Mandsaur

{{About|the municipality in Madhya Pradesh, India|its namesake district|Mandsaur District}} {{more citations needed|date=August 2022}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}} {{Use Indian English|date=March 2017}} {{Infobox settlement | name = Mandsaur | official_name =  | native_name = | other_name = | settlement_type = City | image_skyline = {{Photomontage |size = 255 |photo1a = 0111321 Pasupatinath temple, Mandsaur Madhya Pradesh 138.jpg |photo2a = Railway Station Mandsaur MP.png | spacing = 6 | position = | color_border = Black | color = white | foot_montage =}} | image_alt = | image_caption = Pashupati Nath Mahadev Mandir, Mandsaur, Mandsaur Railway Station building | nickname = Dashpur | pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh#India | pushpin_label_position = right | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_relief = | pushpin_map_caption = | coordinates = {{coord|24.072|N|75.069|E|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = India | subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]] | subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Mandsaur district]] | established_title =  | established_date = | founder = | named_for = Dashpur | government_type = [[Mayor–council government|Mayor–Council]] | governing_body = Mandsaur Municipality | leader_title = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] | leader_name = Vipin Jain [[Indian National Congress|INC]] | leader_title1 = [[Member of parliament (India)|MP]] | leader_name1 = [[Sudhir Gupta]] [[BJP]] | leader_title2 = [[Mayor]] | leader_name2 = Smt. Ramadevi Gujar [[BJP]] | unit_pref = Metric | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = 50 | area_rank = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | population_total = 141,667 | population_as_of = 2011 | population_footnotes = <ref name="2011pop" /> | population_density_km2 = auto | population_rank = | population_demonym = Mandsauri, Mandsaurian | demographics_type1 = Demographics | demographics1_title1 = Official language | demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]] | demographics1_title2 = Literacy rate | demographics1_info2 = 71.64% | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] | utc_offset1 = +5:30 | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] | postal_code = 458001/2 | area_code = 07422 | area_code_type = Telephone code | registration_plate = MP-14 | website = {{URL|https://mandsaur.nic.in}} | footnotes = }} [[File:Pashupatinath Mandsaur.jpg|thumb|Idol of Lord Pashupatinath in Mandsaur]] '''Mandsaur''' is a city and a municipality in Mandsaur district located on the border of [[Mewar]] and [[Malwa]] regions of [[Madhya Pradesh]], a state in Central India. It is the administrative headquarters of [[Mandsaur District]]. The ancient [[Pashupatinath Temple, Mandsaur|Pashupatinath Temple]] is located in Mandsaur. Later come under Gwalior state Which was 2nd biggest state. Mandsaur is famous for its opium farming.

==Name== Mandsaur is identified with the city of '''Daśapura''', which is attested in various ancient and medieval texts and inscriptions. According to the 12th-century Jain work called the ''[[Parishishtaparvan|Pariśiṣṭaparvan]]'', the name ''Daśapura'' was given to the city by a group of merchants visiting the royal fortress of a king named Udayana and his ten sons.<ref name="Gupta 1973">{{cite book |last1=Gupta |first1=Parmanand |title=Geography in Ancient Indian Inscriptions |date=1973 |publisher=D. K. Publishing House |location=Delhi |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.111857 |access-date=22 July 2023}}</ref>{{rp|68–9}}

==History==

===Aulikaras of Dashapura=== Epigraphical discoveries have brought to light two ancient royal houses, who call themselves as [[Aulikaras]] and ruled from Dashapura (present-day Mandsaur). The first dynasty, who ruled from Dashapura from the beginning comprised the following kings in the order of succession: Jayavarma, Simhavarma, Naravarma, Vishvavarma and Bandhuvarma. The Risthal stone slab inscription discovered in 1983 has brought to light another Aulikara dynasty, which comprised the following kings in the order of succession: Drumavardhana, Jayavardhana Ajitavardhana, Vibhishanavardhana, Rajyavardhana and Prakashadharma. After Parakshadharma, the ruler of Mandsaur was [[Yashodharman|Yashodharma]], who is identified with Vishnuvardhana, who erected a pillar of victory at [[Bayana]] due to which Bayana's name became [[Vijaygarh]]. In all probabilities, he was the son and immediate successor of Prakashadharma.<ref>Agarwal, Ashvini (1989). ''Rise and Fall of the Imperial Guptas'', Delhi:Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|81-208-0592-5}}, pp.250-6</ref>

