De Havilland Vampire

{{short description|Fighter aircraft; first single-engine jet in RAF service}} {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}} {{Use British English|date=March 2018}} {{For|the World War I biplane|Vickers Vampire}} {{Lowercase title}} {{Infobox aircraft |name = Vampire Sea Vampire |image = File:De Havilland DH115 Vampire banking with the sun reflecting off its silver wings (cropped).jpg |caption =Preserved de Havilland DH.115 Vampire trainer in Royal New Zealand Air Force markings |type = Fighter aircraft |national_origin = United Kingdom |manufacturer = de Havilland English Electric |designer = |first_flight = 20 September 1943 |introduction = 1946 |retired = 1990 (Swiss Air Force) |status = |primary_user = Royal Air Force |more_users = Royal Australian Air Force Fleet Air Arm (RAN) Royal Navy Royal Canadian Air Force |produced = |number_built = 3,268{{Sfn | Gunston | 1981 | p = 52}}{{sfn|Mason|1965|pp=10, 12}} |variants = |developed_into = de Havilland Venom }}

The '''de Havilland DH100 Vampire''' is a British jet fighter developed and manufactured by the de Havilland Aircraft Company. It was the second jet fighter to be operated by the Royal Air Force (RAF), after the Gloster Meteor, and the first to be powered by a single jet engine.

Development of the Vampire as an experimental aircraft began in 1941 during the Second World War, to exploit the revolutionary innovation of jet propulsion. From the company's design studies, de Havilland decided to use a single-engined, twin-boom aircraft, powered by the Halford H.1 turbojet (later produced as the Goblin). Aside from its propulsion system and twin-boom configuration, it was a relatively conventional aircraft. In May 1944, de Havilland decided to produce the aircraft as an interceptor for the RAF. In 1946, the Vampire entered operational service with the RAF, only months after the war had ended.

The Vampire quickly proved to be effective and was adopted as a replacement of wartime piston-engined fighter aircraft. During its early service, it accomplished several aviation firsts and achieved various records, such as being the first jet aircraft to cross the Atlantic Ocean. The Vampire remained in front-line RAF service until 1953, when its transfer began to secondary roles such as ground attack and pilot training, for which specialist variants were produced. The RAF retired the Vampire in 1966, when its final role of advanced trainer was filled by the Folland Gnat. The Royal Navy had also adapted the type as the '''Sea Vampire''', a navy-adapted variant suitable for operations from aircraft carriers. It was the service's first jet fighter.

The Vampire was exported to many nations and was operated worldwide in numerous theatres and climates. Several countries used the type in combat including the Suez Crisis, the Malayan Emergency, and the Rhodesian Bush War. By the end of production, almost 3,300 Vampires had been manufactured, a quarter of these having been manufactured under licence abroad. De Havilland pursued the further development of the type; major derivatives produced include the DH.115, a specialised, dual-seat trainer and the more advanced DH.112 Venom, a refined variant for ground-attack and night-fighter operations.

==Development== ===Origins=== In January 1941, Sir Henry Tizard made an informal approach to the de Havilland Aircraft Company, suggesting that the company proceed to design a fighter aircraft that would use the revolutionary new jet propulsion technology then under development, along with an appropriate engine to go with it. Although no official specification had been issued, de Havilland proceeded to design a single-engined aircraft that had air intakes set into the wing roots to feed a centrally mounted engine, which used a centrifugal compressor.

Aero-engine designer Major Frank Halford had been given access to Frank Whittle's pioneering work on gas turbines; for the projected jet-powered fighter, Halford decided to proceed with the design of a "straight through" centrifugal engine capable of generating 3,000 lb of thrust, which was considered to be high at the time. Halford's engine emerged as the Halford H.1. By April 1941, design work on the engine had been completed and a prototype H.1 engine performed its first test run one year later.<ref>Gunston 2006, p. 62.</ref>

The low power output of the early jet engines had meant that only twin-engined aircraft designs were considered to be practical, and as more powerful jet engines were quickly developed, particularly Halford's H.1 (later known as the de Havilland Goblin), the practicalities of the single-engined jet fighter were soon realised.{{Sfn| Buttler|2004 | p = 201}} de Havilland was approached to produce an airframe for the H.1 as insurance against Germany using jet bombers against Britain; this was considered more important than de Havilland's suggestion of a high-speed jet bomber.{{sfn|Buttler|2004|p=201}}<ref name = "bae herti">[http://www.baesystems.com/en/heritage/de-havilland-vampire "De Havilland DH100 Vampire."] ''BAE Systems'', Retrieved: 18 May 2017.</ref> Its first design, the DH.99, was set out in a brochure dated 6 June 1941; it was an all-metal, twin-boom, tricycle undercarriage aircraft armed with four cannon. The use of a twin boom enabled the jet pipe to be kept relatively short, which avoided the power loss that would have occurred if a long pipe were used, as would have been necessary in a conventional fuselage. It also put the tailplane clear of interference from the exhaust. Performance was estimated at {{cvt|455|mph}} at sea level and initial climb of {{cvt|4590|ft/min}} on 2,700 lb of thrust. The Ministry of Aircraft Production (MAP) representative expressed doubts regarding the lack of detail, estimations for the aircraft's performance and optimistic structure weight; the project received permission to proceed in July 1941.{{Sfn | Buttler | 2004 | p = 201}}

The DH.99 design was soon modified to incorporate a combined wood-and-metal construction in light of recommendations from the MAP; the design was thus renumbered to DH.100 by November 1941.{{Sfn | Buttler | 2004 | p = 201}} The aircraft was considered to be a largely experimental design due to its use of a single engine and some unorthodox features, unlike the Gloster Meteor, which had been specified for production early on.{{Sfn | Buttler | 2000 | p = 201}}<ref name = "bae herti" /> In February 1942, the MAP suggested dropping the project for a bomber, but de Havilland stated that the twin-boom was, despite ministry doubts, only an engineering problem to be overcome. On 22 April 1942, the construction of two prototypes (serials ''LZ548'' and ''LZ551'') was authorised by the ministry, whilst Specification E.6/41 was produced and issued to cover the work.{{Sfn| Buttler|2004 |pp=201, 203}} The company proceeded with the detailed design work phase of the DH.100 in early 1942.

[[File:First RAF Vampire F1 at Boscombe Down 1945.jpg|thumb|The first Vampire F.1, in 1945 at the Aeroplane and Armament Experimental Establishment ]]

Internally designated as the DH.100 and originally codenamed '''Spider Crab''',<ref>Winchester 2012, p. 30.</ref> the aircraft was entirely a de Havilland project, being principally worked upon at the company's facility at Hatfield, Hertfordshire.{{Sfn | Gunston | 1981 | p = 49}}<ref name = "bae herti" /> The construction of the aircraft exploited de Havilland's extensive experience in the use of moulded plywood for aircraft construction, which had previously been used on the Mosquito, a widely produced fast bomber of the war.{{sfn|Mason|1965|p=3}}

The layout of the DH.100 used a single jet engine installed in an egg-shaped fuselage that was primarily composed of plywood for the forward section and aluminium throughout the aft section. It was furnished with conventional, mid-mounted, straight wings; air brakes were installed on the wings to slow the aircraft, a feature that had also been incorporated in the Meteor. Armament comprised four 20 mm Hispano Mk V cannon underneath the nose; from the onset of the design phase, even when the aircraft was officially intended to serve only as an experimental aircraft, the provision for the cannon armament had been included.{{sfn|Mason|1965|p=3}}

thumb|Vampire F.1 TG/278L The square fins and high horizontal stabilizer were changed for later production aircraft. On 20 September 1943, the first DH.100 prototype, serial number ''LZ548/G''{{Efn|The 'G' suffix after the serial number indicated that the aircraft should have a guard at all times to maintain secrecy.}}, conducted its maiden flight from Hatfield Aerodrome; it was piloted by Geoffrey de Havilland Jr., the company's chief test pilot and son of the company's founder.{{Sfn | Gunston | 1981 | p = 50}}<ref name = "bae herti" /> This flight took place only six months after the Meteor had performed its own maiden flight; the first flight had been delayed due to the need to dispatch the only available engine suitable for flight to America to replace one destroyed in ground engine runs in Lockheed's prototype XP-80 jet fighter.<ref name = "bae herti" /> Three prototypes, ''LZ548/G'', ''LZ551/G'', and ''MP838/G'', were produced to support the type's development.{{sfn|Mason|1965|p=3}} Testing showed the main problem was with directional instability – the aircraft "snaking" – this was corrected by changes to the tail design.{{sfn|Buttler|2004|p=203}}

===Production and further development=== On 13 May 1944, an initial production order for 120 Vampire Mk I aircraft was received and quickly increased to 300 aircraft.{{sfn|Mason|1965|p=3}} The production Vampire Mk I did not fly until April 1945. Owing to the wartime pressures upon de Havilland's production facilities for existing aircraft types, English Electric Aircraft undertook production of the Vampire at their factories at Preston in Lancashire, instead; the company went on to produce the majority of the aircraft. Only about half a dozen production aircraft had been built by the end of the Second World War, although it did not result in the type becoming a victim of the extensive postwar cuts that were soon implemented, which had terminated the production of many aircraft along with development work upon several more.{{sfn|Mason|1965|p=3}} Eventually, however, 244 production Mk 1 Vampire aircraft were built.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://weaponsandwarfare.com/2016/12/16/de-havilland-vampire/|title=de Havilland Vampire|date=February 11, 2019 |work=Weapons & Warfare |access-date=17 July 2024 |quote= Vampire Mk I: single-seat fighter version for the RAF; 244 production aircraft being built.}}</ref>

thumb|left|Comparison of the FB.5 single-seat (left) and T.11 dual-seat Vampire De Havilland initiated a private venture night fighter, the DH.113, intended for export, fitting a two-seat cockpit closely based on that of the Mosquito night fighter and a lengthened nose that accommodated an AI Mk X radar. An order to supply the Egyptian Air Force was received, but this was blocked by the British government as part of an embargo on supplying arms to Egypt. The RAF took over the order and put them into service as an interim measure between the retirement of the de Havilland Mosquito night fighter and the full introduction of the Meteor night fighter.{{Sfn | Jackson | 1987 | p = 484}} Removal of the radar from the night fighter and fitting of dual controls resulted in a jet trainer model of the aircraft, the DH.115 Vampire, which entered British service as the Vampire T.11. This trainer variant was built in large numbers for the RAF and for export.{{Sfn | Jackson | 1987 | pp = 496–501}}

