Al-Dawayima

{{pp-extended|small=yes}} {{Infobox settlement | name = al-Dawayima | native_name = الدوايمة | native_name_lang = ar | other_name = ad-Dawayima | settlement_type =  | imagesize = 250 | image_caption = Sheikh 'Ali, the shrine just West of the village | etymology = The little Dom tree<ref>Palmer, 1881, p. [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp00conduoft#page/367/mode/1up 367]</ref>  | pushpin_map = Mandatory Palestine | pushpin_map_caption = Location within Mandatory Palestine | image_map = {{Historical map series|default=2|date1=1870s|date2=1940s|date3=modern|date4=1940s with modern overlay|width=225|name=al-Dawayima}} | map_caption = A series of historical maps of the area around Al-Dawayima (click the buttons) | pushpin_mapsize = 200 | coordinates = {{coord|31|32|10|N|34|54|43|E|type:city_region:PS|display=inline,title}} | grid_name = Palestine grid | grid_position = 141/104  | subdivision_type = Geopolitical entity | subdivision_name = Mandatory Palestine | subdivision_type1 = Subdistrict | subdivision_name1 = Hebron  | established_title1 = Date of depopulation | established_date1 = 29 October 1948<ref>Morris, 2004, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PR19 xix], village #324. Also gives cause for depopulation</ref> | established_title2 = Repopulated dates  | unit_pref = dunam | area_total_km2 = 60.585 | area_footnotes = <ref name=Hadawi50/> | area_total_dunam = 60,585  | population_as_of = 1945 | population_total = 3,710<ref name=1945p23>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics, 1945, p. [http://users.cecs.anu.edu.au/~bdm/yabber/census/VSpages/VS1945_p23.jpg 23]</ref><ref name=Hadawi50>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. ''Village Statistics, April, 1945''. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. [http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20I/Hebron/Page-050.jpg 50] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604210408/http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20I/Hebron/Page-050.jpg |date=2011-06-04 }}</ref>  | blank_name_sec1 = Cause(s) of depopulation | blank_info_sec1 = Military assault by Yishuv forces | blank3_name_sec1 = Current localities | blank3_info_sec1 = Karmei Katif; Amatzia }} '''Al-Dawayima''', '''Dawaymeh''' or '''Dawayma''' ({{langx|ar|الدوايمة}}) was a Palestinian town, located in the former Hebron Subdistrict of Mandatory Palestine, and in what is now the Lakhish region, some 15 kilometres south-east of Kiryat Gat.<ref name="Rinat">Zafrir Rinat, [https://www.haaretz.com/2013-06-22/ty-article/.premium/razing-palestinian-history-forever/0000017f-ec96-d4cd-af7f-edfed0ae0000 'Bulldozing Palestinian History on Israel's southern hills,'] at Haaretz 22 June 2013.</ref>

According to a 1945 census, the town's population was 3,710, and the village lands comprised a total land area of 60,585 dunums of which nearly half was cultivable. The population figures for this town also included the populations of nearby khirbets, or ancient villages. During the 1948 Palestine war, the al-Dawayima massacre occurred. According to Saleh Abd al-Jawad an estimated 80-200 civilian men, women and children were killed.<ref name=Jawad>Saleh Abdel Jawad (2007), ''Zionist Massacres: the Creation of the Palestinian Refugee Problem in the 1948 War'', in Benvenisti & al, 2007, pp. 59–127 See p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=bWCN0OUiTJkC&pg=PA67 67]</ref> According to John Bagot Glubb, a UN report said that 30 women and children were killed.<ref name=Glubb>Glubb, 1957, pp. 211-212</ref>

In 1955, the ruins of the town were replaced by the Israeli moshav of Amatzia.

==History== It has been occasionally identified with the Old Testament town of ''Bosqat'', the home of Josiah's mother Jedidah (2 Kings, 22:1) though the association has not found widespread acceptance.<ref>Jennifer L. Groves, 'Boskath', in David Noel Freedman, (ed.) ''Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible,'' Wm B.Eerdsmans/Amsterdam University Press 2000 p.198.</ref>

Al-Dawayima's historical remains encompass a long period from the Bronze Age, through to the Persian and Hellenistic, down to the Ottoman period. Bulldozing what remains of the Palestinian village to prepare a new Israeli village has revealed an ancient olive press, a columbarium cave, a villa from the Second Temple era, and both mikvehs and cisterns.<ref name="Rinat" />

