{{Short description|Genus of bacteria}} {{Speciesbox | genus = Denitrobacterium | parent_authority = Anderson ''et al.'' 2000<ref name=LPSN>{{cite web |author=A.C. Parte |url=https://lpsn.dsmz.de/genus/Denitrobacterium |title=Denitrobacterium |access-date=2025-02-28 |publisher=List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) |display-authors=et al.}}</ref> | species = detoxificans | authority = Anderson et al. 2000 }}

'''''Denitrobacterium''''' is a genus of Actinomycetota with a single species, in the family Coriobacteriaceae. Originally isolated from the bovine rumen, ''Denitrobacterium'' are non-motile and non-spore forming.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal |vauthors=Anderson RC, Rasmussen MA, Jensen NS, Allison MJ |title=''Denitrobacterium detoxificans'' gen. nov., sp. nov., a ruminal bacterium that respires on nitrocompounds |journal=Int J Syst Evol Microbiol |year=2000 |pages=633–8 |volume=50 Pt 2 |issue=2 |pmid=10758869 |doi=10.1099/00207713-50-2-633 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The only described species in this genus is '''''Denitrobacterium detoxificans'''''.<ref name=LPSN/> The specific niche of this bacterium in the bovine rumen is theorized to be the detoxification/metabolism of nitrotoxins and miserotoxin.<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last1=Anderson |first1=R C |last2=Rasmussen |first2=M A |last3=Allison |first3=M J |date=October 1996 |title=Enrichment and isolation of a nitropropanol-metabolizing bacterium from the rumen |journal=Applied and Environmental Microbiology |language=en |volume=62 |issue=10 |pages=3885–3886 |doi=10.1128/aem.62.10.3885-3886.1996 |pmid=8837447 |pmc=168200 |bibcode=1996ApEnM..62.3885A |issn=0099-2240}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Anderson |first1=Robin C. |last2=Rasmussen |first2=Mark A. |last3=Allison |first3=Milton J. |last4=DiSpirito |first4=Alan A. |date=1997-07-01 |title=Characteristics of a nitropropanol-metabolizing bacterium isolated from the rumen |url=http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/10.1139/m97-088 |journal=Canadian Journal of Microbiology |language=en |volume=43 |issue=7 |pages=617–624 |doi=10.1139/m97-088 |pmid=9246740 |issn=0008-4166|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Anderson |first1=Robin C. |last2=Rasmussen |first2=Mark A. |date=1998-05-01 |title=Use of a novel nitrotoxin-metabolizing bacterium to reduce ruminal methane production |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960852497001843 |journal=Bioresource Technology |language=en |volume=64 |issue=2 |pages=89–95 |doi=10.1016/S0960-8524(97)00184-3 |issn=0960-8524|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

== Characteristics of ''Denitrobacterium detoxificans'' == The sole species currently described in the genus ''Denitrobacterium'', ''D. detoxificans'', is a Gram-positive, obligate anaerobe.<ref name=":0" /> In the study conducted by Anderson ''et al''.,<ref name=":0" /> all of the four strains (NPOH1, NPOH2, NPOH3, and MAJ1) are shown to possess high G+C content in their DNAs (60, 58, 56, and 60&nbsp;mol%, respectively) and are closely related to one another (more than 99% sequence identity). Additionally, the closest intergeneric relative is ''Coriobacterium glomerans'' with 86% sequence identity, based on the 16S rRNA sequence comparison between the NPOH1 strain and sequences available in GenBank.<ref name=":0" />

=== Metabolism of nitrocompounds by ''D. detoxificans'' === In the bovine rumen, ''Denitrobacterium detoxificans'' metabolizes the following substrates through oxidation:<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Ochoa-García |first1=Pedro Antonio |last2=Anderson |first2=Robin C. |last3=Arévalos-Sánchez |first3=Martha María |last4=Rodríguez-Almeida |first4=Felipe Alonso |last5=Félix-Portillo |first5=Monserrath |last6=Muro-Reyes |first6=Alberto |last7=Božić |first7=Aleksandar K. |last8=Arzola-Álvarez |first8=Claudio |last9=Corral-Luna |first9=Agustín |date=2021-08-16 |title=''Astragallus mollissimus'' plant extract: a strategy to reduce ruminal methanogenesis |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-021-02882-1 |journal=Tropical Animal Health and Production |language=en |volume=53 |issue=4 |pages=436 |doi=10.1007/s11250-021-02882-1 |pmid=34401959 |s2cid=237148677 |issn=1573-7438|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