An alternative powerplant to the de Havilland Goblin soon became available in the form of the Rolls-Royce Nene, another turbojet engine capable of generating similar levels of thrust. The name Vampire II was given to three experimental Nene-powered Vampires, which were used to assess their performance. One of these was evaluated by the RAF before the rival Goblin was selected for the RAF Vampires, instead; another contributed to development work for the Vampires for the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF).{{sfn|Mason|1965|p=3}}

Although the Nene had a higher thrust than the Goblin, its level flight speed was no greater. To reduce the intake losses caused by having to feed air to the rear face of the impeller of the Nene, two additional intakes were added behind the cockpit; these caused elevator reversal and buffeting, which in turn reduced the Vampire's Mach limit.<ref>Harvey, Heyworth & Jackson 2006, p. 109.</ref>{{vs|no Harvey in Bibliography|date=April 2022}}{{sfn|Harker|1976|p=79}} The Vampires of the RAAF were powered by the Nene engine; these were initially outfitted with dorsal intakes, later moved underneath the fuselage.<ref name = "gunston 173" /> In 1949, Boulton Paul Aircraft redesigned the wing-root intakes and internal ducting based on the installation of the Nene in the prototype Hawker Sea Hawk. The ''Mistral'', the French name for their models of the Vampire, also used the Nene engine with Boulton Paul intakes.<ref name = "gunston 173">{{harvnb|Gunston| 1991|p=173}}</ref>

The Vampire III was the first of several models that sought to address the demands for greater range from the type.{{sfn|Mason|1965|p=3}} Underwing fuel drop tanks of 100- and 200-gallon capacities were fitted; other modifications included lowering the tailplane and reshaping the vertical surfaces of the tail. The design changes to accommodate the hardpoint-mounted drop tanks had the benefit of enabling the carriage of various stores and readied the type for ground-attack operations.{{sfn|Mason|1965|p=3}} The wing was considerably modified to improve low-altitude performance, the span was reduced by 2 ft with the adoption of square-cut wing tips, and the wing skins were thickened and the undercarriage modified to withstand the increased weight.{{sfn|Mason|1965|p=3}} In total, 3,268 Vampires were built in 15 versions, including two-seat night fighters, trainers, and carrier-based Sea Vampires. The Vampire was used by 31 air forces. Germany, the Netherlands, Spain, and the U.S. were the only major Western powers not to use the aircraft.

===Records and achievements=== [[File:DeHavilland Vampire HMS Ocean Dec1945 NAN1 47.jpg|thumb|The first carrier landing and takeoff of a jet aircraft in 1945 – Eric "Winkle" Brown taking off from {{HMS |Ocean|R68|6}}]] On 8 June 1946, the Vampire was introduced to the British public when Fighter Command's 247 Squadron was given the honour of leading the flypast over London at the Victory Day Celebrations.{{Sfn | Gunston | 1992 | p = 454}} The Vampire was a versatile aircraft, setting many aviation firsts and records, being the first RAF fighter with a top speed in excess of {{convert|500|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=admin|last2=admin|title=A philanthropic airshow|url=https://www.topaviationnews.com/a-philanthropic-airshow/|access-date=2020-10-25|website=Top Aviation News|language=en-US|archive-date=15 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211115185739/https://www.topaviationnews.com/a-philanthropic-airshow/|url-status=dead}}</ref> On 3 December 1945, a Sea Vampire piloted by Captain Eric "Winkle" Brown became the first pure-jet aircraft to land on and take off from an aircraft carrier.{{Sfn | Brown | 1985 | pp = 32–34}}<ref name = "thomason 28">Thomason 2008, p. 28.</ref>{{efn| On 6 November 1945, a Ryan FR Fireball, a mixed-power fighter with a piston engine used during takeoff and landing to compensate for the slow response of its jet engine, had a piston-engine failure on final approach. The pilot started the jet engine, and at high approach speed (ending up in the crash barrier) performing the first jet-powered carrier landing, albeit unintentionally, although the Fireball was not a high-performance jet fighter like the Vampire.<ref>{{Cite magazine | title = First Jet Landing | publisher = United States Navy |magazine= Naval Aviation News |date=March 1946 |url=https://www.history.navy.mil/content/dam/nhhc/research/histories/naval-aviation/Naval%20Aviation%20News/1940/pdf/1mar46.pdf | page = 6}}</ref>}}

Vampires and Sea Vampires were used in trials from 1947 to 1955 to develop recovery and deck-handling procedures and equipment{{sfn|Cooper|2008|pp=197–204}} for the operation of aircraft without an undercarriage from flexible rubber decks on aircraft carriers. Deletion of the undercarriage would reduce the aircraft weight and allow extra fuel to be carried.{{Sfn | Brown | 1976 | pp = 126–7}}{{sfn|Mason|1965|p=7}} Despite demonstrating that the technique was feasible, with many landings being made with undercarriage retracted on flexible decks both at RAE Farnborough and on board the carrier {{HMS|Warrior|R31|6}}, the proposal was not taken further.{{Sfn | Brown | 1976 | pp = 132–6}} Aviation author Geoffrey Cooper quotes author Marriott stating that the rubber deck system "...would have required extensive facilities both aboard ship and at naval air stations to support it. Any gains in aircraft performance were more than cancelled by the complexity and cost of implementation."{{sfn|Cooper|2008|pp=197–204}}{{sfn|Marriott|1985|p=44}}

On 23 March 1948, John Cunningham, flying a modified Vampire Mk I with extended wing tips and powered by the Ghost engine, achieved a new world altitude record of 59,446 ft (18,119 m).{{Sfn | Jackson | 1987 | p = 424}}

On 14 July 1948, six Vampire F.3s of No. 54 Squadron RAF became the first jet aircraft to fly across the Atlantic Ocean when they arrived in Goose Bay, Labrador.{{sfn|Mason|1965|p=3}} They went via Stornoway in the Outer Hebrides of Scotland, Keflavík in Iceland and Bluie West 1, Greenland. From Goose Bay airfield they went on to Montreal (about 3,000 mi/4,830 km) to start the RAF's annual goodwill tour of Canada and the US, where they gave formation aerobatic displays.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1948/1948%20-%201135.html |title=How The Vampires Crossed |magazine=Flight |date =22 July 1948 |number=2065 |volume=LIV |page=105}}</ref> At the same time, USAF Colonel David C. Schilling led a group of F-80 Shooting Stars flying to Fürstenfeldbruck Air Base in Germany to relieve a unit based there. There were conflicting reports later regarding competition between the RAF and USAF to be the first to fly the Atlantic. One report said the USAF squadron delayed completion of its movement to allow the Vampires to be "the first jets across the Atlantic".{{Sfn | Dorr | 1998 | p = 119}} Another said that the Vampire pilots celebrated "winning the race against the rival F-80s."<ref>{{Cite web | last = Wood | first = William 'Bill' | place = UK | url = http://www.bill-wood.co.uk/ | title = Only Birds and Fools Fly | year = 1997 | access-date = 6 October 2009 | archive-date = 24 October 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201024002639/http://www.bill-wood.co.uk/ | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==Design==

===Overview=== thumb|Cockpit layout of the Vampire FB Mk2 The de Havilland Vampire was a jet-powered, twin-boom aircraft, typically employed in the fighter and fighter-bomber roles.{{sfn|Mason|1965|p=3}} Aviation author Francis K. Mason referred to it as being "the last unsophisticated single-engined, front-line aircraft to serve with Britain's Fighter Command"; the Vampire was a relatively straightforward aircraft, employing only manually operated flight controls, no radar, a simple airframe, and aside from the propulsion system, made use of mostly conventional practices and technologies.{{sfn|Mason|1965|p=3}} The distinctive twin-boom tail configuration of the Vampire was one of the only nontraditional airframe features when compared to its contemporaries.{{sfn|Mason|1965|p=3}}

In comparison to later aircraft, the Vampire had a relatively disorganised cockpit that in some aspects lacked ergonomic measures, such as the fuel gauges being difficult for the pilot to observe without pulling back the control column.{{sfn|Mason|1965|p=10}} A few controls, such as the low-pressure fuel cock, were known for being difficult to move or were otherwise obstructed by other controls. The pilot was provided with a fairly favourable external view, in part aided by the relatively small size of the Vampire.{{sfn|Mason|1965|p=10}}