=== Yashodharman rule === [[File:Sondani.jpg|thumb|Victory pillar of Yashodharman at Sondani, Mandsaur]] [[File:Sondani4.jpg|thumb|Info of Victory pillar of Yashodharman at Sondani, Mandsaur]] {{Main|Sondani inscription|Sondani}} [[Sondani]] (सोंधनी) is a small village at a distance of about 4 km from Mandsaur situated on Mahu-Nimach Highway towards Mahu. In a part of the inscription [[Yasodharman]] praises himself for having defeated king [[Mihirakula]]:<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://pro.geo.univie.ac.at/projects/khm/showcases/showcase9?language=en |title=Coin Cabinet of the Kunsthistorisches Museum Vienna |access-date=23 July 2017 |archive-date=1 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191101061621/http://pro.geo.univie.ac.at/projects/khm/showcases/showcase9?language=en |url-status=dead }}</ref>

{{Blockquote|"He (Yasodharman) to whose two feet respect was paid, with complimentary presents of the flowers from the lock of hair on the top of (his) head, by even that (famous) king [[Mihirakula]], whose forehead was pained through being bent low down by the strength of (his) arm in (the act of compelling) obeisance"|Sondani pillar inscription<ref>Punjab Monitor, April 2013 [http://www.punjabmonitor.com/2013/04/sondhni-pillars-where-punjabis-met-with.html], from Fleet, John F. Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum: Inscriptions of the Early Guptas. Vol. III. Calcutta: Government of India, Central Publications Branch, 1888, 147-148.</ref>}}

===Gurjara-Pratihara Dynasty=== {{Main|Mahendrapala II}} The [[Gurjara Pratihara]] empire was extended up to [[Mandasor]] during the reign of [[Mahendrapala II]].<ref>{{cite book|title=History of Kanauj: To the Moslem Conquest|author=Rama Shankar Tripathi|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|year=1989|isbn=978-81-208-0404-3|page=269|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Tnh2QjGhMQC&pg=PA269}}</ref>

=== Medieval era === There are two gardens in which there is a pillar of torandwar. It is believed to be pillar of Surya Mandir of the inscription of Bandhu Varma. There is a [[Shiva]] statue also in the garden.<ref name="Usha Agarwal p. 19">Usha Agarwal:Mandsaur Zile ke Puratatvik samarakon ki paryatan ki drishti se sansadhaniyata - Ek Adhyayan, Chrag Prakashan Udaipur, 2007, p. 19</ref>

=== Maratha Empire === The [[Battle of Mandsaur]] took place in Mandsaur, [[India]] between the [[Maratha Empire|Maratha]] [[Maratha Army|Army]] and [[Jai Singh II]] of [[Kingdom of Amber|Amber]]. In February 1732, the Marathas completely surrounded Jai Singh with their enormous cavalry and started cutting of his supplies. The Jaipur Raja was forced to sue for peace, he offered the Marathas six lakhs, but [[House of Holkar|Holkar]] refused and demanded more. While the negotiations were taking place, a rumour surfaced about reinforcements from the emperor. This raised the morale of the [[Jaipur]] army and the [[Rajput]]s got ready for battle, the Marathas quickly attacked the rearguard of the Jaipur army and killed its commander. The Rajputs also attacked and killed fifteen Maratha officers in the fight that followed. Holkar and his men retreated 30 miles away from the battlefield. Jai Singh followed them but was outpaced by the [[Maratha Army|Maratha cavalry]] who reached Jai Singhs camp and forced him to surrender.<ref name=JP>{{Cite book|first=Jadunath|last=Sarkar|title=History of Jaipur: C. 1503-1938|publisher=Orient Longman|year=1984|isbn=9788125003335|pages=180|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O0oPIo9TXKcC&q=Malwa|access-date=2020-09-24}}</ref> Jai Singh was forced to give six lakhs to Holkar and allow him to collect [[chauth]] from 28 pargana's in [[Malwa]].<ref name=JP/> The Maratha victory at the Battle of Mandsaur<ref>S.R. Bakshi And O.P. Ralhan, ''Madhya Pradesh Through the Ages'', page 362</ref> had the following consequences: [[Scindia]]s and [[House of Holkar|Holkar]]s were emboldened to renew their attack on [[Rajputana]]. [[Kota, Rajasthan|Kota]] and [[Bundi]] were made the next targets in the same year by the Marathas.

