{{Short description|American entertainer and composer (1815–1904)}} {{for|the California politician|Dan W. Emmett}} {{Use American English|date=May 2026}} {{Use mdy dates|date=October 2018}} {{Infobox military person | name = Dan Emmett | image = Dan D. Emmett (14759783551) (cropped).jpg | alt = Head shot of an older man with white hair and moustache, dressed in tuxedo and bow tie. | caption = Portrait of Emmett in 1895 | birth_name = Daniel Decatur Emmett | birth_date = October 29, 1815 | birth_place = Mount Vernon, Ohio, U.S. | death_date = {{death date and age|1904|6|28|1815|10|29}} | death_place = Mount Vernon, Ohio, U.S. | resting_place = | spouse = {{plainlist| * {{marriage|Catharine Rives|1853|May 1875|end=her death}} * {{marriage| Mary Bird|1879}} }} | other_work = Songwriter | allegiance = United States | branch = United States Army | service_years = 1834–1835 | rank = | unit = | battles = | awards = Songwriters Hall of Fame (1970) }}
'''Daniel Decatur Emmett''' (October 29, 1815{{snd}}June 28, 1904) was an American composer, entertainer, and founder of the first troupe of the blackface minstrel tradition, the Virginia Minstrels.<ref>''The Oxford Companion to Music'', Oxford University Press 1955 (Percy A. Scholes, ed.)</ref> He is most remembered as the composer of the song "Dixie".
==Early and family life== Dan Emmett was born in Mount Vernon, Ohio, then a frontier region.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mountvernonnews.com/stories/661318043-june-28-anniversary-of-the-death-of-dixie-composer-dan-emmett|title=Death Anniversary of Dixie Composer}}</ref>
His grandfather, Rev. John Emmett (1759–1847), had been born in Cecil County, Maryland, and after serving as a private in the American Revolutionary War and fighting at the Battle of White Plains in New York and later in Delaware, became a Methodist minister in the then-vast frontier of Augusta County, Virginia, and then moved across the Appalachian Mountains to Licking County, Ohio and also served in the Ohio legislature representing Pickaway County, Ohio in the Scioto River valley.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wiki.lickingcountylibrary.info/Rev._John_Emmett|title=Rev. John Emmett – Licking County Library's Wiki!}}</ref>
His father, Abraham Emmett (1791–1846), served as a private in the War of 1812 while his father served in the Ohio legislature.{{citation needed|date=October 2021}}
Notwithstanding his grandfather's career, Dan had little formal education. He learned popular tunes from his musical mother, and taught himself to play the fiddle.{{citation needed|date=October 2021}}
At age 13, Emmett became apprenticed to a printer and in 1836, when he was 21, enlisted in the United States Army.<ref>U.S. Army Register of enlistments p. 267 of 440 available at ancestry.com</ref><ref name="auto"/> He became an expert fifer and drummer at Newport Barracks, Newport, Kentucky.{{citation needed|date=October 2021}}
Emmett was a Catholic.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YSLCS7hg-DEC&q=Daniel+Emmett|title=The Ku Klux Klan in Mississippi : a history|last=Newton|first=Michael|date=2010|publisher=McFarland & Co|isbn=9780786457045|location=Jefferson, N.C.|pages=95|oclc=567910513}}</ref> He married Catharine Rives in 1853 in New York City, and they remained together until her death in 1875. Four years later, Emmett married Mary Bird (or Browner) in Chicago, Illinois; Emmett did not have children.<ref>Cook County register of marriages available on ancestry.com</ref>
==Career==
After receiving his discharge from the army on July 8, 1835, Emmett joined a Cincinnati circus. In 1840–1842 he toured with Angevine and other circuses as a blackface banjoist and singer.<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/subscriber/article/grove/music/08773?q=dan+emmett&article_section=all&search=article&pos=1&_start=1|title=Emmett [Emmit], Dan(iel Decatur)|first=Robert|last=Stevenson|date=March 13, 2019|publisher=Oxford University Press|access-date=March 13, 2019|doi=10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.08773}}</ref> In association with Billy Whitlock, Dick Pelham, and Frank Brower, he organized the Virginia Minstrels, which made their first appearance before a paying audience at the Chatham Theatre in New York City in 1843.<ref>Whitlock, who detailed the beginnings of the group, stated that the event was a benefit for Pelham. See Lawrence Hutton, "The Negro on the Stage," ''Harpers New Monthly Magazine'', June 1889, p. 140. Such an event occurred on January 31. See ''The New York Herald'', January 31, 1843, p. 3. The following day the ''Herald'' reported that the troupe would be appearing at the Bowery Amphitheatre, and an advertisement in February 6 issue refers to their first performance that evening.</ref>
thumb|left|250px|alt=Photo of a man in blackface dressed in nondescript clothes behind a small table with a top hat at his feet.|Photograph of Dan Emmett in blackface, probably early 1860s.