===Engine=== thumb|The de Havilland Goblin II internals displayed in cutaway section The Vampire was first powered by a single Halford H1 (produced as the de Havilland Goblin) turbojet engine, initially capable of producing 2,100 lbf (9.3 kN) of thrust, designed by Frank Halford and manufactured by de Havilland Engine Company.{{efn|Note: the Halford H.1 had been designed by Frank Halford's consulting company, then a separate organisation from de Havilland<ref>Smith 1955, p. 94.</ref>}} This engine was a centrifugal-flow type, a configuration superseded after 1949 by the slimmer axial-flow units. In 1947, Wing Commander Maurice Smith, assistant editor of ''Flight'' magazine, stated upon piloting his first jet-powered aircraft, a Vampire Mk III: "Piloting a jet aircraft has confirmed one opinion I had formed after flying as a passenger in the Lancastrian jet test beds, that few, if any, having flown in a jet-propelled transport, will wish to revert to the noise, vibration, and attendant fatigue of an airscrew-propelled, piston-engined aircraft".<ref>{{Cite magazine |url = http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1947/1947%20-%202080.html |last = Smith |first = Maurice |title = 'Flight' Pilots a Jet |magazine = Flight |number = 2031 |volume= LII |date = 27 November 1947 |page = 610 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120010200/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1947/1947%20-%202080.html |archive-date=20 November 2015}}</ref>

Initially, the relatively high fuel consumption of the Goblin engine had limited the range of early models of the Vampire; this had been a common problem with all early jet aircraft. As a result, later marks featured considerably increased internal fuel capacity. The H.1 Goblin engine, conceived in 1941, remained unchanged in basic form for 13 years; ''Flight'' said, "The Goblin ... can fairly claim to be the world's most reliable turbojet".<ref name = "aero 1954" /> Over successive models, it gained increased turbine temperature and thrust.<ref name = "aero 1954">{{Cite magazine |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1954/1954%20-%200986.html |title=Aero Engines 1954 |date=9 April 1954 |magazine=Flight |page=450 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180505134914/https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1954/1954%20-%200986.html |archive-date= 5 May 2018}}</ref> Later-built Vampire Mk Is were powered by the Goblin II; the F.3 onwards used the improved Goblin III; by the mid-1950s, the Goblin Mk. 35 export engine, capable of 3,500 lbf, had become available, as well.<ref name = "aero 1954" />

Certain marks of the Vampire were also operated as flying testbeds for the Rolls-Royce Nene engine, leading to the FB30 and 31 variants that were built in, and operated by, Australia. Due to the low positioning of the engine, a Vampire could not remain on idle for long, as the heat from the jet exhaust would melt the tarmac behind the aircraft.{{Citation needed|date=July 2015}} If the engine did stall in flight, no means existed to relight the engine, meaning that a forced landing would be necessary.{{sfn|Mason|1965|p=10}}

===Handling=== According to Mason, the controls of the Vampire were considered to be relatively light and sensitive, employing an effective elevator arrangement that enabled generous acceleration from relatively little control inputs along with highly balanced ailerons that could achieve high rates of roll.{{sfn|Mason|1965|p=8}} In comparison to the elevator and ailerons, the rudder required more vigorous actuation to achieve meaningful effect.{{sfn|Mason|1965|p=8}} Pilots converting from piston-engined types would find themselves having to adapt to the slower acceleration of turbojet engines and the corresponding need to moderate rapid throttle movements to avoid instigating a compressor stall.{{sfn|Mason|1965|p=10}}

The Vampire had a relatively good power/weight ratio and was reputedly quite manoeuvrable within the {{convert|400|-|500|mph|abbr=on}} range.{{sfn|Mason|1965|p=10}} Heavy use of the rudder was required at slower speeds, during which pilots had to be cautious during shallow turns to avoid stalls; this would be typically embarrassing rather than dangerous due to the relative ease of recovery, which was principally achieved via positive elevator application. At speeds exceeding Mach 0.71, increasing levels of buffeting were encountered.{{sfn|Mason|1965|p=10}}

The Vampire was compatible with a wide range of aerobatic manoeuvres, Mason comparing its capabilities in this respect to purpose-built sporting aircraft. The type was claimed to have been the last British jet-powered fighter capable of accurately precipitating conditions such as hammer stalls, stall turns, and wingovers.{{sfn|Mason|1965|p=10}}

Preparing the Vampire for take-off required pilots to perform only six "vital actions" - setting the trim to neutral, opening the high- and low-pressure fuel cocks, activating the booster pump, setting the flaps, and retracting the air brakes.{{sfn|Mason|1965|p=8}} If laden with external fuel tanks or bombs, pilots would have to retract the undercarriage quite quickly upon leaving the ground, else increasing airflow as the aircraft picked up speed would prevent the undercarriage doors from closing.{{sfn|Mason|1965|pp=8, 10}} Landing procedure was similarly free of complexity - disengaging the wheel brakes, lowering the undercarriage, setting the flaps to fully down, and activating the air brakes. Typically, power-on landings were conducted due to the slow response of the engine to throttle changes, and wheel brakes had to be applied carefully to avoid locking the wheels because no anti-lock braking system was used on the fighters.{{sfn|Mason|1965|p=10}} Training variants had the Dunlop Maxaret anti-skid system fitted.{{Citation needed|date=May 2018}}

==Operational history== ===United Kingdom=== ;Royal Air Force [[File:Vampire_FB9s_213_Sqn_RAF_over_Egypt_1952.jpg|thumb|A formation of Vampire FB9s belonging to No. 213 Squadron flying over Egypt, 1952]] In 1946, the first Vampire Mk I fighters entered RAF service in the interceptor role.{{sfn|Mason|1965|p=3}}{{efn|Watkins: "The Vampire had been conceived during the war as a high-altitude fighter ..."{{Sfn | Watkins | 1996 | p = 58}} }} Soon thereafter, considerable numbers of Mk I aircraft began equipping RAF squadrons of the Second Tactical Air Force stationed in Germany, often to replace wartime fighters such as the Hawker Typhoon, Hawker Tempest, and North American Mustang. On 3 July 1948, the Vampire became the first jet aircraft to equip peacetime units of the Royal Auxiliary Air Force, gradually replacing the de Havilland Mosquito in this capacity.{{sfn|Mason|1965|p=3}}

On 23 June 1948, the first production Vampire Fighter-Bomber Mk 5 (otherwise commonly designated as the FB.5), which had been modified from a Vampire F.3, carried out its maiden flight.{{sfn|Mason|1965|p=3}} The FB.5 retained the Goblin III engine of the F.3, but featured armour protection around engine systems, wings clipped back by 1 ft (30 cm), and longer-stroke main landing gear to handle greater takeoff weights and provide clearance for stores/weapons load. An external tank or 500 lb (227 kg) bomb could be carried under each wing, and eight "3-inch" rocket projectiles ("RPs") could be stacked in pairs on four attachments inboard of the booms.{{sfn|Mason|1965|pp=3, 12}} Although the adoption of an ejection seat was being considered at one stage, it was ultimately not fitted.{{Citation needed|date=July 2018}}

At its peak, a total of 19 RAF squadrons flew the Vampire FB.5 in Europe, the Middle East, and the Far East. By far, the theatre in which the largest number of Vampires were stationed was Germany; this extensive deployment by the RAF has been viewed as one measure of the emerging Cold War climate between Western and Eastern Europe, as well as being a reaction to events such as the Korean War and the Berlin Blockade.{{sfn|Mason|1965|pp=3–4}} Vampires were also operated by a number of active and reserve squadrons stationed in the UK.{{sfn|Mason|1965|p=4}}

A number of RAF Vampires were used in active combat within the Far East during the Malayan Emergency, fought in the late 1940s and early 1950s.{{sfn|Mason|1965|p=4}} Specifically, the Vampire FB.5 typically undertook attack missions using a combination of rockets and bombs against insurgent targets often located in remote jungle areas throughout in Malaysia.{{sfn|Mason|1965|p=4}} The Vampire FB.5 became the most numerous single-seat variant of the type, 473 aircraft having been produced.

Experience of Vampire operation in tropical climates led to the development of new models featuring refrigeration equipment for pilot comfort and increasingly powerful models of the Goblin engine, to counter the degradation of performance in hot conditions.{{sfn|Mason|1965|p=5}} The RAF decided to adopt a new model of the Vampire featuring the Goblin 3 engine. Accordingly, in January 1952, the first Vampire FB.9s were introduced to service and first used by the Far East Air Force, soon replacing its older FB.5 aircraft.{{sfn|Mason|1965|p=5}} The FB.9 was deployed to various parts of the Middle East and Africa, including a brief 1954 deployment against Mau Mau insurgents in Kenya.<ref>Smith, J. T. ''Mau Mau! A Case study in Colonial Air Power'' Air Enthusiast 64 July–August 1996 pp68-70</ref> It was gradually replaced by the de Havilland Venom, a swept wing development of the Vampire.{{sfn|Mason|1965|p=5}}

[[File:DH.113 Vampire NF.10 WM713 25 Sqn Speke 04.04.54 edited-2.jpg|thumb|left|An RAF Vampire NF.10 of No. 25 Squadron, ''circa'' 1954]] The Vampire NF.10 served from 1951 to 1954 with three squadrons (23, 25, and 151) but was often flown in daytime as well as night. After its replacement by the de Havilland Venom, these aircraft underwent conversion to the NF(T).10 standard, after which they were operated by the Central Navigation and Control School at RAF Shawbury. Other aircraft were sold on to the Indian Air Force for further use.