* Hydrogen * Formate * Lactate

The oxidation of these above compounds are coupled with the reduction of nitrocompounds such as:<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

* 3-nitro-1-propionic acid (3NPA) * 3-nitro-1-propanol (3NPOH) * 2-nitroethane (2NEOH), an analogue of 3NPOH

There are speculations as to how these nitrocompounds are metabolized. The primary mechanism of 3NPA and 3NPOH metabolism is the reduction to amines, i.e. ''β''-alanine and aminopropanol, respectively.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Anderson |first1=R C |last2=Rasmussen |first2=M A |last3=Allison |first3=M J |date=September 1993 |title=Metabolism of the plant toxins nitropropionic acid and nitropropanol by ruminal microorganisms |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.59.9.3056-3061.1993 |journal=Applied and Environmental Microbiology |volume=59 |issue=9 |pages=3056–3061 |doi=10.1128/aem.59.9.3056-3061.1993 |pmid=8215375 |pmc=182406 |bibcode=1993ApEnM..59.3056A |issn=0099-2240}}</ref> ''β''-alanine is further metabolized by ruminal microorganisms, whereas aminopropanol seems to be a final product.<ref name=":2" /> It is also speculated that nitrite may be cleaved off from both 3NPA and 3NPOH as a minor metabolite, which is then further reduced to ammonia.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last1=Majak |first1=W. |last2=Cheng |first2=K.-J. |date=1981-07-01 |title=Identification of rumen bacteria that anaerobically degrade aliphatic nitrotoxins |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m81-099 |journal=Canadian Journal of Microbiology |volume=27 |issue=7 |pages=646–650 |doi=10.1139/m81-099 |pmid=7197575 |issn=0008-4166|url-access=subscription }}</ref> 3NPA gets metabolized by ruminal microbes more rapidly than 3NPOH;<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Gustine |first1=D. L. |last2=Moyer |first2=B. G. |last3=Wangsness |first3=P. J. |last4=Shenk |first4=J. S. |date=1977-06-01 |title=Ruminal Metabolism of 3-Nitropropanoyl-D-Glucopyranoses from Crownvetch |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/jas1977.4461107x |journal=Journal of Animal Science |volume=44 |issue=6 |pages=1107–1111 |doi=10.2527/jas1977.4461107x |issn=0021-8812|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last1=MAJAK |first1=W. |last2=CLARK |first2=L. J. |title=Metabolism of Aliphatic Nitro Compounds in Bovine Rumen Fluid |date=1980-06-01 |journal=Canadian Journal of Animal Science |volume=60 |issue=2 |pages=319–325 |doi=10.4141/cjas80-041 |issn=0008-3984 |doi-access=free}}</ref> therefore, 3NPA is less toxic to ruminants grazing on leguminous plants containing the conjugates of these nitrocompounds than 3NPOH.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":2" />