The "core clan" of Al-Dawayima were the Ahdibs, who traced their origin to the Muslim conquest and settlement of Palestine in the seventh century.<ref>Morris, 2004, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA469 469]</ref>

===Ottoman era=== In the late Ottoman era, in May, 1838, Edward Robinson visited during harvesting time. He noted that Al-Dawayima was situated on a hill, with a view of several villages to the east. During the harvest, several Christians from Beit Jala were employed here as labourers; the barley harvest was coming to an end, while the wheat harvest was just beginning.<ref>Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 2, pp. [https://archive.org/stream/biblicalresearc00smitgoog#page/n421/mode/1up 400]-402</ref> He further noted it as a Muslim village, between the mountains and Gaza, but subject to the government of el-Khulil.<ref name=Robinson117>Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 3, Appendix 2, p. [https://archive.org/stream/biblicalresearch03robiuoft#page/117/mode/1up 117]</ref>

In the mid-19th century, al-Dawāymeh’s residents cultivated formerly abandoned lands, which were reclassified as privately held under Ottoman land reform. This process formed part of a broader pattern of rural resettlement and expansion across the western fringes of Jabal al-Khalīl.<ref>Orit Peleg-Barkat, Roy Marom, Gregg E. Gardner, Michael Chernin, and Saleh Kharanbeh, "[https://www.academia.edu/144340995/Rural_adaptation_and_settlement_change_in_the_late_Islamic_Jabal_al_Khal%C4%B1l_Judean_Foothills_ Rural adaptation and settlement change in the late Islamic Jabal al-Khalīl (Judean Foothills)]," ''Journal of Historical Geography'' 90 (2025): 87–98.</ref>

In 1863 Victor Guérin visited twice, and he estimated that the village contained 900 inhabitants,<ref>Guérin, 1869, pp. [https://archive.org/stream/descriptiongog02gu#page/342/mode/1up 342]-3, [https://archive.org/stream/descriptiongog02gu#page/361/mode/1up 361]</ref> while an Ottoman village list from about 1870 found that Dawaime had only a population of 85, in a total of 34 houses, though the population count included men, only. It also noted that it was located west of Hebron.<ref>Socin, 1879, p. [https://archive.org/stream/zeitschriftdesde01deut#page/151/mode/1up 151]</ref><ref>Hartmann, 1883, p. [https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_BZobAQAAIAAJ#page/n952/mode/1up 144] found 100 houses, way more than Socin</ref>

In 1883, the PEF's ''Survey of Western Palestine'' described al-Dawayima as a village on a high stony ridge that had olive groves beneath it. On a higher ridge to the west stood a shrine that was topped by a white stone.<ref name=SWPIII258>Conder and Kitchener, 1883, SWP III, [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp03conduoft#page/258/mode/1up p.258]. Also quoted in Khalidi, 1992, p. 213.</ref>

<gallery> File:Ad Dawayima 1894.jpg|Map with Al-Dawayima dated 1894. bottom centre File:Ed Dawayima 1933.jpg|Al-Dawayima 1933 1:20,000 File:Dawayima 1945.jpg|Al-Dawayima 1945 1:250,000 </gallery>

The people of al-Dawayima were Muslims. They maintained several religious shrines, chief among them the shrine of Shaykh ´Ali. This shrine had a large courtyard, a number of rooms, and one large hall for prayers, and was surrounded by fig and carob trees and cactuses. It attracted visitors from the neighboring villages.<ref name="Hudayb 1985, p. 54">Hudayb, 1985, p. 54. Cited in Khalidi, 1992, p. 213</ref> A mosque was located in the village center, it was maintained by the followers of ''al-tariqa al-khalwatiyya'', a Sufi mystic order founded by Shaykh Umar al-Khalwati (d.1397)<ref>Glassé, 1989, p. 221. Cited in Khalidi, 1992, p. 213</ref>

===British Mandate era=== In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities, ''AI Dawaima'' had a population of 2,441 inhabitants, all Muslims,<ref name=Barron10>Barron, 1923, Table V, Sub-district of Hebron, p. [https://archive.org/stream/PalestineCensus1922/Palestine%20Census%20%281922%29#page/n12/mode/1up 10]</ref> increasing in the 1931 census to 2,688, still all Muslim, in a total of 559 houses.<ref name="Census1931">Mills, 1932, p. [https://archive.org/details/CensusOfPalestine1931.PopulationOfVillagesTownsAndAdministrativeAreas 28]</ref>