By 1953, the Vampire FB.5 was being increasingly considered to be obsolete, having not kept up with the advancements made on the Meteor 8.{{sfn|Mason|1965|p=4}} The RAF eventually relegated the single-seat Vampire to advanced training roles in the mid-1950s, and the type had been generally phased out of RAF service by the end of the decade.<ref name = "bae herti" />

The final variants of the Vampire was the T (trainer) aircraft. Being first flown from the old Airspeed Ltd factory at Christchurch, Hampshire, on 15 November 1950, production deliveries of the Vampire trainer began in January 1952. Over 600 examples of the T.11 were produced at Hatfield and Chester and by Fairey Aviation at Manchester Airport. By 1965, the Vampire trainer had been mostly withdrawn, its replacement in the advanced training role being the Folland Gnat; only a small number of Vampire T.11s remained in service, typically for the training of foreign students until these, too, were retired in 1967.<ref name="jackson499" />

A small number of aircraft that were used in secondary roles carried on in these capacities until the withdrawal of the last operational aircraft from service with No. 3 Civilian Anti-Aircraft Co-operation Unit at Exeter at the end of 1971.<ref name="jackson499">{{harvnb|Jackson|1987|p=499}}</ref> A single aircraft continued to be flown and remained in official service with the RAF as part of the "Vintage Pair" display team (along with a Gloster Meteor); however, this aircraft was lost as a result of a crash in 1986.<ref name="jackson499" />

;Royal Navy [[File:CV-36 SeaVampire NAN9-53.jpg|thumb|Royal Navy Sea Vampire making a touch-and-go landing on the U.S. aircraft carrier USS ''Antietam'' (CVA-36)]] The Admiralty had immediately taken great interest in the Vampire following a series of carrier-landing trials which had been conducted on the aircraft carrier {{HMS|Ocean|R68|6}} using the modified third prototype of the Vampire in December 1945.{{sfn|Mason|1965|p=6}} At one point, the service had been allegedly considering the adoption of the type as the standard naval fighter to equip the Fleet Air Arm with; however, according to Mason, there had been a prevailing attitude that carrier operations lacked the flexibility to enable combat operations to be conducted with jet aircraft while at sea due to factors such as jet blast and the limited range of the early jets. In 1947, the Royal Navy decided to place an order for a navalised variant of the Vampire FB.5, which had been separately ordered by Air Ministry; the navalised model was quickly given the name ''Sea Vampire''.{{sfn|Mason|1965|pp=6–7}}

The Sea Vampire had several key differences from their land-based counterparts.{{sfn|Mason|1965|p=7}} It could be easily distinguished by the presence of a V-shaped arrester hook that retracted to a high-mounted position above the jet pipe. The Sea Vampire was fitted with enlarged air brakes and landing flaps for superior low-speed control during landing approaches, along with stronger construction for the higher stresses involved in carrier landings and catapult launches.{{sfn|Mason|1965|p=7}}

On 15 October 1948, the first Sea Vampire performed its maiden flight.{{sfn|Mason|1965|p=7}} A pair of prototypes were followed by 18 production aircraft which were used to gain experience in carrier jet operations before the arrival of the two-seat Sea Vampire T.22 trainers.<ref>{{harvnb|Jackson|1987|pp=429–430}}</ref> The Sea Vampire was initially delivered to 700 Naval Air Squadron and 702 Naval Air Squadron, soon replacing their piston-engine powered de Havilland Sea Hornets.{{sfn|Mason|1965|p=7}}{{clear}}

===Australia=== During 1946, government approval was given for the purchase of an initial 50 Vampire fighter aircraft for the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF).{{sfn|Mason|1965|p=3}}<ref name = "ausgov seavamp">{{cite web |url = https://www.navy.gov.au/aircraft/de-havilland-sea-vampire-mk-t22-t34 |title = De Havilland Sea Vampire MK T.22 / T.34 |publisher = navy.gov.au |access-date = 9 June 2022}}</ref> The first three machines of this batch were British-built aircraft, an F1, F2 and FB.5, and were given serial numbers ''A78-1'' to ''A78-3''. The second aircraft, the F2 (''A78-2''), was significant in that it was powered by the more powerful Rolls-Royce Nene jet engine, rather than the standard Goblin unit.{{sfn|Mason|1965|p=3}}

[[File:VampireF1.A78-1.jpg|thumb|left|The Vampire F1 A78-1 after crash landing at RAAF Base Point Cook in 1947]] thumb|Vampire jet after record flight to Melbourne, Australia, 21 July 1949 All of the 80 F.30 fighters and FB.31 fighter-bomber Vampires that were subsequently built by de Havilland Australia were powered by Commonwealth Aircraft Corporation (CAC) versions of the Nene engine manufactured under licence at their facility in Melbourne.<ref name=Australia>{{cite magazine|last=Bennett|first=John|title=The Vampire|series=RAAF Aircraft Markings Since 1950 Squadron Markings part 4|magazine=ADF Serials Telegraph News|volume=7|number=4|date=Spring 2017}}</ref> The Nene required a greater intake cross-section than the Goblin, and the initial solution was to mount auxiliary intakes on top of the fuselage behind the canopy.<ref name = "gunston 173" /> Unfortunately these intakes led to elevator blanking on formation of shock waves, and three aircraft and pilots were lost in unrecoverable dives. All of the Nene-engined aircraft were later modified to move the auxiliary intakes beneath the fuselage, thus entirely avoiding the problem.<ref name = "gunston 173" />

In June 1949, the first Vampire F.30 fighter (''A79-1'') made its first flight; it was followed by 56 more F.30 variants before the final 23<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.airvectors.net/avvamp_1.html#m6|title=[1.0] Vampire Variants}}</ref> aircraft were completed as FB.31s, being fitted with strengthened and clipped wings along with underwing hardpoints.{{sfn|Mason|1965|pp=7–8}} A single F.30 was also converted to the F.32 standard, which was almost identical to the Vampire FB.9.{{sfn|Mason|1965|p=8}} In 1954, all single seat Vampires were retired by the RAAF, but remained in service in Citizen Air Force squadrons until the early 1960s.{{sfn|Watkins|2013|p=1926}}

The Vampire T.33 was a two-seat training version, powered by the Goblin turbojet and built in Australia. T.34 and T.35 were used by the RAAF and the Royal Australian Navy (RAN).<ref name=Australia/> (In RAAF service they were known as Mk33 through to Mk35W.) Many were manufactured or assembled at de Havilland Australia's facilities in Sydney.<ref name = "ausgov seavamp"/> The Mk35W was a Mk35 fitted with spare Mk33 wings following overstress or achievement of fatigue life. Vampire trainer production in Australia amounted to 110 aircraft, and the initial order was filled by 35 T.33s for the RAAF; deliveries being made in 1952 with five T.34s for the RAN delivered in 1954. Additional Vampires were imported from Britain during the mid-to-late 1950s.<ref name = "ausgov seavamp"/> The trainers remained in service in the RAAF until September 1970, and in the RAN until 1971, when they were replaced by the Macchi MB-326.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.airforce.gov.au/raafmuseum/research/aircraft/series2/A79.htm |title = RAAF Museum: RAAF Aircraft Series 2 A79 DHA Vampire |work = airforce.gov.au |access-date = 28 January 2017}}</ref>

===Canada=== thumb|Royal Canadian Air Force Vampire A single Vampire F.1 began operating in 1946 on an evaluation basis in Canada at the Winter Experimental Establishment in Edmonton. The Vampire F.3 was selected as one of two types of operational fighters for the Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) and was first flown in Canada on 17 January 1948 where it went into service as a Central Flying School training aircraft at RCAF Station Trenton. Operating a total of 86 aircraft, the Vampire F.3 became the first jet fighter to enter RCAF service in any significant numbers.

The Vampire had the function of introducing Canadian fighter pilots not only to jet propulsion, but also to other amenities such as cockpit pressurisation and the tricycle landing gear arrangement. It proved to be a popular aircraft, being easy to fly and often considered a "hot rod."{{Sfn | Milberry | 1984 | p = 212}} In Canadian service, the Vampire served in both operational and air reserve units (400, 401, 402, 411, 438 and 442 squadrons). For three years from 2 May 1949 to 22 August 1951 the RCAF aerobatic team "The Blue Devils" flew airshows throughout North America. In November 1956, the type was retired having been replaced in RCAF service by the Canadair Sabre.{{Sfn | Milberry | 1984 | pp = 212, 215, 357, 358}}

===Dominican Republic=== The Dominican Air Force purchased 25 of Sweden's Vampires in 1952. Some of these subsequently saw combat in 1959, preventing an attempted amphibious landing by Cuban revolutionaries. They later took part in the 1965 Dominican Civil War.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.scramble.nl/planning/orbats/dominican-republic |title=Republica Dominica Orbats|work=Scramble, Dutch Aviation Society |access-date = 7 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.airvectors.net/avvamp_2.html |title=Vampire in Foreign Service|work=Air Vectors|access-date = 7 November 2020}}</ref>

===Egypt=== The Egyptian Air Force received its first of a planned 66 Vampire FB.52s in December 1950,{{Sfn | Nicolle | Cattaneo | 1997 |p=2}} eventually receiving 50 from de Havilland production.{{Sfn| Jackson|1987 |p=432}} An order for 12 Vampire NF.10 night fighters was cancelled owing to an arms embargo and the aircraft were acquired by the RAF.{{sfn | Nicolle | Cattaneo | 1997 |pp=2–3}}{{sfn |Jackson|1987|p=484}} A factory was built at Helwan to build the Vampire under licence, but political disputes between Egypt and the United Kingdom over the presence of British troops in Egypt led to the project being delayed, before being abandoned following the Egyptian revolution of 1952.{{sfn | Nicolle | Cattaneo | 1997 |p=3}} Instead, Egypt turned to Italy, and purchased 58 ex-Italian Air Force FB.52As, using Syria as an intermediary, with deliveries from 1955 to 1956.{{sfn | Nicolle | Cattaneo | 1997 |pp=3–4}}

