=<br/> ** 1 × {{cvt|20|mm|3}} Hispano-Suiza HS.9 cannon, 60 rounds ** 2 × {{cvt|7.5|mm|3}} MAC 1934 machine guns, 300 rpg }}

==References== ===Citations=== {{Reflist}}

===Bibliography=== {{Commons category multi|Dewoitine D.500|Dewoitine D.510}} * {{cite book |last=Breffort |first=Dominique |title=French Aircraft from 1939 to 1942: Volume 2 |isbn=2-915239-49-5 |date=April 2005 |publisher=Histoire and Collections }} * [https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19930090274.pdf "The Dewoitine D.500 pursuit airplane (French) : an all-metal cantilever low-wing monoplane."] ''National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics'', 1 May 1933. NACA-AC-180, 93R19564. *{{cite journal |last1=Kotelnikov|first1=V.|last2=Kulikov|first2=V.|last3=Cony|first3=C.|name-list-style=amp |title=Les avions français en URSS, 1921–1941 |journal=Avions: Toute l'Aéronautique et son histoire |date=November 2001 |issue=104 |pages=37–43 |trans-title=French Aircraft in the USSR, 1921–1941 |language=fr |issn=1243-8650}} * Leyvastre, Pierre. "The Day of the Dewoitine". ''Air Enthusiast Quarterly'', No. 1, n.d., pp. 17–19, 84–96. {{ISSN|0143-5450}} *{{cite journal |last1=Mombeek|first1=Eric |title=Les trésors de Cazaux |journal=Avions: Toute l'Aéronautique et son histoire|date=May 2001 |issue=98 |pages=44–47 |trans-title=The Treasures of Cazaux|language=fr |issn=1243-8650}} * {{cite book |last=Weal |first=Elke C. |author2=Weal, John A.|author3=Barker, Richard F. |title=Combat Aircraft of World War Two |publisher=Bracken Books |year=1977 |isbn=0-946495-43-2 }}

Category:Low-wing aircraft Category:Single-engined tractor aircraft Category:1930s French fighter aircraft D.500 Category:Aircraft first flown in 1932 Category:Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear Category:Single-engined piston aircraft

Dewoitine D.500

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