The villagers expanded and renovated the village mosque in the 1930s, and added a tall minaret.<ref name="Hudayb 1985, p. 54" />

In the 1945 statistics, Al-Dawayima had a population of 3,710 Muslims,<ref name=1945p23/> with a total land area of 60.585 dunums of land.<ref name=Hadawi50/> By 1944/45, 21,191 dunums of village land were allotted to cereals, 1,206 dunums were irrigated or used for orchards,<ref>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. ''Village Statistics, April, 1945''. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. [http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20II/Hebron/Page-093.jpg 93] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120907073152/http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20II/Hebron/Page-093.jpg |date=2012-09-07 }}</ref> while 179 dunams were built-up (urban) areas.<ref>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. ''Village Statistics, April, 1945.'' Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. [http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20III/Hebron/Page-143.jpg 143] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130131005326/http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20III/Hebron/Page-143.jpg |date=2013-01-31 }}</ref>

The Institute for Palestine Studies and The Palestinian Museum note the following about the town's built environment:<blockquote>"Shops were scattered throughout the various neighborhoods of the village center. Houses were made of stone and mud, separated by narrow streets and alleys. The older houses were clustered closely together. Each set of houses shared a ''hawsh'', a large courtyard that provided space for women to do their domestic chores, for children to play, and for families to gather in the evening and on special occasions. As the village expanded people began to build new houses outside of the village core. These new houses were larger and built of whitewashed stone some of them had thick, stone walls and were called ''jidaris'' (from the Arabic word for wall, ''jidar'')....Each house had two levels: the upper level was occupied by the family members and the lower level by their animals. The houses of the well-to-do villagers had their own courtyards and large guest rooms, in addition to animal stables."<ref>{{Cite web |title=al-Dawayima — الدَوايمَة |url=https://www.palquest.org/en/place/16803/al-dawayima |access-date=2023-11-12 |website=Interactive Encyclopedia of the Palestine Question – palquest |language=en}}</ref></blockquote>

===1948 war and aftermath=== {{main article|al-Dawayima massacre}} Al-Dawaymima was captured by Israel's Eighty Ninth Battalion (commanded by Dov Chesis) of the 8th Armored Brigade led by the founder of the Palmach, Yitzhak Sadeh, after Operation Yoav on 29 October 1948, five days after the start of the truce. It was the site of the al-Dawayima massacre in which 80–200 civilians were killed, including women and children.<ref name=Jawad/> According to Lieutenant-General John Bagot Glubb, a British officer stationed with Jordanian's Arab Legion in Bethlehem and Hebron at that time, the massacre was calculated to drive out the villagers and had been reported by UN observers to involve 30 deaths.<ref>Glubb, 1957, pp. 211-212. "The Israelis were now deliberately driving out all Arabs, a process assisted now and then but the usual 'calculated massacre'. On October 31st, United Nations observers reported that the Israelis had killed thirty women and children at Dawaima (Dawayima), west of Hebron. It would be an exaggeration to claim that great numbers were massacred. But just enough were killed, or roughly handled, to make sure that all the civilian population took flight, thereby leaving more and more land vacant for future Jewish settlement. These particular villages west of Hebron were to remain vacant and their lands uncultivated for eight years."</ref> The massacre was cited by Yigal Allon as the reason for the halting of the creeping annexation that included Bayt Jibrin, Qubeiba and Tel Maresha.<ref>Shapira, 2008, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=iogKjVDKRW4C&pg=PA248 248]</ref> It was also seen as a reprisal by the Israelis for the massacre of Jews in Kfar Etzion months before, on May 13, 1948, by Palestinian fighters and some members of the Arab Legion.<ref>Morris, 2004, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA469 469] and Morris, 2008, p. 333.</ref>

The moshav of Amatzia was established in 1955 on land that had belonged to Al-Dawayima.<ref>Khalidi, 1992, p.215</ref> According to the Palestinian historian Walid Khalidi :<blockquote>"The site has been fenced in. A cowshed, a chicken coop, and granaries have been built at its center (which has been leveled). The southern side of the site contains stone terraces and the remnants of a house. The eastern side is occupied by the residential area of the moshav."</blockquote>

In 2013, the whole area, apart from some ancient Jewish remains, was bulldozed to pave the way for the erection of a new community called Karmei Katif, which was completed in 2016 and which houses evacuees of the Gaza Strip settlements. The new name is reminiscent of Gush Katif.<ref name="Rinat" />