By 1954, Egypt was operating a fleet of 49 Vampires, which had been acquired from both Italy and Britain, in the fighter-bomber role.{{Sfn | Birtles | 1986 | p = 37}} In 1955, a further 12 Vampire trainers were ordered, deliveries of which started in July that year.{{Sfn | Birtles | 1986 | p = 59}} On 1 September 1955, in a response to an Israeli commando raid on an Egyptian-held fort at Khan Yunis, four Egyptian Vampires crossed into Israeli airspace, but were intercepted by Israeli Meteor jets, with two Vampires being shot down.{{sfn | Nicolle | Cattaneo | 1997 | p=6}} By 1956, Egyptian Vampires were in the process of being replaced in the front-line fighter role by the much more capable Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15 and MiG-17 swept-wing fighters, and several Vampires were given to Saudi Arabia and Jordan.{{sfn | Nicolle | Cattaneo | 1997 |pp=6–8}} During the Suez Crisis, the Egyptians mainly used their Vampires for ground-attack missions against the advancing Israeli forces, particularly at the Mitla Pass,{{sfn | Nicolle | Cattaneo | 1997 |pp= 8, 10}} and are recorded as having lost a total of four Vampires in combat with Israeli jet aircraft.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aces.safarikovi.org/victories/victories-israel.html |title=Attributed Israeli Air Combat Victories |access-date=7 July 2016}}</ref> Several more were destroyed on the ground by Anglo-French air raids.{{sfn | Nicolle | Cattaneo | 1997 |pp= 10–11}}

===Finland=== thumb|Finnish Air Force de Havilland Vampire Mk.52 The Finnish Air Force received six FB.52 Vampires in 1953. The model was nicknamed "''Vamppi''" in Finnish service. An additional nine twin-seat T.55s were purchased in 1955. The aircraft were assigned to 2nd Wing at Pori, but were transferred to 1st Wing at Tikkakoski at the end of the 1950s. The last Finnish Vampire was decommissioned in 1965.

===France=== thumb|A French Vampire, circa 1948 As part of a larger effort to build up the post-war French Air Force, a number of Goblin-powered Vampire FB.5s were delivered to France from 1949 onwards. This variant of the Vampire was subsequently manufactured under licence by Sud-Est at Marignane, the first 67 aircraft were assembled from British-produced components and were standard aircraft for the most part;{{sfn|Mason|1965|p=8}}<ref name = "flying jan1952"/> these were followed by a further 183 Vampires, which incorporated a greater proportion of French-produced elements.<ref>{{cite news |work = The Times |title=Vampires for France |date=20 January 1949 |issue=51284 |page=4 }}</ref><ref name="jackson428" /> The French developed the FB.53 model, a Nene-powered variant, which was named in French service as the ''Mistral'' after the wind of the same name. The Nene engine was alleged to be responsible for the Mistral having greater rate of climb and a higher top speed than the standard Vampire.<ref>{{cite magazine |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=sI7oLN49yD8C&pg=PA46 |title = In Foreign Skies |publisher = Flying |magazine= Flying |date = May 1952 |volume = 50 |number = 5 |page = 46}}</ref>

A total of 250 Mistrals were built, equipped with Hispano-Suiza built engines, French ejector seats and enlarged wing root ducts. French orders for the type were greatly expanded during the early 1950s as a reaction to the outbreak of the Korean War. The production line was converted for the license-production of the improved de Havilland Sea Venom by the end of 1952 as well.<ref name = "flying jan1952">{{cite magazine |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=15HnYySUWm4C&pg=PA28 |title = France's Combat Planes |magazine = Flying |date = January 1952 |volume = 50 |number = 1 |page = 47}}</ref> On 2 April 1951, the first Mistral made its maiden flight.<ref name="jackson428">{{harvnb|Jackson|1987|p=428}}</ref>

===India===

[[File:ID606 De Havilland Vampire NF.54 Indian Air Force (8447284877).jpg|thumb|A preserved IAF Vampire at Indian Air Force Museum, Palam]]

On 6 November 1948, the Indian Air Force (IAF) took delivery of its first three de Havilland Vampires at Palam Air Force Station, Delhi; these were procured under a large-scale expansion and modernisation programme.<ref>{{cite magazine |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Xn2PRp40pn4C&q=de+havilland+Vampire |title = India News |magazine=India News |publisher = Office of the High Commissioner for India |volume = 9 |issue = 16–29 |year = 1948}}</ref> As its introduction marked the IAF's transition into the jet age, the Vampire presented several challenges to the service, including maintenance difficulties and the need to adopt new operational doctrines. Despite these hurdles, the Vampire played a crucial role in modernizing the IAF and laid the foundation for its future jet operations.<ref>{{cite web |last=Gupta |first=Anchit |title=Bent Nails: The Indian Air Force's First Jet Squadron |url=https://iafhistory.in/2023/12/24/bent-nails-the-indian-air-forces-first-jet-squadron/ |website=IAFHistory |date=24 December 2023 |access-date=5 May 2025}}</ref>

The first unit to received the type was No. 7 Squadron IAF in January 1949. No. 37 Squadron IAF flew a number of Vampire NF54 night reconnaissance missions over Goa during the 1961 Annexation of Goa from Portuguese rule, sometimes coming under anti-aircraft fire.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/history/1961goa/1014-loughran.html|title=Four Sorties over Goa|first=Sqn Ldr Ian S Loughran|last=(Retd)|access-date=7 July 2016|archive-date=4 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130204131730/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/1960s/Goa03.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> A flight of four IAF Vampires managed to sink a Portuguse patrol vessel off the coast of Diu, using cannon fire and rockets.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pillarisetti |first=Jagan |date=2009-07-20 |title=The Liberation of Goa – An Overview |url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/iaf/history/1961goa/overview-goa/ |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=Indian Air Force |language=en-US}}</ref> thumb|Wreckage of an IAF Vampire shot down in 1965

On 1 September 1965, during the Indo-Pakistani War, No. 45 Squadron IAF responded to a request for strikes against a counter-attack by the Pakistani Army (Operation Grand Slam), and twelve Vampire Mk 52 fighter-bombers were successful in slowing the Pakistani advance. However, the Vampires encountered two Pakistan Air Force (PAF) F-86 Sabres, armed with air-to-air missiles; in the ensuing dogfight, the outdated Vampires were outclassed. One was shot down by ground fire and another three were shot down by Sabres.<ref>{{Citation | url = http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_324.shtml | title = Pakistani Air-to-Air Victories | publisher = Air Combat Information Group | year = 2003 | access-date = 10 June 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121221231409/http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_324.shtml | archive-date = 21 December 2012 | url-status = usurped }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/history/1965war/1160-tango.html|title=Tank Busting in the Chamb|first=Air Marshal Trilochan Singh PVSM AVSM VrC VM|last=(Retd)|access-date=7 July 2016|archive-date=17 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161017170457/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/history/1965war/1160-tango.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Vampires were withdrawn from front line service after these losses.

===Ireland=== The Vampire entered service with the Irish Air Corps in 1955, and was the first ever jet powered fighter aircraft in Ireland.<ref name="scramble">{{cite web|url=http://www.scramble.nl/ie.htm|title=The Irish Air Corps/Aer Chór na hÉireann at Scramble (magazine)|publisher=Scramble Magazine|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070422062542/http://www.scramble.nl/ie.htm|archive-date=22 April 2007}}</ref> A total of six Vampire T.55s were acquired and served under No.1 Fighter Squadron, stationed at Casement Air Base. The Vampires replaced the Supermarine Spitfire and Seafire as Ireland's main combat aircraft. The Vampire brought the jet age to Ireland and introduced heavier armaments through the Vampire's cannons, as well as new technology such as ejection seats. The Vampires served until 1975 and were replaced with six Fouga CM.170 Magisters.<ref name="World Air Forces 1987 pg. 65">{{Harvnb|Hatch|1987|p=65}}</ref>

===Italy=== [[File:De Havilland DH 100 a Volandia.jpg|thumb|de Havilland Vampire at the Volandia Museum of Malpensa Airport]] During the late 1940s, Italy became interested in procuring the Vampire as part of its re-equipment programme following the Second World War. The Meteor had also been considered, but was discarded on grounds of cost.<ref name = "wat2013 1969"/> At the invitation of Italian Air Force, a series of aerial demonstrations at Italian air shows were performed by British Vampires during September 1949. On 24 October 1949, an agreement was struck with Fiat to license manufacture the type at its plant in Turin; additional work type would also be undertaken by Macchi at Varese; the agreement included five Vampire FB.5, 51 Vampire FB.52, four Vampire NF.10 and ten Vampire NF.54 to be built in the United Kingdom; a total of 150 Vampire FB.52s were also built in Italy under licence.<ref name = "wat2013 1969">Watkins 2013, p. 1969.</ref>

On 11 March 1950, the first five Vampire FB.5s arrived at the Jet Flight Training School at Foggia. British-built Vampires were delivered in advance of their Italian counterparts as the latter needed more time to establish their production line. During the early 1950s, Italian Vampires were flown by the Cavallino Rampante, the Italian Air Force's first post-war aerial display team.<ref>Watkins 2013, pp. 1969-1971.</ref> Following Britain's embargo on the sale of military aircraft to Egypt, 58 ex-Italian Air Force Vampires were refurbished and transferred to Egypt during early 1956; Macchi built 45 additional Vampires to replace these in Italian service.<ref name = "wat2013 1972">Watkins 2013, p. 1972.</ref>

=== Japan === In 1956, the Japan Air Self-Defence Force received a single Vampire T.55 jet trainer for evaluation. Although the type was not chosen for further orders,<ref>{{Cite web |title=[2.0] Vampire In Foreign Service |url=https://www.airvectors.net/avvamp_2.html |access-date=2025-11-09 |website=www.airvectors.net}}</ref> the aircraft remained in Japan after the completion of its evaluation by the JASDF, and was placed on display at Hamamatsu Air Base in Shizuoka Prefecture.[[File:DH-100_EMA.JPG|thumb|A de Havilland Vampire MK-III from Mexican Air Force exhibited at el Colegio del Aire in Zapopan, Jalisco]]

===Mexico=== In 1961, the Mexican Air Force purchased 15 Vampire MK.IIIs, which had previously served in the Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF). Six years later, all aircraft were decommissioned following six aircraft losses in accidents related to mechanical failure.{{citation needed|date=March 2026}} Currently, there are four complete aircraft that have been preserved for exhibition only.