Although blackface performance, in which white men painted their faces and hands black and impersonated caricatures of African-American men and women, was already an established performance mode at that time—Thomas D. Rice had created the character of Jim Crow nearly a decade earlier, and blackface had been widely popular ever since<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pitt.edu/~amerimus/Minstrelsy.html |title=Blackface Minstrelsy |publisher=Center for American Music, University of Pittsburgh |access-date=July 15, 2015}}</ref>—Emmett's group is said to be the first to "black up" an entire band rather than one or two performers.{{citation needed|date=October 2018}} The group's full-length blackface performance is generally considered to have been the first true minstrel show: previous blackface acts were usually either an entr'acte for a play or one of many acts in a comic variety show.{{citation needed|date=October 2018}}
Emmett is generally credited with writing the song "Dixie".<ref>{{Cite EB1911 |wstitle=Emmett, Daniel Decatur |volume=9 |page=343}}</ref> The story that he related about its composition varied each time he told it, but the main points were that he composed the song in New York City while a member of Bryant's Minstrels. The song was first performed by Emmett and the Bryants at Mechanics' Hall in New York City on April 4, 1859. The song became a runaway hit, especially in the South, and it was the piece for which Emmett was best known. Emmett himself reportedly told a fellow minstrel: "If I had known to what use they [Southerners] were going to put my song, I will be damned if I'd have written it."<ref>Letter from Col. T. Allston Brown to T.C. De Leon. Published in De Leon, ''Belles, Beaux, and Brains'' and quoted in Nathan 275.</ref> After the South began using his song as a rallying call, Emmett wrote the fife-and-drum manual for the Union Army. In 1862, Emmett published his own Fifer's and Drummer's Guide in cooperation with George G. Bruce. Emmett's song was a favorite of President Abraham Lincoln, who said after the war ended in 1865, "I have always thought that 'Dixie' was one of the best tunes I ever heard... I insisted yesterday that we had fairly captured it."<ref>Speech given on April 10, 1865 and quoted in Hall 10.</ref>
Another writer named William Shakespeare Hays (1837–1907) (pen name: Will S. Hays) claimed to be the song's true author.<ref>Abel, E. Lawrence (2000). ''Singing the New Nation: How Music Shaped the Confederacy, 1861–1865''. Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania: Stackpole Books, p. 47.</ref> Members of the Snowden Family, well known to Emmett in his Knox County youth, have also been named as writers of the song, namely John Baptist Snowden, a freed slave.<ref>Sacks, Howard L. and Sacks, Judith Rose (1993). ''Way up North in Dixie: A Black Family's Claim to the Confederate Anthem''. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, p. 3.</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Petrusich|first=Amanda|title=Why the Chicks Dropped Their "Dixie"|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2020/07/20/why-the-chicks-dropped-their-dixie|access-date=July 13, 2020|date=July 13, 2020|magazine=The New Yorker|language=en-us}}</ref>
== Death and posthumous recognition == After a tour that was notably successful in the South, Emmett retired to his hometown of Mount Vernon in 1888<ref>Occasionally taking part in performances: "Dan Emmett, whenever he is physically able and can get the chance, 'rosins his bow' for a dance party in Chicago."''New York Times'', July 10, 1887: 'Drop-Curtain Monographs'</ref> where he died on June 28, 1904, aged 88 years. From 1893 to the time of his death, he was aided by a weekly allowance from the Actors Fund of America. Emmett was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 1970. A biographical film of his life was produced in 1943, titled ''Dixie''. Starring Bing Crosby and Dorothy Lamour, the film is a musical directed by A. Edward Sutherland. Numerous schools, businesses, and other institutions in Mount Vernon, Ohio, are named after Emmett. The official memorial to him is a large boulder with a placard attached located in front of the Knox County Historical Museum.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mountvernonnews.com/local/06/05/15/dan.emmett.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929094306/http://www.mountvernonnews.com/local/06/05/15/dan.emmett.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 29, 2007|title=Dan Emmett memorial re-dedicated - mountvernonnews.com|date=September 29, 2007|access-date=March 13, 2019}}</ref>
Emmett published at least 30 songs between 1843 and 1865, most of which are banjo tunes or walkarounds. Between 1859 and 1869, he composed another 25 tunes that are in manuscript at the State Library of Ohio in Columbus, Ohio.<ref name="auto"/>
He appears in Percival Everett's 2024 novel ''James.''
==See also== *:Category:Songs written by Dan Emmett *Minstrel show *Polly Wolly Doodle *Dixie
==References== '''Notes''' {{Reflist}}
'''Bibliography''' * Crawford, Richard. ''An Introduction to America's Music''. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2001. * Hall, Roger Lee. ''Lincoln and Liberty: Music from Abraham Lincoln's Era''. Stoughton, Massachusetts: PineTree Press, 2009. * Lott, Eric. ''Love and Theft: Blackface Minstrelsy and the American Working Class''. New York: Oxford University Press, 1993. {{ISBN|0-19-507832-2}}. * Nathan, Hans. ''Dan Emmett and the Rise of Early Negro Minstrelsy''. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1962 * Robert Stevenson. "Emmett, Dan." Grove Music Online. Oxford Music Online. *{{Shof|id=196|name=Dan Emmett}} *{{IMDb name|id=0256531|name=Dan Emmett}} *{{ChoralWiki}} *[http://www.mutopiaproject.org/cgibin/make-table.cgi?Composer=EmmettDD Free scores] at the Mutopia Project *{{IMSLP|id=Emmett, Daniel Decatur}}
==External links== *{{commons category-inline}} * {{wikisource author-inline}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Emmett, Dan}} Category:1815 births Category:1904 deaths Category:19th-century American male composers Category:19th-century American male singers Category:Blackface minstrel performers Category:Blackface minstrel songwriters Category:People from Mount Vernon, Ohio Category:Songwriters from Ohio