==Culture== A woman's ''thob'' (loose fitting robe with sleeves) dated to about 1910 that was produced in Al-Dawayima is part of the Museum of International Folk Art (MOIFA) collection at Santa Fe. The dress is of hand-woven blue indigo linen. The embroidery is in predominantly red silk cross-stitch, with touches of violet, orange, yellow, white, green and black. The upper half of the ''qabbeh'' (the square chest panel) is embroidered with alternating columns of diamonds, (a pattern known as ''el-ferraneh''), and eight-pointed stars, (called ''qamr'' ("moons")). The lower half of the qabbeh is in the ''qelayed'' ("necklaces") pattern. The side-panels of the skirt are completely covered with embroidered columns. Among the patterns used here are: ''nakhleh'' ("palm") motif, ''ward-wil-aleq'' ("rose-and-leech") and ''khem-el-basha'' ("the pashas tent"). Each column is topped with various trees. There is no embroidery on the long, pointed sleeves.<ref>Stillman, 1979, pp. 56-57</ref>

The village is often featured in the works of Palestinian artist Abdul Hay Mosallam who was expelled from it in 1948.

By 2011, two books about the village history had been published.<ref>Davis, 2011, pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=wlKjZwMwz0wC&pg=PA30 30] -31</ref>

===In popular culture=== *In the 2008 film Salt of this Sea, Al-Dawayima is the village which Emad, the male protagonist, hails from. The village ruins serve as the temporary residence of the main characters, Emad and Soraya. The film is dedicated to the memory of the Al-Dawayima massacre.

== Families == Lafi{{div col|colwidth=15em}} *'''Sanwar''' (سنور) *'''Abd al-dean''' (عبد الدين) *'''Abu Subaih''' (أبوصبيح) *'''Abu-Farwa''' (ابوفروه) *'''Abu-Galyeh''' (أبوغالية) *'''Abu-Galyoun''' (أبو غليون) *'''Abu-Halemah'''(أبوحليمة) *'''Abu-Haltam''' (أبو حلتم) *'''Abu-Kadra''' (أبو خضرة) *'''Abu-Matr''' (أبو مطر) *'''Abu-Me'alish''' (أبومعيلش) *'''Abu-Rahma''' (ابورحمة) *'''Abu-Rayan''' (أبو ريان) *'''Abu-Safyeh''' (أبو صفية) *'''Abu-Sugair''' (أبو صقير) *'''Afaneh''' (عفانه) *'''Al-Absi''' (العبسي) *'''Al-Adarbeh''' (العداربة) *'''Al-Aqtash''' (القطيشات) *'''Al-Atrash''' (الأطرش) *'''Al-Ayaseh''' (العيسه) *'''Al-Hijouj''' (الحجوج) *'''Al-Jamarah''' (الجمرة) *'''Al-Jawawdeh''' (الجواودة) *'''Al-Kateeb''' (الخطيب) *'''Al-Khodour'''(الخضور) *'''Al-Maqusi'''(المقوسي) *'''Al-Mallad''' (الملاد) *'''Al-Manasra''' (المناصرة) *'''Al-Najaar''' (النجار) *'''Al-Qaisieh''' (القيسيه) *'''Al-Sabateen'''(السباتين) *'''Al-Turk''' (الترك) *'''Al-Zaatreh''' (الزعاترة) *'''Asha''' (عشا) *'''Basbous'''(بصبوص) *'''Ead''' (عيد) *'''El-Ghawanmeh''' (الغوانمه) *'''Ganem''' (غانم) *'''Hamdan''' (حمدان) *'''Harb''' (حرب) *'''Hudaib''' (هديب) *'''Hunaif''' (حنيف) *'''Ms'ed''' (مسعد) *'''Nashwan''' (نشوان) *'''Sa'adeh''' (سعادة) *'''Shahin''' (شاهين) *'''Sundoqa''' (صندوقه) *'''Zebin''' (زبن) {{div col end}}