===Norway=== thumb|Vampire T55 & FB6 in Norwegian livery The Royal Norwegian Air Force (RNoAF) purchased a total of 20 Vampire F.3s, 36 FB.52s and six T.55 trainers.{{sfn|Mason|1965|p=8}} The Vampire was in Norwegian use as a fighter from 1948 to 1957, equipping a three-squadron Vampire wing stationed at Gardermoen. In 1957, the type was withdrawn when the RNoAF decided to re-equip with the Republic F-84G Thunderjet. In 1955, the Vampire trainers were replaced by the Lockheed T-33, these aircraft were returned to the United Kingdom and saw later use by the Royal Air Force.

[[File:De Havilland DH 100 Vampire F.3.jpg|thumb|A RNoAF Vampire F.3 displayed at the Norwegian Armed Forces Aircraft Collection]]

===Rhodesia/Zimbabwe=== [[File:'4220' DH.115 Vampire T.11 (2406) (8643525896).jpg|thumb|ex-Rhodesian Air Force De Havilland Vampire T.11 (DH.115)]] The Rhodesian Air Force acquired 16 Vampire FB.9 fighters and a further 16 Vampire T.11 trainers in the early 1950s, its first jet aircraft, equipping two squadrons.{{Sfn | Thomas | 2005 | pp = 30, 32}} These were regularly deployed to Aden between 1957 and 1961, supporting British counter-insurgency operations.{{Sfn | Thomas | 2005 | pp = 32–5}} 21 more two-seaters and 13 single-seaters were supplied by South Africa in the late 1960s and early 1970s.{{Sfn | Thomas | 2005 | pp = 36–7}} In 1977, six were pressed into service for Operation Dingo. Rhodesia operated Vampires until the end of the bush war in 1979; afterwards they remained in service with the Air Force of Zimbabwe. They were eventually replaced by the BAE Hawk 60 in the early 1980s. After 30 years service, they were the last Vampires used on operations anywhere.{{Sfn | Thomas | 2005 | p = 39}}<ref>Mitchell, Emily. [http://www.caat.org.uk/resources/publications/countries/zimbabwe-0900.php "UK Arms Exports to Zimbabwe."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120807005305/http://www.caat.org.uk/resources/publications/countries/zimbabwe-0900.php |date=7 August 2012 }} ''Campaign Against Arms Trade'', September 2000.</ref>

=== South Africa === A total of 50 DH.100 and a total of 27 DH.115 Vampire aircraft were delivered to the South African Air Force.

=== Sweden === thumb|Two Swedish Air Force de Havilland Vampires In 1946, the Swedish Air Force purchased its first batch of 70 FB 1 Vampires, having looked for a jet-powered fighter to replace the outdated J 22 and SAAB 21 aircraft of its fighter force. In Swedish service, the Vampire received the designation ''J 28A'', with the first aircraft assigned to the Bråvalla Wing (F 13). The type provided such good service that the Vampire was soon selected to serve as the backbone of the fighter force. In 1949, a total of 310 of the more modern FB.50s, based on the Vampire FB.5, were procured and designated ''J 28B''.{{sfn|Mason|1965|p=8}} The last of these was delivered in 1952, after which all piston-engined fighters were decommissioned. In addition, a total of 57 two-seater DH.115 Vampires, designated ''J 28C'', were also acquired for training purposes.

In 1956, the Swedish Vampires were retired from the fighter role, replaced in service with the ''J 29'' (SAAB Tunnan) and ''J 34'' (Hawker Hunter). In 1968, the final Vampire trainer was retired, all having been replaced by the SK 60 (SAAB 105).

===Switzerland=== thumb|Swiss Air Force de Havilland Vampire T55 In 1946, the Swiss Air Force purchased an initial four Vampire F.1s, one of which crashed on 2 August 1946 while the other three remained in service until 1961. In 1949, the Swiss government signed a contract to locally manufacture the Vampire FB.6 in Switzerland using British-built Goblin engines; accordingly, a batch of 85 Vampire FB.6s were produced.<ref name="jackson428" /><ref>{{cite newspaper The Times |title=Vampires to be built in Switzerland |date=11 February 1949 |issue=51303 |page=2 |day_of-week_Friday}}</ref> In 1952, the first production Vampire NF.10 was delivered to Switzerland for evaluation purposes.<ref name="jackson485">{{harvnb|Jackson|1987|p=485}}</ref>

In 1949, the first batch of 75 Vampire Mk.6 (J-1005 to J-1079) was purchased. Most of these were phased out of service in 1968/1969, the last aircraft being withdrawn in 1973. A second batch of 100 Vampire Mk.6 (J-1101 to J-1200) were built under licence by a consortium of Swiss aviation companies, including Eidgenössische Flugzeugwerke Emmen, Pilatus Aircraft and Flug- und Fahrzeugwerke Altenrhein.{{sfn|Mason|1965|p=8}} Aircraft from this batch were in use from 1951 to 1974, of which some were used for pilot training and as target aircraft until 1990. A further three DH-100 Mk.6 (serials J-1080 to J-1082) were subsequently built from remaining spare parts. A force of 39 DH.115 Mk 55 Vampire two-seat trainers (U-1201 to U-1239) were also in service from 1953 to 1990.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vtg.admin.ch/content/vtg-internet/de/die-schweizer-armee/geschichte-der-schweizer-armee/_jcr_content/contentPar/tabs/items/leer/tabPar/downloadlist/downloadItems/106_1511955035315.download/Geschichte_LW_ausgemusterte_Mittel_DE.pdf |title=De Havilland DH-100 Vampire |access-date=25 May 2015 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150514071739/http://www.lw.admin.ch/internet/luftwaffe/de/home/themen/history/mittelaus/vampire.html |archive-date=14 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lw.admin.ch/internet/luftwaffe/de/home/dokumentation/assets/aircraft.parsys.79030.downloadList.74576.DownloadFile.tmp/milkennungen.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=25 May 2015 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150525020903/http://www.lw.admin.ch/internet/luftwaffe/de/home/dokumentation/assets/aircraft.parsys.79030.downloadList.74576.DownloadFile.tmp/milkennungen.pdf |archive-date=25 May 2015}}</ref> During the late 1950s, Switzerland started procuring Hawker Hunters to replace their Vampire fleet in the fighter role.<ref name = 'Lombardi 50'>Lombardi 2007, p. 50.</ref><ref name="wapj20 p138">Donnet ''World Air Power Journal,'' Volume 20, Spring 1995, p. 138.</ref>

==Variants== ===DH.100 Vampire single seat day fighter/fighter-bomber=== ;F.1 (alternatively F.Mk 1 or Mk.1) : single-seat fighter version for the RAF; Three prototypes (named '''Spider Crab''') built for specification E.6/41.<ref name = "bae herti" /> 228 production aircraft built, including 70 for Sweden as the '''J 28A''' for familiarization.<ref name=AirVector>{{cite web|last=Goebel|first=Greg| title=[2.0] Vampire In Foreign Service|url=http://www.airvectors.net/avvamp_2.html|website=Air Vectors|date=1 February 2020 |edition=v1.0.8 }}</ref> 30 ex-RAF F.1s were transferred to the ''Armee de l'Air'' in 1948 for familiarization. TG431 was supplied to Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) as A78-1 in May 1947 for familiarization. TG278 was modified with extended wings and powered with a Ghost 2. ;F.2: Nene-powered prototypes. Two built and three conversions.<ref name=AirVector/> TX807 was supplied to RAAF as A78-2 in August 1948 for familiarization and technical development. ;F.3: single-seat fighter for the RAF. Two prototypes converted from F.1s; 224 were built, 20 were exported to Norway, and 150 to Canada for the Royal Canadian Air Force.<ref name=AirVector/> ;F.4: Nene-powered project, none built. ;FB.5: Goblin 2 powered single-seat fighter-bomber with clipped wings; 1123 built, including 930 for the RAF.<ref name=AirVector/> 94 ex-RAF FB.5s were transferred to the Armee de l'Air in 1949 for operational squadrons.<ref name=AirVector/> VV465 was supplied to RAAF as A78-3 in May 1949 for familiarization. ;FB.6: Goblin 3 powered single-seat fighter-bomber; 175 were built in UK plus 310 built in Sweden as the '''J 28B''' and 103 built in Switzerland, including three from spares.<ref name=AirVector/> ;F.8: Ghost-powered F.1 conversion as prototype for de Havilland Venom; One built.<ref name=AirVector/> ;FB.9: tropicalised Goblin-3 powered F.5 fighter-bomber with air conditioning; 348 built, most by de Havilland, and some by Fairey.<ref name=AirVector/>

