{{Short description|American defector}} {{Infobox military person | name = David Fagen | birth_date = 1875 | death_date = Unknown date | birth_place = Tampa, Florida, U.S. | death_place = | burial_place = | burial_label = | image = David Fagen.jpg | caption = | allegiance = {{flagicon|First Philippine Republic}} Philippines <br> {{flagicon|USA|1896}} United States | branch = United States Army (until November 1899)<br>23px Philippine Republican Army (November 1899–1901) | service_years = | rank = 15px Corporal (United States Army)<br /><br />16pxCaptain (Philippine Republican Army) | unit = US Army 24th Regiment {{small|(until November 1899)}} | battles = Philippine–American War | awards = }}
'''David Fagen''' or '''David Fagin''' (1875–?) was an African-American soldier who defected during the Philippine–American War. He acquired the rank of captain in the Philippine Republican Army.<ref>{{cite book|title=Black Soldier White Army (Paperback)| date=1996 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5XidO3Eo0zYC|publisher=Government Printing Office|isbn=978-0-16-087264-8|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=5XidO3Eo0zYC&dq=%22david+fagen%22+captain&pg=PA12 12]}}</ref><ref name="white">{{cite book|author1=William T. Bowers|author2=William M. Hammond|author3=George L. MacGarrigle|title=Black Soldier, White Army: The 24th Infantry Regiment in Korea|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s5smqFkTmcIC|date=May 1997|publisher=DIANE Publishing|isbn=978-0-7881-3990-1|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=s5smqFkTmcIC&pg=PA12 12]}}</ref>
== Early Life == A native of Tampa, Florida,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/fagen-david-1875/|title=David Fagen (1875-?)|first=Vicente|last=Rafael|work=BlackPast.org|date=11 February 2007 }}</ref> Fagen's mother, Sylvia, died in 1883. Conflicting accounts exist regarding his father, Sam, though he was likely a laborer.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Jackson |first=Joe |title=Splendid Liberators |publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux |year=2025 |isbn=978-0-374-19190-0}}</ref> Marrying Maggie Washington at age 19, they moved into the so-called "Scrub" slum, and Fagen would work for the Hull Phosphate Company dredging up phosphate rock from riverbeds. Shifts were 10 hours a day for a pay of $1. Conditions for the company's laborers at the time, which sometimes included leased convicts, were poor. This experience left him toughened and scarred in multiple places.<ref name=":0" />
==Service== Fagen served in the 24th Regiment of the U.S. Army, lying about his marital status to enlist. He was sent off to war just before the 1898 Tampa riot. After some time deployed in Cuba, where he contracted Yellow Fever caring for allied casualties in a fever camp, he returned to Fort Douglas, where he attended post school before being discharged with a 'good' rating.<ref name=":0" />
However, upon returning home, he discovered his father had passed away while he was gone, and that his wife had started a family with another man in their old house. This prompted Fagen to reenlist in the same regiment of Buffalo Soldiers.
Fagen chafed under Company I's Lieutenant James Alfred Moss, who repeatedly fined Fagen for multiple offenses, the nature of which were often unlisted in army records. Fagen requested to be transferred to a different unit multiple times and was denied each time.<ref name=":0" />
His defection was likely a reaction to racist treatment of African-American soldiers within the United States armed forces at the time, as well as racist sentiments expressed towards the Filipino resistance, who were frequently referred to by American soldiers as "niggers" and "gugus".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ryan|first1=David|editor1-last=Cullinane|editor1-first=Michael Patrick|title=U.S. Foreign Policy and the Other|date=2014|publisher=Berghahn|isbn=978-1782384397|pages=114–115|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pyMfAwAAQBAJ&q=David+Fagen+defection&pg=PA114|accessdate=3 August 2015}}</ref>
By contrast, the native Filipinos generally got along well with the African-American soldiers. There is also the chance Fagen had read signposts written specifically for the 24th by the Philippine revolutionaries which encouraged defection and cited multiple prominent lynchings of the time.<ref name=":0" />
On November 17, 1899,<ref>{{Cite journal|title = An African American Soldier in the Philippine Revolution:An Homage to David Fagen|url = https://www.academia.edu/242727|page = 20|website = www.academia.edu|accessdate = 2015-12-15|author = E. San Juan Jr.|author-link = E. San Juan Jr.|archive-date = 2022-02-24|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220224200152/https://www.academia.edu/242727|url-status = dead}}</ref> he defected to the Filipino army,<ref>Rudy Rimando, [http://hnn.us/articles/8658.html "Interview with Historical Novelist William Schroder: Before Iraq, There Was the Philippines"], November 28, 2004, [http://hnn.us History News Network].</ref> taking with him a stack of sackful of revolvers. His exact reasoning is debated, likely a mix of general exhaustion, conscious political action, and newfound love for a local young woman he met in San Isidro. Regardless, he soon became a guerrilla leader.
