{{Short description|Species of bird}} {{Speciesbox | image = Daption capense capense, at sea off Cape of Good Hope, South Africa 08.jpg | image_caption = ''Daption capense capense'' at sea off the Cape of Good Hope, South Africa | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name=iucn>{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2018 |title=''Daption capense'' |volume=2018 |article-number=e.T22697879A132610612 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22697879A132610612.en |access-date=11 November 2021}}</ref> | genus = Daption | parent_authority = Stephens, 1826 | species = capense | authority = (Linnaeus, 1758) | subdivision_ranks = Subspecies | subdivision = *''D. capense capense'' <small>(Linnaeus, 1758)</small><br /> *''D. capense australe'' <small>Mathews, 1913</small> | synonyms = ''Procellaria capensis'' {{small|Linnaeus, 1758}} | range_map = Daption capense map.svg }}
The '''pintado petrel''' ('''''Daption capense'''''), also called the '''Cape petrel''', or '''Cape fulmar''',<ref>{{Cite book|title = Australian Bird Names: A Complete Guide|last1 = Fraser|first1 = Ian|publisher = CSIRO|year = 2013|isbn = 978-0-643-10470-9|pages = 46|last2 = Gray|first2 = Jeannie}}</ref> is a common seabird of the Southern Ocean from the family Procellariidae. It is the only member of the genus '''''Daption''''', and is allied to the fulmarine petrels and the giant petrels. It is an abundant seabird, with an estimated population of around 2 million.<ref name=iucn/>
==Taxonomy== The pintado petrel was formally described by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in 1758 in the tenth edition of his ''Systema Naturae'' under the binomial name ''Procellaria capensis''.<ref>{{cite book | last=Linnaeus | first=Carl | author-link=Carl Linnaeus | year=1758 | title= Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis | volume= 1 | edition=10th | page=132 | publisher=Laurentii Salvii | location=Holmiae (Stockholm) | language=Latin | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/727037 }}</ref> Linnaeus cited the "white and black spotted peteril" that had been described and illustrated in 1747 by the English naturalist George Edwards in the second volume of his ''A Natural History of Uncommon Birds''.<ref>{{ cite book | last=Edwards | first=George | author-link=George Edwards (naturalist) | year=1747 | title=A Natural History of Uncommon Birds | location=London | publisher=Printed for the author at the College of Physicians | volume= II | page=90, Plate 90 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/50240820 }}</ref><ref>{{ cite book | editor1-last=Mayr | editor1-first=Ernst | editor1-link=Ernst Mayr | editor2-last=Cottrell | editor2-first=G. William | year=1979 | title=Check-List of Birds of the World | volume= 1 | edition=2nd | publisher=Museum of Comparative Zoology | location=Cambridge, Massachusetts | page=64 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/16108704 }}</ref> The pintado petrel is now the only species placed in the genus ''Daption'', introduced in 1826 by English naturalist James Francis Stephens.<ref>{{ cite book | last=Stephens | first=James Francis | author-link=James Francis Stephens | editor-last=Shaw | editor-first=George | editor-link=George Shaw (biologist) | year=1826 | title=General Zoology, or Systematic Natural History: Volume 13, Part 1 | volume= 13| location=London | publisher=Kearsley et al. | page=239 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/36850266 }}</ref><ref name=ioc>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | editor3-last=Rasmussen | editor3-first=Pamela | editor3-link=Pamela C. Rasmussen | date=August 2024 | title=Petrels, albatrosses | work=IOC World Bird List Version 14.2 | url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/petrels/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | access-date=27 November 2024 }}</ref> The genus name ''Daption'' is an anagram of the Portuguese name "Pintado" which was given to the species by navigators because of its pied plumage. ''Pintado'' is Portuguese and Spanish for "painted". The specific epithet ''capense'' signifies the Cape of Good Hope, the locality where the type specimen was collected.<ref>{{cite book | last=Jobling | first=James A. | year=2010| title=The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | publisher=Christopher Helm | location=London | isbn=978-1-4081-2501-4 | pages=[https://archive.org/stream/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling#page/n89/mode/1up 89], [https://archive.org/stream/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling#page/n130/mode/1up 130-131]}}</ref> The word ''petrel'' is derived from Saint Peter and the story of his walking on water. This is in reference to the petrel's habit of appearing to run on the water to take off.<ref name="Gotch">Gotch, A. T. (1995)</ref> Historically, it was also sometimes known as "Cape pigeon", due to early sailors thinking it resembled a pigeon.<ref name="Heinzel">{{cite book |last1=Heinzel |first1=Hermann |last2=Fitter |first2=Richard |last3=Parslow |first3=John |title=The Birds of Britain and Europe |date=1972 |publisher=Collins |location=London |isbn=978-0-00-212034-0 |page=24}}</ref>