===Export variants=== ;F.30: Nene-powered single-seat fighter-bomber for the Royal Australian Air Force; 57 built in Australia by the De Havilland Australia (DHA).<ref name=AirVector/><ref name = "bae herti" /><ref name=Australia/> ;FB.31: Nene-powered upgraded F.30, 28 F.30s converted and 23 built new by De Havilland Australia.<ref name = "bae herti" /><ref name=Australia/> ;F.32: F.30 with air conditioning; One converted in Australia by De Havilland Australia.<ref name = "bae herti" /><ref name=Australia/> ;FB.50: exports to Sweden as the '''J 28B'''; 310 built, 12 later rebuilt as T.55s.<ref name = "bae herti" /> ;FB.51: exports to France. 67 built from DH-supplied knockdown kits, 20 built in France by Sud-Est.<ref name=AirVector/> ;FB.52: export FB.6, 546 built including 247 by Hindustan Aircraft Limited<ref name=AirVector/> ;FB.52A: export FB.6 for ''Aeronautica Militare Italiana''; 51 imported and 150 built in Italy by Macchi and Fiat.<ref name=AirVector/> ;FB.53: export single-seat fighter-bombers as patterns for ''Armee de l'Air'' to be built by SNCASE<ref name=AirVector/>

===DH.113 Vampire Night Fighters=== ;NF.10: Goblin-powered two-seat night fighter version for RAF; 81 built including 3 prototypes.<ref name = "bae herti" /> ;NF.54: export NF.10. Italian Air Force bought 14, and India bought 30 refurbished NF.10s.<ref name=AirVector/>

===DH.115 Vampire Trainers=== ;NF(T).10: navigation trainer based on NF.10; 36 converted<ref name=AirVector/> ;T.11: private venture Goblin 35 powered two-seat trainer; 526 built by de Havilland and Fairey including one prototype. Some had ejection seats.<ref name=AirVector/> ;T.22: T.11 trainer for Royal Navy; 73 built.<ref name=AirVector/> ;T.33: two-seat trainer based in early specification T.11. Powered by the Goblin turbojet; 36 were built in Australia by de Havilland Australia.<ref name=Australia/><ref name=AirVector/> ;T.33A: upgraded T.33 to late T.11 specification.<ref name=AirVector/> ;T.34: navalized two-seat T.22 trainer for the Royal Australian Navy; five built in Australia by De Havilland Australia. A sixth was delivered as a T.34A<ref name=Australia/><ref name=AirVector/> ;T.34A: T.34 upgraded with ejection seats.<ref name = "bae herti" /> ;T.35: late T.11 specification two-seat trainers; 68 built in Australia by De Havilland Australia.<ref name=Australia/><ref name = "bae herti" /> ;T.35A: T.35 upgraded from T.33.<ref name=Australia/><ref name = "bae herti" /> ;T.55: export trainer; 322 built including 30 in Switzerland, 60 in India by HAL and six converted from T.11s.<ref name=AirVector/> ;PR.55: At least 5 T.55s were modified in India for photo reconnaissance.<ref name=AirVector/>

===Sea Vampire=== ;F.1: prototype for deck trials, one conversion from Vampire F.1.<ref name="bae herti"/> ;F.20: navalised FB.5; 18 converted by English Electric.<ref name="bae herti"/><ref name=AirVector/> ;F.21: F.3s with strengthened belly and arrester hook for trials of undercarriage-less landings on flexible decks; two built<ref name=AirVector/> and/or six converted.<ref name="Trampoline p130">Brown 1976, p. 130.</ref> ;T.22: two-seat trainer for Royal Navy; 73 built by de Havilland.<ref name="bae herti"/>

===SNCASE (Sud-Est) Mistral=== ;SE.530 Mistral: Hispano-Nene powered prototypes based on FB.53 for French production; 4 built<ref name=AirVector/> ;SE.532 Mistral: production version; 93 built.<ref name=AirVector/> ;SE.535 Mistral: SE 532 development; 150 built.<ref name=AirVector/>

===Flygvapnet=== ;J 28A: Swedish F.1 with wings later clipped similarly to F.5; 70 imported.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.x-plane.org/home/urf/aviation/text/28vampir.htm|title=de Havilland Vampire in Swedish service|access-date=18 January 2018|archive-date=18 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190718205431/http://www.x-plane.org/home/urf/aviation/text/28vampir.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> ;J 28B: Swedish FB.6, 310 built.<ref name=AirVector/> ;A 28B: J 28B/FB.6 relegated to attack role.<ref name=AirVector/> ;J 28C-1: early specification T.55 Vampire Trainer, 30 purchased in 1952. Initially used in a fighter role.<ref name=AirVector/> ;J 28C-2: late specification T.55, 15 purchased in 1955.<ref name=AirVector/> ;J 28C-3: former J 28B single seater fighters converted to T.55A two seater trainers by de Havilland in 1956, 12 converted.<ref name=AirVector/>

===de Havilland Australia=== ;P.17: project trainer with local cockpit alterations.

==Operators== {{main|List of de Havilland Vampire operators}}

[[File:DH Vampire A79-612.jpg|thumb|de Havilland Vampire T.35 (''A79-612'') in Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia]] thumb|Vampire bearing Lebanese colours at Hatzerim, Israel thumb|Swiss Air Force Vampire at Letecké muzeum Kbely [[File:Jasdf vampire trainer.JPG|thumb| T.55 of Japan Air Self-Defense Force at Hamamatsu Air Base public hall]] :{{Flag|Australia}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.adf-serials.com.au/2a79.htm |title=ADF-Serials Vampire |publisher=Adf-serials.com.au |access-date=20 September 2018 |archive-date=19 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019001612/http://www.adf-serials.com.au/2a79.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.adf-gallery.com.au/2a79-Malta.htm |title=RAAF leased Vampire FB.9 and Meteor T.7 |publisher=Adf-gallery.com.au |access-date=20 September 2018}}</ref> :{{Flag|Austria}}<ref name=AirVector/> :{{Flag|Burma|1948}}<ref name=AirVector/> :{{flag|Canada}}<ref name=AirVector/> :{{Flag|Ceylon}}<ref name=AirVector/> :{{Flag|Chile}}<ref name=AirVector/> :{{Flag|Dominican Republic}}<ref name=AirVector/> :{{Flag|Egypt}}<ref name=AirVector/> :{{Flag|Finland}}<ref name=AirVector/> :{{Flag|France}}<ref name=AirVector/> :{{Flag|India}}<ref name=AirVector/> :{{Flag|Indonesia}}<ref name=AirVector/> :{{flag|Iraq|1959}}<ref name=AirVector/> :{{Flag|Ireland}}<ref name=AirVector/> :{{Flag|Italy}}<ref name=AirVector/> :{{flag|Japan}}<ref name=AirVector/> :{{Flag|Jordan}} – nicknamed ''Abu Tiki'' (roughly, "Daddy of all whistles") due to noise<ref name=AirVector/> :{{flag|Katanga}} :{{Flag|Lebanon}}<ref name=AirVector/> :{{Flag|Mexico}} -nicknamed ''Aguacate'' ("avocado") due to colour and shape.<ref name=AirVector/> :{{Flag|New Zealand}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.adf-serials.com.au/nz-serials/nzdh100.htm |title=NZDF-Serials DH.100 Vampire |publisher=Adf-serials.com.au |access-date=20 September 2018}}</ref><ref name=AirVector/> :{{Flag|Norway}}<ref name=AirVector/> :{{Flag|Portugal}}<ref name=AirVector/> :{{Flag|Rhodesia}}<ref name=AirVector/> :{{Flag|Saudi Arabia}}<ref name=AirVector/> :{{flag|South Africa|1928}}<ref name=AirVector/> :{{Flag|Sweden}}<ref name=AirVector/> :{{Flag|Switzerland}}<ref name=AirVector/> :{{Flag|Syria}}<ref name=AirVector/> :{{Flag|United Kingdom}}<ref name=AirVector/> :{{Flag|Venezuela|1930}}<ref name=AirVector/> :{{ZWE}}<ref name=AirVector/>

==Surviving aircraft== {{Main|List of surviving de Havilland Vampires}}

More than 180 examples survive in 30 countries, with more than seventeen of those in ten countries being airworthy.<ref name="GGAHS">{{cite web|last1=Goodall|first1=Geoff|title=[De Havilland]|url=http://www.goodall.com.au/warbirds-directory-v6/de-havilland.pdf|website=Geoff Goodall's Aviation History Site|publisher=Geoffrey Goodall|access-date=13 July 2023}}</ref>

A few have been modified for air racing, with four examples making a total of eight appearances<ref>{{Cite web |title=RARA Search Results |url=https://reports.airrace.org/cgi-bin/RARA.Search.cgi |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713131330/https://reports.airrace.org/cgi-bin/RARA.Search.cgi |archive-date=13 July 2023 |access-date=2023-07-13 |website=records.airrace.org |publisher=Reno Air Racing Association }}</ref> at the Reno Air Races so far, winning once.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2015 Jet Gold Results |url=https://reports.airrace.org/2015/2015.Jet.Gold.Results.pdf |access-date=July 13, 2023 |website=National Championship Air Races |archive-date=14 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231214020156/https://reports.airrace.org/2015/2015.Jet.Gold.Results.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Specifications (Vampire FB.6)== thumb|de Havilland Vampire FB.5 thumb|Cockpit layout of the Vampire FB.6 {{Aircraft specs | ref=''The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Aircraft'',<ref>''Illustrated Encyclopedia of Aircraft'' 1985, p. 1380.</ref> ''The De Havilland Vampire Mk. 5 & 9''<ref name = "mason 12">{{harvnb|Mason| 1965|p= 12}}</ref> |prime units?=imp  |crew=1 |length ft=30 |length in=9 |length note= |span ft=38 |span in=0 |span note= |height ft=8 |height in=10 |height note= |wing area sqft=262 |wing area note= |aspect ratio= |airfoil='''root:''' EC1240/0640 (14%); '''tip:''' EC1240/0640 (9%)<ref name="Selig">{{cite web |last1=Lednicer |first1=David |title=The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage |url=https://m-selig.ae.illinois.edu/ads/aircraft.html |website=UIUC Airfoil Data Site |access-date=16 April 2019}}</ref> |empty weight lb=7283 |empty weight note= |gross weight lb= |gross weight note= |max takeoff weight lb=12390 |max takeoff weight note=<ref name="Jackson p431">{{harvnb|Jackson|1987|p=431}}</ref> |fuel capacity= |more general=  |eng1 number=1 |eng1 name=de Havilland Goblin 3 |eng1 type=centrifugal-flow turbojet engine |eng1 lbf=3350 |eng1 note=  |max speed mph=548 |max speed note= |cruise speed mph= |cruise speed note= |stall speed mph= |stall speed note= |never exceed speed mph= |never exceed speed note= |range miles=1220 |range note= |combat range miles= |combat range note= |ferry range miles= |ferry range note= |endurance= |ceiling ft=42800 |ceiling note= |g limits= |roll rate= |glide ratio= |climb rate ftmin=4800 |climb rate note=<ref name="Jackson p431" /> |time to altitude= |sink rate ftmin= |sink rate note= |lift to drag= |wing loading lb/sqft=39.4 |wing loading note=<ref>Winchester 2012, p. 27.</ref> |fuel consumption lb/mi= |thrust/weight=