The first mention of Fagen in U.S. army reports after this was on March 20, 1900, where Major Joe Wheeler Jr. indicates he was sighted fighting with the forces of Colonel Padilla. There, Fagen taught marksmanship and tactics to the insurgents. He regularly taunted his former unit with his presence before slipping away unscathed, and the American forces kept his actions a secret from the public for as long as they were able to avoid negative press. Still, fear of his actions inspiring further desertions was high, and as a result, relations between white and black enlisted men in the Philippines soured further.<ref name=":0" />
Fagen was frequently hunted by Frederick Funston, who placed high importance on his capture, as Fagen inspired a marked increase in guerrilla recruitment, though personal hatred was also a factor. Funston would order the companies under his command to burn down villages among other war crimes in order to flush him out, as reported in the New York World, and Funston tormented his black soldiers.<ref name=":0" />
When Fagen's forces achieved victories in battles or supply raids, American prisoners were frequently taken. The testimony of those eventually released in prisoner exchanges, including Lieutenant Frederick W. Alstaetter, indicated they were treated with "reserved affability" and "the very best he could under the circumstances". Alstaetter also spoke with Fagen, who vowed that he would never be captured alive.<ref name=":0" /> When General José Alejandrino later surrendered, Fagen did not do so with him, instead retreating with his new common law wife in tow.
After two other black deserters were captured and executed, President Theodore Roosevelt announced he would stop executing captured deserters.<ref name="white"/>
==Supposed death== As the war ended, the US gave amnesties to most of their opponents. A substantial reward was offered for Fagen, who was considered a traitor.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20091027112545/http://www.geocities.com/mnsocialist/fagen.html The Saga of David Fagen<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> There are multiple conflicting versions of his fate: one is that his was the partially decomposed head for which the reward was claimed, presented along with a number of his personal effects. This version is disputed due to the lack of Fagen's identifiable facial scars on the head, and the account of a former member of the 25th infantry regiment who later housed him briefly in Manila. According to Fagen's biographer, Michael Morey, Fagen was killed in the summer of 1906 by scouts in Nueva Ecija. Another version is supported by Major Edwin Price Ramsey, who fought the Japanese in the Philippines during World War II. Ramsey met a man in the jungles of Mindoro who matched Fagen's age and description, introducing himself under a false name. This man had married multiple times and lived peacefully in the mountains.<ref name=":0" />
==Media portrayals== * Portrayed by Quester Hannah, an American theater actor, in the 2013 indie film, ''David F''.
==References== <references/>
==Further reading== *{{cite journal|url=http://clogic.eserver.org/2009/SanJuan.pdf|title=An African-American Soldier in the Philippine Revolution : A Homage to David Fagen|author=E. San Juan|author-link=E. San Juan Jr.|journal=Cultural Logic: An Electronic Journal of Marxist Theory and Practice|year=2009|access-date=2014-01-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512161256/http://clogic.eserver.org/2009/SanJuan.pdf|archive-date=2013-05-12|url-status=dead}} *{{cite journal|title=David Fagen: An African-American Rebel in the Philippines, 1899-1901|journal=Pacific Historical Review|volume=44|issue=1|pages=68–83|date=February 1975|jstor = 3637898|last1 = Robinson|first1 = Michael C.|last2=Schubert|first2=Frank N.|doi=10.2307/3637898}} *{{cite web|last1=Quigley|first1=Bill|title=Black American Anti-Imperialist Fighters in the Philippine American War|url=http://www.blackagendareport.com/content/black-american-anti-imperialist-fighters-philippine-american-war|website=Black Agenda Report|date=2009-09-16}} * {{cite book | last=Morey | first=M. | title=Fagen: An African American Renegade in the Philippine-American War | publisher=University of Wisconsin Press | year=2019 | isbn=978-0-299-31940-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tIGADwAAQBAJ }} {{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Fagen, David}} Category:People of the Philippine–American War Category:American military personnel of the Philippine–American War Category:American defectors Category:United States Army soldiers Category:Buffalo Soldiers Category:American rebels Category:American expatriates in the Philippines Category:Year of death unknown Category:1875 births