{{Short description|Species of fishes}} {{Speciesbox | image = Dane Seabream IMG 6715.jpg | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name = iucn>{{cite iucn |author=Mann, B.Q. |author2=Buxton C.D.|author3=Russell, B. |author4=Pollard, D. |author5=Carpenter, K.E. |author6=Sadovy, Y. |display-authors=3 |year=2014 |title=''Porcostoma dentata'' |article-number=e.T170185A1289061 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T170185A1289061.en |access-date=13 February 2024}}</ref> | taxon = Porcostoma dentata | parent_authority = [[J. L. B. Smith]], 1938 | authority = ([[John Gilchrist (zoologist)|Gilchrist]] & [[William Wardlaw Thompson|W. W. Thompson]], 1908) | synonyms = * ''Chrysophrys dentatus'' <small>Gilchrist & Thompson, 1908</small> | synonyms_ref = <ref name = Fishbase>{{FishBase|Porcostoma|dentata|month=October|year=2023}}</ref> }} The '''Dane Seabream''' ('''''Porcostoma dentata'''''), also known as the '''Dane''', is a species of marine [[Actinopterygii|ray-finned fish]] belonging to the [[Family (taxonomy)|family]] [[Sparidae]], which includes the seabreams and porgies. The Dane Seabream is the only species in the [[monospecific genus]] '''''Porcostoma'''''. This species is [[Endemism|endemic]] to the southwestern Indian Ocean off the coast of [[Southern Africa]].
==Taxonomy== The Dane seabream was first formally [[Species description|described]] as ''Chrysophrys dentatus'' by the ichthyologists [[John Dow Fisher Gilchrist]], a Scot, and [[William Wardlaw Thompson]], a South African, with its [[Type locality (biology)|type locality]] given as [[Natal Colony|Natal]].<ref name = G&T>{{cite journal |author=Gilchrist, J. D. F. |author-link=John Gilchrist (zoologist) |name-list-style=and |author2=W. W. Thompson |author2-link=William Wardlaw Thompson |year=1908 |title=Descriptions of fishes from the coast of Natal |journal=Annals of the South African Museum |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=145–206 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/1511338#page/213/mode/1up}}</ref><ref name = CofF>{{Cof genus|genus=Porcostoma|access-date=13 February 2024}}</ref> In 1938 [[James Leonard Brierley Smith]] reclassified this species in the monospecific genus ''Porcostoma''.<ref name = CofF2>{{Cof family|family=Sparidae|access-date=13 February 2024}}</ref> This taxon is placed in the family Sparidae within the [[Order (biology)|order]] [[Spariformes]] by the 5th edition of ''[[Fishes of the World]]''.<ref name = Nelson5>{{cite book |author1=Nelson, J.S. |author1-link=Joseph S. Nelson |author2=Grande, T.C. |author3=Wilson, M.V.H. |year=2016 |title=Fishes of the World |edition=5th |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |place=Hoboken, NJ |pages=502–506 |isbn=978-1-118-34233-6 |lccn=2015037522 |oclc=951899884 |ol=25909650M |doi=10.1002/9781119174844}}</ref> Some authorities classify this genus in the subfamily Sparinae,<ref name = Parenti>{{cite journal |author= Parenti, P. |year=2019 |title=An annotated checklist of the fishes of the family Sparidae |journal=FishTaxa |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=47–98 |url= https://fishtaxa.com/menuscript/index.php/ft/article/view/49/52}}</ref> but the 5th edition of Fishes of the World does not recognise subfamilies within the Sparidae.<ref name = Nelson5/>
==Etymology== The Dane seabream has the genus name ''Porcostoma'' which is a combination of ''Porcus'', meaning "pig", with ''stoma'' meaning "mouth". This is thought to refer to the canine-like teeth that project out of the closed mouth like the tusks of a boar. The [[Specific name (zoology)|specific name]], ''dentata'', means "toothed", also referring to the visible teeth when the mouth is closed.<ref name = ETYFish>{{cite web |url=https://etyfish.org/acanthuriformes6/ |title=Order ACANTHURIFORMES (part 6): Families GERREIDAE, LETHRINIDAE, NEMIPTERIDAE and SPARIDAE |date=12 January 2024 |access-date=13 February 2024 |author=Christopher Scharpf |work=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database |publisher=Christopher Scharpf}}</ref>
==Description== The Dane seabream has scales between the eyes and on the bases of the soft rayed parts of the [[dorsal fin|dorsal]] and [[anal fin]]s. There is s distinctive black streak along the first few scales of the [[lateral line]]. The dorsal fin is supported by 13 spines and 10 or11 soft rays while there are 3 spines and 8 or 9 soft rays in the anal fin. The [[pectoral fin]]s have 17 or 18 fin rays. The body is plump and ovoid, its [[standard length]] is 2.5 times its depth. The dorsal profile of the head is straight or concave from the snout to the nape and then gently convex to the base of the dorsal fin. Both the lobes of the [[caudal fin]] are rounded. The overall colour of the body is red, paler below, with some individuals showing streaks along the scale rows. There is a dark bar between the eyes and there is a dark streak along the front of the lateral line. The rears parts of the dorsal and anal fins, as well as the pectoral and [[pelvic fin]]s are tinged golden. The juveniles are yellow and have 2 black blotches on lateral line.<ref name = WIOF>{{cite book |author=Yukio Iwatsuki |author2=Phillip C Heemstra |name-list-style=and |chapter=Family Sparidae |pages=284–315 |title=Coastal Fishes of the Western Indian Ocean |volume=3 |editor1=[[Phil Heemstra|Phillip C Heemstra]] |editor2=Elaine Heemstra |editor3=David A Ebert |editor4=Wouter Holleman |editor5=[[John Ernest Randall|John E Randall]] |year=2022 |isbn=978-1-990951-32-9 |publisher=South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity |url=https://saiab.ac.za/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/1._wiof_volume_3_text.pdf}}</ref> This species has a maximum [[total length]] of {{cvt|36|cm}}, although {{cvt|25|cm}} is more typical.<ref name = Fishbase/>
==Distribution and habitat== The Dane seabream is endemic to the southwestern Indian Ocean along the southeastern coast of Africa between [[Beira, Mozambique]] and [[Tsitsikamma River|Tsitsikamma]] in the [[Western Cape]].<ref name = WIOF/> This species occurs on reefs, especially deeper reefs in the vicinity of pinnacles and drop offs at depths between {{cvt|10|and|120|m}}.<ref name = iucn/>
==Biology== The Dane seabream is predatory species, with the adults feeding on a variety of animals including [[Crinoid|crinoids]], [[Mantis shrimp|mantis shrimps]], [[Polychaete|polychaetes]], [[crab]]s and [[hermit crab]]s. Sexual maturity is reached around a fork length of {{cvt|15|cm}} and spawning takes place off KwaZulu-Natal in the Spring. There are reports of this species gathering in schools but also of fish living singly.<ref name = iucn/>
==Fisheries== The Dane seabream is commonly caught in ski boat fisheries of Mozambique and eastern South Africa but it is too small to be of interest to commercial fisheries. It is often not sold but is given to boat crews for their own consumption. Even recreational anglers frequently return Dane seabreams rather than take them.<ref name = iucn/>
==References== {{Reflist}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q2856355|from2=Q2704929}}
[[Category:Sparidae]] [[Category:Fish described in 1908]] [[Category:Taxa named by John Dow Fisher Gilchrist]] [[Category:Taxa named by William Wardlaw Thompson]]