=== Plants containing the nitrocompounds metabolized by ''D. detoxificans'' === The above nitrocompounds are abundant in many forages in the forms of glycosides and glucose esters.<ref name=":03">{{Cite journal |last1=Anderson |first1=Robin C. |last2=Majak |first2=Walter |last3=Rassmussen |first3=Mark A. |last4=Callaway |first4=Todd R. |last5=Beier |first5=Ross C. |last6=Nisbet |first6=David J. |last7=Allison |first7=Milton J. |date=2005-03-01 |title=Toxicity and Metabolism of the Conjugates of 3-Nitropropanol and 3-Nitropropionic Acid in Forages Poisonous to Livestock |url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jf040392j |journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry |language=en |volume=53 |issue=6 |pages=2344–2350 |doi=10.1021/jf040392j |pmid=15769179 |issn=0021-8561|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Miserotoxin is the most common glycoside of 3NPOH as 3-nitro-1-propyl-''β''-<sub>D</sub>-glucopyranoside, first isolated from ''Astragalus oblongifolius.''<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Stermitz |first1=Frank R. |last2=Norris |first2=Frank A. |last3=Williams |first3=Miles Coburn |date=July 1969 |title=Miserotoxin, new naturally occurring nitro compound |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja01044a078 |journal=Journal of the American Chemical Society |volume=91 |issue=16 |pages=4599–4600 |doi=10.1021/ja01044a078 |issn=0002-7863|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Other glycosides of 3NPOH include ''β''-<sub>D</sub>-gentiobioside,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Majak |first1=Walter |last2=Benn |first2=Michael H. |date=1988 |title=3-Nitro-1-propyl-β-d-gentiobioside from ''Astragalus miser'' var. ''serotinus'' |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(88)80279-6 |journal=Phytochemistry |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=1089–1091 |doi=10.1016/0031-9422(88)80279-6 |bibcode=1988PChem..27.1089M |issn=0031-9422|url-access=subscription }}</ref> allolactoside,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Majak |first1=W. |last2=Benn |first2=M. H. |last3=Huang |first3=Y. Y. |date=September 1988 |title=A New Glycoside of 3-Nitropropanol from ''Astragalus miser'' var. ''serotinus'' |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/np50059a032 |journal=Journal of Natural Products |volume=51 |issue=5 |pages=985–988 |doi=10.1021/np50059a032 |pmid=21401184 |issn=0163-3864|url-access=subscription }}</ref> laminaribioside,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Benn |first1=Michael H. |last2=Majak |first2=Walter |date=January 1989 |title=3-Nitro-1-propyl-β-d-laminaribioside from ''Astragalus miser'' var. ''serotinus'' |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0031-9422(00)97986-x |journal=Phytochemistry |volume=28 |issue=9 |pages=2369–2371 |doi=10.1016/s0031-9422(00)97986-x |bibcode=1989PChem..28.2369B |issn=0031-9422|url-access=subscription }}</ref> and cellobioside<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Long |first1=Melissa |last2=Benn |first2=Michael |last3=Majak |first3=Walter |last4=McDiarmid |first4=Ruth |date=January 1992 |title=3-nitropropyl glycosides of ''Astragalus miser'' var. ''serotinus'' |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(91)83063-q |journal=Phytochemistry |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=321–323 |doi=10.1016/0031-9422(91)83063-q |bibcode=1992PChem..31..321L |issn=0031-9422|url-access=subscription }}</ref> from ''Astragalus miser'' var. ''serotinus.''<ref name=":03" /> Glucose esters of 3NPA are produced by species of the genera ''Coronilla''<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Majak |first=W |date=1976 |title=Nitropropanylglucopyranoses in Coronilla varia |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0031-9422(00)86835-1 |journal=Phytochemistry |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=415–417 |doi=10.1016/s0031-9422(00)86835-1 |bibcode=1976PChem..15..415M |issn=0031-9422|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Moyer |first1=Barton G. |last2=Pfeffer |first2=Philip E. |last3=Moniot |first3=Jerry L. |last4=Shamma |first4=Maurice |last5=Gustine |first5=David L. |date=January 1977 |title=Corollin, coronillin and coronarian: Three new 3-nitropropanoyl-d-glucopyranoses from Coronilla varia |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(77)80068-x |journal=Phytochemistry |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=375–377 |doi=10.1016/0031-9422(77)80068-x |bibcode=1977PChem..16..375M |issn=0031-9422|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Majak |first1=Walter |last2=Benn |first2=Michael |date=1994 |title=Additional esters of 3-nitropropanoic acid and glucose from fruit of the New Zealand karaka tree, Corynocarpus laevigatus |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0031-9422(00)90635-6 |journal=Phytochemistry |volume=35 |issue=4 |pages=901–903 |doi=10.1016/s0031-9422(00)90635-6 |bibcode=1994PChem..35..901M |issn=0031-9422|url-access=subscription }}</ref>'', Astragalus''<ref name=":13">{{Cite journal |last1=Stermitz |first1=F.R. |last2=Lowry |first2=W.T. |last3=Ubben |first3=E. |last4=Sharifi |first4=I. |date=January 1972 |title=1,6-Di-3-nitropropanoyl-β-d-glucopyranoside from ''Astragalus cibarius'' |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0031-9422(00)89851-9 |journal=Phytochemistry |volume=11 |issue=12 |pages=3525–3527 |doi=10.1016/s0031-9422(00)89851-9 |bibcode=1972PChem..11.3525S |issn=0031-9422|url-access=subscription }}</ref>'', Indigofera''<ref name=":13" /><ref name="dx.doi.org">{{Cite journal |last1=Finnegan |first1=R.A. |last2=Stephani |first2=R.A. |date=February 1968 |title=Structure of Hiptagin as 1,2,4,6-tetra-O-(3-nitropropanoyl)-β-D-Glucopyranoside, its Identity with Endecaphyllin X, and the Synthesis of its Methyl Ether |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jps.2600570233 |journal=Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences |volume=57 |issue=2 |pages=353–354 |doi=10.1002/jps.2600570233 |pmid=5641692 |issn=0022-3549|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Benn |first1=Michael |last2=Mcewan |first2=Denise |last3=Pass |first3=Michael A. |last4=Majak |first4=Walter |date=July 1992 |title=Three nitropropanoyl esters of glucose from ''Indigofera linnaei'' |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(92)83284-6 |journal=Phytochemistry |volume=31 |issue=7 |pages=2393–2395 |doi=10.1016/0031-9422(92)83284-6 |bibcode=1992PChem..31.2393B |issn=0031-9422|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Garcez |first1=Walmir S. |last2=Garcez |first2=Fernanda R. |last3=Honda |first3=Neli K. |last4=da Silva |first4=Antonio J.R. |date=January 1989 |title=A nitropropanoyl-glucopyranoside from ''Indigofera suffruticosa'' |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(89)80220-1 |journal=Phytochemistry |volume=28 |issue=4 |pages=1251–1252 |doi=10.1016/0031-9422(89)80220-1 |bibcode=1989PChem..28.1251G |issn=0031-9422|url-access=subscription }}</ref>'','' and ''Hiptage''<ref name="dx.doi.org"/>''.''<ref name=":03" /> 3NPA is also produced by ''Astragalus canadensis'' in the forms of oxotetrahydrofuranyl<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Benn |first=M |date=December 1995 |title=Aliphatic nitro-compounds in ''Astragalus canadensis'' |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(95)00482-m |journal=Phytochemistry |volume=40 |issue=6 |pages=1629–1631 |doi=10.1016/0031-9422(95)00482-m |bibcode=1995PChem..40.1629B |issn=0031-9422|url-access=subscription }}</ref> and isoxazolinone esters.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Benn |first1=Michael H |last2=Majak |first2=Walter |last3=Aplin |first3=Robin |date=July 1997 |title=A nitropropanoyl isoxazolinone derivative in two species of ''Astragalus'' |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0305-1978(97)00022-7 |journal=Biochemical Systematics and Ecology |volume=25 |issue=5 |pages=467–468 |doi=10.1016/s0305-1978(97)00022-7 |issn=0305-1978|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name=":03" />

