Daniele Manin

{{short description|Italian politician (1804–1857)}} {{Tone|date=December 2022}} {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}} {{Infobox officeholder | name = Daniele Manin | image = Daniele Manin.jpg | order = [[Republic of San Marco|President of the Republic of San Marco]] | term_start = 17 March 1848 | term_end = 22 August 1849 | predecessor = ''Office created'';<br>[[Ferdinand I of Austria|Ferdinando I]] as king of Lombardy–Venetia;<br>[[Ludovico Manin]] as last doge of Venice | successor = ''Office abolished'';<br>[[Franz Joseph I of Austria|Francesco Giuseppe I]] as king of Lombardy–Venetia | birth_date = {{birth date|1804|5|13|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Venice]], [[Italian Republic (Napoleonic)|Italian Republic]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1857|9|22|1804|5|13|df=y}} | death_place = [[Paris]], [[Second French Empire]] | profession = [[Teacher]]<br>[[Lawyer]] | party = [[Independent politician|Independent]] | spouse = Teresa Perissinotti (1824–1849; her death) | children = Giorgio (1831–1882) | alma_mater = [[University of Padua]] }}

'''Daniele Manin''' (13 May 1804{{snd}}22 September 1857) was an [[Italians|Italian]] [[Patriotism|patriot]], [[Politician|statesman]] and leader of the [[Risorgimento]] in [[Venice]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Daniele-Manin |title=Daniele Manin |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |publisher=Britannica, Inc. |access-date=19 March 2025}}</ref>

His mother, Anna Maria Bellotto, came from [[Padua]], while his father, Pietro Antonio Fonseca (1762–1829), came from a family that was originally from [[Verona]]. Daniele's Veronese grandfather, Samuele Medina, was [[Jewish]], but he converted to [[Christianity]] in 1759 and took the name Manin because [[Ludovico Manin]], the last [[Doge of Venice]], sponsored his conversion. Daniele Manin's niece was the painter and printmaker [[Leopoldina Zanetti Borzino]].<ref name="zanettiborzino">{{Cite web |title=Zanetti Borzino Leopoldina |url=http://www.galleriarecta.it/autore/zanetti-borzino-leopoldina/ |access-date=May 16, 2019 |website=Recta Galleria d'arte - Roma}}</ref>

Manin studied law in the [[University of Padua]].

From an early age, he hated [[Austrian Empire|Austria]], which at the time ruled Venice.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}

==Revolutionary leader== The failed attempt of the [[Bandiera Brothers]], Venetians who had served in the [[Austrian navy]], against the [[Kingdom of Naples|Neapolitan]] Bourbons in 1844, ignited the Venetian patriotism. In 1847, Manin presented a petition to the Venetian congregation, a consultative assembly tolerated by Austria, informing the emperor of the wants of the nation. He was arrested on a charge of high treason on 18 January 1848, although his arrest only served to agitate the Venetians.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}

Two months later, the people of Venice forced [[Pálffy ab Erdöd|Count Pallfy]], the Austrian governor, to release Manin (17 March). The Austrians soon lost control of the city: the [[Venetian Arsenal]] was seized by revolutionaries, and, under the direction of Manin, a civic guard and a provisional government were instituted. The Austrians withdrew from Venice on 26 March, and Manin became president of the [[Republic of San Marco]]. He was in favour of Italian unity and was not anxious about annexation to [[Kingdom of Sardinia|Piedmont]] because he would have liked to enlist French aid. He then resigned his powers to the Piedmontese commissioners on 7 August. But after the Piedmontese defeat at [[Battle of Custoza (1848)|Custoza]], and the armistice in which [[Charles Albert of Sardinia|King Charles Albert]] abandoned [[Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia|Lombardy and Venetia]] to Austria, the Venetians attempted to [[Lynching|lynch]] the royal commissioners, whose lives Manin saved. An assembly was summoned, and a [[triumvirate]] formed with Manin at its head.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}

Towards the end of 1848, the Austrians reoccupied all of the Venetian mainland. Early in 1849, Manin was again chosen president of the Republic, and conducted the defence of the city, with the citizens fighting back the reoccupation.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}

After the defeat of [[Charles Albert of Sardinia|Charles Albert]]'s troops at [[battle of Novara (1849)|Novara]] in March, the Venetian assembly voted to grant Manin powers.