All Procellariiformes share certain identifying features. First, they have nasal passages that attach to the upper bill called naricorns. The bills of Procellariiformes are also unique in that they are split into between seven and nine horny plates. They produce a stomach oil made up of wax esters and triglycerides that is stored in the proventriculus. This can be sprayed out of their mouths as a defence against predators and as an energy rich food source for chicks and for the adults during their long flights.<ref>Double, M. C. (2003)</ref> Finally, they also have a salt gland that is situated above the nasal passage and helps desalinate their bodies, due to the high amount of ocean water that they imbibe. It excretes a high saline solution from their nose.<ref>Ehrlich, Paul R. (1988)</ref>
==Description== The pintado petrel has a black head and neck, and a white belly, breast, and its underwing is white with a black border. Its back, and upperwings are black and white speckled, as is its tail which also has a band of black. It is {{cvt|35|-|40|cm}} long and the wingspan {{cvt|80|-|90|cm}}.<ref name=hanzab>{{cite book | year=1990 | chapter=''Daption capese'' Cape Petrel | editor1-last=Marchant | editor1-first=S. | editor2-last=Higgins | editor2-first=P.G. | title=Handbook of Australian, New Zealand & Antarctic Birds. Volume 1: Ratites to ducks; Part A, Ratites to petrels | location=Melbourne, Victoria | publisher=Oxford University Press | isbn=978-0-19-553068-1 | pages=391–402 | chapter-url=https://nzbirdsonline.org.nz/sites/all/files/067_Cape%20Petrel.pdf | archive-date=2024-03-17 | access-date=2021-12-29 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317090213/https://nzbirdsonline.org.nz/sites/all/files/067_Cape%20Petrel.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref>
Two subspecies are recognised, though intermediates occur:<ref name=ioc/><ref name="Simpson">{{cite book |last1=Simpson |first1=Ken |last2=Day |first2=Nicholas | title=Field guide to the birds of Australia | publisher=Penguin | publication-place=Camberwell, Vic | date=2010 | isbn=978-0-670-07231-6 | page=34}}</ref><ref name="HBW">{{ cite book | year=1992 | editor1-last=del Hoyo | editor1-first=J. | editor2-last=Elliott | editor2-first=A. | editor3-last=Sargatal | editor3-first=J. | title=Handbook of the Birds of the World | volume=1: Ostrich to Ducks | location=Barcelona, Spain | publisher=Lynx Edicions | isbn=84-87334-10-5 | pages=236–237 }}</ref> * ''D. c. capense'' (Linnaeus, 1758) – breeds on circumpolar subantarctic islands, winters at sea north to around the Tropic of Capricorn and locally further north in cold currents (to the Equator around the Galapagos Islands). Larger; back white with black spots. * ''D. c. australe'' Mathews, 1913 – breeds on subantarctic islands around and south of New Zealand, extends northwest to southeastern Australian waters outside of the breeding season. Smaller; back solid blackish-brown down to the top of rump.
==Distribution and habitat== During breeding season, pintado petrels feed at sea around Antarctica, and during the winter they range further north, as far as Angola and the Galapagos Islands. They breed on many islands of Antarctica and the subantarctic islands, some as far north as the Auckland Islands, the Chatham Islands, Campbell Island. Their main breeding grounds are on the Antarctic Peninsula, South Georgia, the Balleny Islands, the Kerguelen Islands, as well as islands in the Scotia Sea.<ref name="ZCZ">ZipCode Zoo (16 Jul 2009)</ref> Birds have been reported from Northern Hemisphere waters, but are of unknown origin, probably captured by sailors and released in northern waters.<ref name="Heinzel"/><ref name="HBW"/>
==Behaviour== ===Diet=== The diet is 80% crustaceans, as well as fish and squid. Krill is their favoured crustacean, which they obtain by surface seizing as well as diving under water and filtering them out.<ref name="ZCZ"/><ref name="Greensmith">Harrison, C. & Greensmith, A. (1993)</ref> They are also well known for following ships and eating edible waste and carcasses thrown overboard. They are aggressive while feeding and will spit their stomach oil at competitors, even their own species.<ref name="ZCZ"/>
