Um (cuneiform)

{{Short description|Cuneiform sign}} [[File:B238ellst.png|437px|left|thumb|Cuneiform sign for '''um'''-(most common usage), '''dup''', '''tup''', '''ṭup''', and Sumerogram '''DUB''']] [[File:Ayyab letter mp3h8880.jpg|thumb|right|370px|Amarna letter EA 364, Ayyab to Pharaoh.<br/>In Line 2, "'''um'''-ma", "message (thus)"...Ayyab.<br/>(high resolution, expandible photo) ]]

The cuneiform alphabetic '''um''' sign, also '''dup''', '''tup''', '''ṭup''', and '''DUB''',<ref>Parpola, 1971. ''The Standard Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh'', Sign List, pp. 155-165, no. 134, p. 158.</ref> the Sumerogram (logogram), for Akkadian language "ṭuppu",<ref>Parpola, 1971. ''The Standard Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh'', Glossary, pp. 119-145, '''ṭuppu''', p. 144.</ref> (= the clay tablet), is found in both the 14th century BC Amarna letters and the Epic of Gilgamesh. In the Amarna letters as ''um'', it is found as '''''um-ma''''' in the introduction of the letters as ''"Message (thus)"''...(and then the PN (personal name) of the individual sending, or authoring the letter).

In specific texts with dialogue, for example Amarna letter EA 19, ''Love and Gold'', an extensive discussion is made by the king of Babylon about his father, ancestry, friendship between kings, envoys, women (for the harem, or wife), etc., and consequently the dialogue is preceded by ''um-ma'' ("quote"), then the dialogue by the messenger, (or the king).

==References== {{reflist}}

*Moran, William L. 1987, 1992. ''The Amarna Letters.'' Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987, 1992. 393 pages.(softcover, {{ISBN|0-8018-6715-0}}) * Parpola, 1971. ''The Standard Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh'', Parpola, Simo, Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project, c 1997, Tablet I through Tablet XII, Index of Names, Sign List, and Glossary-(pp. 119–145), 165 pages. *Rainey, 1970. ''El Amarna Tablets, 359-379,'' Anson F. Rainey, (AOAT 8, ''Alter Orient Altes Testament 8'', Kevelaer and Neukirchen -Vluyen), 1970, 107 pages.  <!--\ ----

{{col-begin}} {{col-2}} <gallery widths="290px" heights="505px" perrow=widths="290px" heights="505px" perrow="2"> File:Ayyab letter mp3h8880.jpg|Amarna letter EA 364, '''ti''', 2nd line from bottom, 2nd character from left.<br/>(approximated out-of-focus, curving bottom of clay tablet; most of tablet in focus; high resolution, expandible photo]) </gallery>

{{col-2}} <gallery widths="215px" heights="270px" perrow=widths="215px" heights="270px" perrow="2"> File:|Isis Temple and Cheops Pyramid, from South Rim region </gallery> {{col-end}}-->

Category:Cuneiform signs