== Famous residents ==

* Musa Hadeib

==References== {{reflist|25em}}

==Bibliography== {{refbegin}} *{{cite journal|last1=Aladjem|first1=Emil |last2=Gendler |first2= Simeon |date= 2012-11-07 |url=http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=2114&mag_id=119 |title= Amazya, Survey |publisher=Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel |number=124}} *{{cite journal|last1=Aladjem|first1=Emil |last2=Gendler |first2= Simeon |date= 2012-12-23 |url=http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=2165&mag_id=119 |title= Amazya, Al-Dawayima |publisher=Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel |number=124}} *{{cite journal|last1=Aladjem|first1=Emil|date= 2012-12-23 |url=http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=2166&mag_id=119 |title= Amazya South |publisher=Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel |number=124}} *{{cite book|editor=Barron, J.B.|title= Palestine: Report and General Abstracts of the Census of 1922 |url=https://archive.org/details/PalestineCensus1922 |publisher=Government of Palestine|year = 1923}} *{{cite book|editor=Benvenisti, E. |editor-link=Eyal Benvenisti|year=2007|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bWCN0OUiTJkC|title=Israel and the Palestinian Refugees| location=Berlin, Heidelberg, New-York |publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-540-68160-1}} *{{cite book|last1=Conder|first1=C.R.|author-link1=Claude Reignier Conder|last2=Kitchener|first2=H.H.|author-link2=Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener|year=1883|url=https://archive.org/details/surveyofwesternp03conduoft|title=The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology|location=London|publisher=Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund|volume=3}} *{{cite book|last=Davis |first= Rochelle |year=2011|title=Palestinian Village Histories: Geographies of the Displaced|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wlKjZwMwz0wC|location= Stanford|publisher= Stanford University Press|isbn= 978-0-8047-7313-3}} *Glassé, Cyril (1989): ''The Concise Encyclopedia of Islam''. 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E. Transliterated and Explained by E.H. Palmer|publisher=Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund}} *{{cite book|last1=Robinson|first1=E.|author-link1=Edward Robinson (scholar)|last2=Smith|first2=E.|author-link2=Eli Smith|year=1841|url=https://archive.org/details/biblicalresearc00smitgoog |title=Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea: A Journal of Travels in the year 1838| location=Boston|publisher=Crocker & Brewster|volume=2}} *{{cite book|last1=Robinson|first1=E.|author-link1=Edward Robinson (scholar)|last2=Smith|first2=E.|author-link2=Eli Smith|year=1841|url=https://archive.org/details/biblicalresearch03robiuoft |title=Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea: A Journal of Travels in the year 1838| location=Boston|publisher=Crocker & Brewster|volume=3}} *{{cite journal|last1=Seriy|first1=Gregory|date= 2009-08-04 |url=http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=1180&mag_id=115 |title=Amazya East |publisher=Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel |number=121}} *{{cite book|last=Shapira|first= A.|author-link=Anita Shapira |year=2008 |title=Yigal Allon; Native Son; A Biography |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iogKjVDKRW4C |location= Pennsylvania|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|isbn= 978-0-8122-4028-3 }} *{{cite journal | last = Socin | first =A.| author-link = Albert Socin | title = Alphabetisches Verzeichniss von Ortschaften des Paschalik Jerusalem | journal = Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins | volume = 2 | pages = [https://archive.org/details/zeitschriftdesde01deut/page/135 135]–163 | url = https://archive.org/details/zeitschriftdesde01deut | year = 1879}} *{{cite book|last=Stillman |first= Yedida Kalfon |year=1979 |title=Palestinian Costume and Jewelry|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fZDYAAAAMAAJ|location= Albuquerque|publisher= University of New Mexico Press|isbn= 0-8263-0490-7}} (A catalog of the [https://web.archive.org/web/20071230160757/http://www.moifa.org/collections/coll-textile.html Museum of International Folk Art] (MOIFA) at Santa Fe's collection of Palestinian clothing and jewelry.) *{{cite journal|last1=Varga|first1=Daniel |last2=Israel |first2= Yigal |date= 2014-05-04 |url=http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=8487&mag_id=121 |title=Amazya |publisher=Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel |number=126}} {{refend}}

==External links== *[http://www.palestineremembered.com/Hebron/al-Dawayima/index.html Welcome to al-Dawayima] *[http://www.zochrot.org/en/village/49115 al-Dawayima], Zochrot *Survey of Western Palestine, Map 20: [http://www.iaa-archives.org.il/zoom/zoom.aspx?folder_id=93&type_id=6&id=8382 IAA], [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Survey_of_Western_Palestine_1880.20.jpg Wikimedia commons] *[http://www.alnakba.org/villages/hebron/dawayima.htm al-Dawayima] at Khalil Sakakini Cultural Center

{{Palestinian Arab villages depopulated during the 1948 Palestine War}} {{Authority control}}

Category:Arab villages depopulated during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War Category:District of Hebron Category:Ancient Jewish settlements of Judea