===Breeding=== They are colonial birds, and nest on cliffs or level ground within a kilometre of the ocean.<ref name="ZCZ"/> They tend to have smaller colonies than other petrels.<ref name="Greensmith"/> Their nests are formed with pebbles and shells and are placed under overhanging rock for protection,<ref name="ZCZ"/><ref name="Greensmith"/> or in a crevice.<ref name="Greensmith"/> In November they lay a single clear white egg, which is incubated for 45 days by both sexes. The egg usually measures {{convert|53|x|38|mm|in}}.<ref name="Hauber2014">{{cite book|last=Hauber|first=Mark E.|title=The Book of Eggs: A Life-Size Guide to the Eggs of Six Hundred of the World's Bird Species|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=evQvBAAAQBAJ|date=1 August 2014|publisher=University of Chicago Press|location=Chicago|isbn=978-0-226-05781-1|page=41}}</ref> Like most other fulmars, they will defend their nest by spitting stomach oil. Skuas in particular will prey on pintado petrel eggs and chicks. Upon hatching, the chick is brooded for ten days until it can thermoregulate, after which both parents assist in the feeding. The chicks fledge after 45 more days, around March.<ref name="ZCZ"/>
==Conservation== The pintado petrel has an occurrence range of {{convert|146000000|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}} and a 2009 estimate places their population of adult birds at 2 million. Consequently, the IUCN rates them as least concern.<ref name=iucn/>
==Gallery== <gallery> File:Daption capense capense, at sea off Cape of Good Hope, South Africa 04.jpg|''D. c. capense'' in flight, upperwing pattern; off Cape of Good Hope File:Daption capense capense, at sea off Cape of Good Hope, South Africa 02.jpg|''D. c. capense'' in flight, underwing pattern; off Cape of Good Hope File:Daption capense in flight - SE Tasmania.jpg|''D. c. capense'' or intergrade with ''D. c. australe'', southeast of Tasmania File:Daption capense in flight 2 - SE Tasmania.jpg|''D. c. australe'' southeast of Tasmania; note dark back. File:Capepetrel kinggeorgeisland.jpg|Nesting on King George Island File:Daption capense MHNT.jpg|Egg File:Fulmarus capensis - 1700-1880 - Print - Iconographia Zoologica - Special Collections University of Amsterdam - UBA01 IZ17900108.tif|Illustration </gallery>
==References== {{Reflist}}
==Sources== * {{cite encyclopedia |last=Double | first = M. C. |editor1-first = Michael | editor1-last = Hutchins | editor2-first = Jerome A. | editor2-last = Jackson | editor3-first = Walter J. | editor3-last = Bock | editor4-first = Donna | editor4-last = Olendorf | others = Joseph E. Trumpey, Chief Scientific Illustrator | encyclopedia = Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia | title = Procellariiformes (Tubenosed Seabirds) | edition = 2nd | year = 2003 | publisher = Gale Group | volume = 8 Birds I Tinamous and Ratites to Hoatzins | location = Farmington Hills, MI | isbn = 0-7876-5784-0 | pages = 107–111}} * {{cite book|last1=Ehrlich|first1=Paul R.|last2=Dobkin|first2=David S.|last3=Wheye|first3=Darryl|title=The Birders Handbook|edition=First|year=1988|publisher=Simon & Schuster|location=New York, NY|isbn=0-671-65989-8|pages=[https://archive.org/details/birdershandbookf00ehrl_0/page/29 29]–31|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/birdershandbookf00ehrl_0}} * {{cite book |last1=Gotch | first1 = A. F. | title = Latin Names Explained A Guide to the Scientific Classifications of Reptiles, Birds & Mammals | year = 1995 | orig-date = 1979 | publisher = Facts on File | location = New York, NY | isbn = 0-8160-3377-3 | pages = 191–192| chapter = Albatrosses, Fulmars, Shearwaters, and Petrels}} * {{cite book |last1=Harrison |first1=C. |last2=Greensmith |author-link1=Colin Harrison (ornithologist) |first2=A. |editor1-first=E. |editor1-last=Bunting |title=Birds of the World |year=1993 |publisher=Dorling Kindersley |location=New York, NY |isbn=1-56458-295-7 |page=[https://archive.org/details/birdsofworld0000harr/page/50 50] |url=https://archive.org/details/birdsofworld0000harr/page/50 }} * {{cite web|url=http://zipcodezoo.com/Animals/D/Daption_capense_australe/ |title=Daption capense australe (Snare Cape Pigeon) |access-date=20 Jul 2009 |author=ZipCode Zoo |date=3 Jul 2009 |publisher=BayScience Foundation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120609213137/http://zipcodezoo.com/Animals/D/Daption_capense_australe/ |archive-date=2012-06-09 }}
==External links== {{Commons category|Daption capense}}
{{Austrodyptornithes|P.|state=collapsed}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q524740}}
Category:Birds of Antarctica Category:Procellariidae Category:Birds of New Zealand Category:Birds of Tasmania Category:Birds of Macquarie Island Category:Birds of the Southern Ocean Category:Birds of Southern Africa Category:Birds of islands of the Atlantic Ocean Category:Birds of subantarctic islands Category:Birds of the Indian Ocean Category:Birds described in 1758 Category:Animal taxa named by Carl Linnaeus Category:Fauna of Heard Island and McDonald Islands