== History of ''Denitrobacterium'' ==

=== Isolation of strains NPOH1-3 and MAJ1 === The ''D. detoxifican'' strain NPOH1 was first isolated and cultured in the 1996 study by Anderson ''et al.,''<ref name=":12"/> investigating the metabolism of nitrotoxins such as 3-nitro-1-propanol and 3-nitro-1-propionate. Strains NPOH2 and NPOH3 were isolated from a roll tube containing an agar medium with energy-depleted rumen fluid (at 40% v/v), sodium carbonate, resazurin, <sub>L</sub>-cysteine-HCl, lipoic acid, vitamins, minerals, and Amisoy (a partially purified soy protein product by Quest International, at 0.08% w/v), supplemented with 9 mM 3-nitro-1-propanol and inoculated with 2 × 10<sup>−4</sup> mL of nonenriched ruminal fluid.<ref name=":12"/> The rumen contents containing NPOH1, NPOH2, and NPOH3 were obtained from two different cows (one with NPOH1 and another with NPOH2&3) at the National Animal Disease Center (NADC) in Ames, IA, USA. Strain MAJ1 was isolated from rumen contents of a cow on a milkvetch range harboring ''Astragalus miser'' var. ''serotinus'' in British Columbia, Canada.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":12"/>

=== Classification of ''Denitrobacterium'' into class ''Actinobacteria'' === In the 2000 article, Anderson ''et al.'' proposed the assignment of the novel bacteria into the class ''Actinobacteria'', subclass ''Coriobacteridae'', order ''Coriobacteriales'', family ''Coriobacteriaceae'' based on the high mole percent G+C content and 16S rRNA sequence.<ref name=":0" /> The genus ''Denitrobacterium'' was included in the family ''Coriobaceteriaceae'' by Zhi ''et al.'' in the 2009 publication<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zhi |first1=X.-Y. |last2=Li |first2=W.-J. |last3=Stackebrandt |first3=E. |date=2009-03-01 |title=An update of the structure and 16S rRNA gene sequence-based definition of higher ranks of the class Actinobacteria, with the proposal of two new suborders and four new families and emended descriptions of the existing higher taxa |journal=International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology |language=en |volume=59 |issue=3 |pages=589–608 |doi=10.1099/ijs.0.65780-0 |pmid=19244447 |issn=1466-5026 |doi-access=free}}</ref> on addendum to the class ''Actinobacteria''.

==References== {{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from1=Q5257858|from2=Q25841704}}

Category:Coriobacteriaceae Category:Monotypic bacteria genera