Meanwhile, the Austrian forces closed around the city. Manin was seconded by the Neapolitan general, [[Guglielmo Pepe]], who led the Neapolitan army to defend Venice against his king's order. On 26 May, the Venetians were forced to abandon Fort [[Marghera]]; food was becoming scarce; on 19 June, the [[Magazine (artillery)|powder magazine]] blew up; and in July, [[cholera]] broke out. The Austrian batteries, subsequently, began to bombard Venice, and when the Sardinian fleet withdrew from the [[Adriatic]], the city was also attacked by sea.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}

On 24 August 1849, Manin succeeded in negotiating amnesty to save himself, Pepe and some others who were to go into exile. On 27 August, Manin left Venice on board a French ship.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}

==Exile and last years== His wife died in [[Marseille]], and he himself reached Paris.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} In Paris, he became a leader among the Italian exiles. There, he became a convert from republicanism to monarchism, being convinced that only under the auspices of [[Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia|King Victor Emmanuel]] could Italy be freed, and together with [[Giorgio Pallavicini]] and [[Giuseppe La Farina]], he founded the [[Società Nazionale Italiana]], with the object of propagating the idea of unity under the Piedmontese monarchy.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}

His daughter died in 1854 from her illness. Manin died on 22 September 1857 and was buried in [[Ary Scheffer]]'s family tomb.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}

In 1868, two years after the Austrians finally departed from Venice, his remains were brought to his native city and honoured with a public funeral.{{sfn|Cook Thomas and son|1874|p=29}}{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} The [[gondola]] carrying his [[coffin]] was decorated with a bow "surmounted by the [[lion of Saint Mark]], resplendent with gold", bore "the Venetian standard veiled with black [[crape]]", and had "two silver colossal statues waving the [[national colours of Italy]]".{{sfn|Cook Thomas and son|1874|p=29–30}} The statues represented the unification of Italy and Venice.{{sfn|Cook Thomas and son|1874|p=30}} His remains are interred in a sarcophagus, which is located in the [[Piazzetta dei Leoncini]], on the north side of the [[Basilica San Marco]].

==Evaluation== According to the [[Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition]], {{blockquote|Manin was a man of the greatest honesty, and possessed genuinely statesmanlike qualities. He believed in Italian unity when most men, even [[Count Camillo Benso di Cavour|Cavour]], regarded it as a vain thing.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} For example, during the 1856 [[Congress of Paris]], Manin met with Cavour to discuss the [[unification of Italy]]. After the meeting, Cavour wrote that Manin had talked about "''l'unità d'Italia ed altre corbellerie''" ("the unity of Italy and other nonsense").<ref>Holt, ''The Making of Italy: 1815–1870'', p. 195.</ref> Manin's work of propaganda by means of the Italian National Society greatly contributed to the success of the cause.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}}}

==Notes== {{reflist}}

==Sources== {{refbegin}} * {{EB1911|wstitle=Manin, Daniele |volume=17 |page=581}} This cites: ** A. Errera, ''Vita di D. Manin'' (Venice, 1872) ** P. de la Farge, ''Documents, &c., de D. Manin'' (Paris, 1860) ** [[Henri Martin (historian)|Henri Martin]], ''D. Manin'' (Paris, 1859) ** V. Marchesi, ''Settant' anni della storia di Venezia'' (Turin) ** A monograph in Countess Martinengo Cesaresco's ''Italian Characters'' (London, 1901) * {{cite book|title=The Siege of Venice |url=https://archive.org/details/siegeofvenice0000keat |url-access=registration |first=Jonathan |last=Keates |year=2005|publisher=Chatto & Windus |isbn=9780701166373 }} * {{cite book|title=Cook's handbook to Venice|publisher=Cook Thomas and son, ltd|year=1874|ref={{harvid|Cook Thomas and son|1874}} }} {{refend}}

==External links== * {{citation | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=vgo9AAAAIAAJ&q=%5E+Paul+Ginsborg,+%22Daniele+Manin+and+the+Venetian+revolution+of+1848-49%22, | title = Daniele Manin and the Venetian revolution of 1848–49 | first = Paul | last = Ginsborg| date = 26 July 1979 | publisher = CUP Archive | isbn = 9780521220774 }} * {{cite book |last=Errera |first=Rosa |year=1923 |title=Manin |publisher=Unknown}} See also: {{cite web |url=https://www.worldcat.org/identities/viaf-297015334/ |title=Rosa Errera |website=WorldCat |access-date=19 March 2025}} * {{citation | first = A | last = Errera | title = Vita di D. Manin | place = Venke | year = 1872 | language = it}} * {{citation | first = P | last = de la Farge | title = Documents, &c., de D. Manin | place = Paris | year = 1860 | language = fr}} * {{citation | first = Henri | last = Martin | title = D. Manin | place = Paris | year = 1859}} * {{citation | first = V | last = Marchesi | title = Settant antidellastoria di Venezia | place = Turin | language = it}} * {{citation | first = Countess Martinengo | last = Cesaresco | title = Italian Characters | place = London | year = 1901}} * {{citation | url = http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/83428274.html |first = Daniele |last = Manin | title = De la jurisprudence vénète civile, commerciale et criminelle |place = Paris | year = 1867 }}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Manin}} [[Category:1804 births]] [[Category:1857 deaths]]

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