=== Princely State === In 19th century before India's independence in 1947, Mandsaur was part of the [[princely state]] of [[Gwalior State|Gwalior]]. It gave its name to the treaty with the [[House of Holkar|Holkar]] [[Maharaja]] of [[Indore]], who concluded the [[Third Anglo-Maratha War]] and the [[Pindari War]] in 1818. At the turn of the 20th century, it was a centre of the Malwa [[opium]] trade.

=== Mention in Kalidas Manuscript === The [http://kavitakosh.org/kk/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B_/_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8 47th stanza] of [[Kalidasa|Kalidas]]'s poem [[Meghadūta|Meghdoot]] (Purva-megha) mentions Dashpur. In his aesthetic piece of writing, Kalidas writes about the beauty of women's eyes in Dashpur.

==Geography== Mandsaur district is bordered by [[Neemuch district|Neemuch]] and [[Ratlam district|Ratlam]] districts of Madhya Pradesh and [[Chittorgarh district|Chittorgarh]], [[Kota district|Kota]], [[Jhalawar district|Jhalawar]], [[Pratapgarh district, Rajasthan|Pratapgarh]] and [[Bhilwara district|Bhilwara]] districts of [[Rajasthan]].

Mandsaur district forms the northern projection of Madhya Pradesh from its western Division, i.e., Ujjain Commissioner's Division. It lies between the parallels of latitude 230 45' 50" North and 250 2' 55" North, and between the meridians of longitude 740 42' 30" East and 750 50' 20" East.

The district is an average size district of Madhya Pradesh. It extends for about {{cvt|142|km}} from north to south and {{cvt|124|km}} from east to west. The total area is {{cvt|5521|km2}} with a population of 1,16,483 in 2001.

==Demographics== {{As of|2011}} India [[census]],<ref name="2011pop">{{cite web |title=Cities having population 1 lakh and above, Census 2011 |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf |publisher=censusindia.gov |access-date=20 November 2020}}</ref> Mandsaur had a population of 141,468 male population was 72,370 and female population was 69,098, giving a sex-ration of 898. Mandsaur had an effective literacy rate of 86.79%, higher than the national average: male literacy was 92.74, and female literacy was 80.60%. 15,721 (11.1%) of the population was under 6 years of age.

==Education== The institutes and universities headquartered in Mandsaur include: *[https://www.shiksha.com/college/mandsaur-institute-of-technology-mit-mandsaur-madhya-pradesh-other-20558 Mandsaur Institute of Technology] *[https://meu.edu.in/ Mandsaur University] *[https://spgmcmandsaur.org/ Sunder Lal Patwa Government Medical College Mandsaur] *[https://mandsauruniversity.in/ayurveda/ Mandsaur Institute of Ayurved Education and Research]

==Notable people== * [[Yashodharman]], the ruler of the Malava Empire * [[Sudhir Gupta]], Indian Politician * [[Jagdish Devda]], Indian Politician and deputy CM of MP * [[Sunder Lal Patwa]], Indian Politician and 11th CM of MP * [[Virendra Kumar Sakhlecha]], Indian Politician and 10th CM of MP * [[Laxminarayan Pandey]], Indian Politician * [[Vipin Jain]], Indian Politician

==Transportation== * '''Mandsaur Railway Station'''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/mandsor-mds/317 | title=Mandsor Railway Station Map/Atlas WR/Western Zone - Railway Enquiry }}</ref> It is the main station in Mandsaur. Its code is MDS. Mandsaur is B category railway station of [[Western Railway Zone]] on the [[Ajmer]] — [[Ratlam]] section. Mandsaur is connected to [[Ratlam]], [[Ujjain]] via [[Nagda]] and [[Kota, Rajasthan|Kota]], [[Bundi]] via [[Chittorgarh]].

==References== {{reflist}} *{{EB1911|wstitle=Mandasor|volume=17|page=559}}

[[Category:Mandsaur| ]] [[Category:Former capitals in India]] [[Category:Cities in Madhya Pradesh]]