|more performance=  | guns=4 × 20 mm (0.79 in) Hispano Mk.V cannon with 600 rounds total (150 rounds per gun). | bombs=2 × 500 lb (225 kg) bombs or two drop-tanks | rockets=8 × 3-inch "60 lb" rockets

|avionics= }}

==Notable appearances in media==  <!-- Please READ Wikipedia:WikiProject Aircraft/page content#Popular culture and Wikipedia:WikiProject Military history/Style guide#Popular culture before adding any "Popular culture" items.

Please do not add the many minor appearances of the aircraft. This section is only for major cultural appearances where the aircraft plays a MAJOR part in the story line, or has an "especially notable" role in what is listed. A verifiable source proving the appearance's notability may be required. Random cruft, including ALL Ace Combat, Battlefield, and Metal Gear Solid appearances, and ALL anime/fiction lookalike speculation, WILL BE removed.

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==See also== {{Portal|UK|Aviation}} {{aircontent | related= * de Havilland Swallow * de Havilland Venom * de Havilland Sea Vixen | similar aircraft= * {{lwc|Gloster E.1/44|Gloster E.1/44 "Gloster Ace"}} * {{lwc|Focke-Wulf Flitzer}} * {{lwc|Saab 21R}} | lists= * List of jet aircraft of World War II | see also= }}

==References== ===Notes=== {{notelist}} {{Reflist |group=N}}

===Citations=== {{Reflist|30em}}

===Bibliography=== * {{cite book |last = Bain |first = Gordon |title = De Havilland: A Pictorial Tribute |location= London |publisher = AirLife |year = 1992 |isbn = 978-1-85648-243-1}} * {{cite book |last = Birtles |first = Philip |title = De Havilland Vampire, Venom and Sea Vixen |location= London |publisher = Ian Allan |year = 1986 |isbn = 978-0-7110-1566-1 }} * {{cite magazine |last = Brown |first = Eric |title = Vampire on a Trampoline |magazine= Air Enthusiast Quarterly |number = 2 |year = 1976 |pages = 126–136 |issn = 0143-5450 }} * {{cite magazine|last = Brown |first = Eric |title = Dawn of the Carrier Jet |magazine= Air International |date = January 1985 |volume = 28 |number = 1 |pages = 31–37 |issn = 0306-5634 }} * {{cite book |last = Buttler |first = Tony |title = British Secret Projects: Jet Fighters Since 1950 |location= Leicester, UK |publisher = Midland |year = 2000 |isbn = 978-1-85780-095-1 }}. * {{cite book |last = Buttler |first = Tony |title = British Secret Projects: Fighters & Bombers 1935–1950 |location = Hinckley, UK |publisher = Midland |date = 2004 |isbn = 978-1-85780-179-8}} * {{cite book |last = Cooper |first = Geoffrey G. J. |title = Farnborough and the Fleet Air Arm |publisher = Ian Allan |year = 2008 |isbn = 978-1-85780-306-8}} * Donnet, Christophe. "A Farewell to Arms". ''World Air Power Journal''. Volume 20, Spring 1995, pp. 138–145. London: Aerospace Publishing. {{ISSN|0959-7050}}. {{ISBN|1-874023-49-2}}. * {{cite magazine |last = Dorr |first = Robert F. |title = Lockheed P-80 Shooting Star, Variant Briefing |magazine= Wings of Fame: The Journal of Classic Combat Aircraft |volume = 11 |year = 1998 |isbn = 978-1-86184-017-2 }} * {{cite book |last = Gunston |first = Bill |author-link = Bill Gunston |title = Fighters of the Fifties |location = Cambridge, UK |publisher = Patrick Stephens |year = 1981 |isbn = 978-0-85059-463-8 }} * {{cite book |last = Gunston |first = Bill |title = Plane Speaking |publisher = Patrick Stephens |location = Cambridge |year = 1991 |isbn = 978-1-85260-166-9}} * {{cite book |editor-last1 = Gunston |editor-first1 = Bill |others = et al. |contribution = Vampire Fighters Lead Victory Day Fly-by |title = The Chronicle of Aviation |location= Liberty, Missouri, US |publisher = JL International |year = 1992 |isbn = 978-1-872031-30-9 |url-access = registration |url = https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781872031309/page/454/mode/2up }} * {{cite book |last = Gunston |first = Bill |title = World Encyclopedia of Aero Engines: From the Pioneers to the Present Day |publisher = Sutton |location = London |year = 2006 |isbn = 978-0-7509-4479-3}} * {{cite book |last = Harrison |first = W. A. |title = De Havilland Vampire |series = Warpaint |number = 27 |publisher = Hall Park Books |location = Buckinghamshire, UK |year = 2000 |oclc = 65202533}} * {{cite book |last = Harker |first = R.W. |title = Rolls-Royce From the Wings: Military Aviation, 1925–71 |publisher = Oxford Illustrated Press |location = Oxford |year = 1976 |isbn = 978-0-902280-38-0}} * {{cite magazine |last = Hatch |first = Paul |title = World's Air Forces 1987 |magazine = Flight International |date = 28 November 1987 |volume = 130 |issue = 4090 |pages = 36–106 |issn = 0015-3710 |url = https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1987/1987%20-%202486.html }} * {{cite book |last = Jackson |first = R. |title = Men of Power, The Lives of Rolls-Royce Chief Test Pilots |publisher = Pen and Sword |location = Barnsley |year = 2006 |isbn = 978-1-84415-427-2}} * {{cite book |title = Illustrated Encyclopedia of Aircraft |others = Part Work 1982–1985 |location= London |publisher = Orbis |year = 1985 |oclc = 774502902}} * {{cite book |last = Jackson |first = A. J. |title = De Havilland Aircraft since 1909 |location = London |publisher = Putnam |edition = 3rd |year = 1987 |isbn = 978-0-85177-802-0 }} * Lombardi, Fiona. ''The Swiss Air Power: Wherefrom? Whereto?'' Hochschulverlag AG, 2007. {{ISBN|3-7281-3099-0}}. * {{cite book |last = Mason |first = Francis K. |title = The De Havilland Vampire Mk. 5 & 9 |series = Aircraft in Profile |number = 48 |location = Leatherhead, UK |publisher = Profile Publications |year = 1965 |oclc = 45318860}} * {{cite book |last = Marriott |first = Leo |title = Royal Navy Aircraft Carriers 1945–1990 |publisher = Ian Allan |location = London |year = 1985 |isbn = 978-0-7110-1561-6}} * {{cite book |last = Milberry |first = Lawrence "Larry" |title = Sixty Years: The RCAF and Air Command 1924–1984 |location = Toronto |publisher = Canav Books |year = 1984 |isbn = 978-0-07-549484-3 }} * {{cite magazine |last1 = Nicolle |first1 = David |last2 = Cattaneo |first2 = Gianni |title = 'A Delight to Fly': DH Vampires in Egyptian Service |magazine= Air Enthusiast |number = 69 |date = May–June 1997 |pages = 2–11 |issn = 0143-5450 }} * {{cite magazine |title = Pentagon Over the Islands: The Thirty-Year History of Indonesian Military Aviation |magazine= Air Enthusiast Quarterly |date = n.d. |issue = 2 |pages = 154–162 |issn = 0143-5450}} * {{cite magazine |last1 = Petit| first1 = Jean-Jacques |title = Vampire dans l'Armée de l'Air (première partie) |magazine= Le Fana de l'Aviation |date = March 1980 |issue = 124 |pages = 45–47 |issn = 0757-4169 |language = fr |trans-title = The Vampire in the French Air Force, Part One}} * {{cite book |last = Smith |first = G. Geoffrey |title = Gas Turbines and Jet Propulsion: Sixth edition |year = 1955 |publisher = Iliffe & Sons Ltd. |location = London}} * {{cite magazine |last = Thomas |first = Andrew |title = 'Booms' Over the 'Bush': De Havilland Vampires in Rhodesian Service |magazine= Air Enthusiast |number = 119 |date = September–October 2005 |pages = 30–39 |issn = 0143-5450 }} * {{cite book |last = Thomason |first = Tommy H. |title = U.S. Naval Air Superiority: Development of Shipborne Jet Fighters, 1943-1962 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=XkYcBQAAQBAJ |publisher = Specialty Press |date = 2008 |isbn = 978-1-580-07110-9}} * {{cite book |last = Watkins |first = David |title = de Havilland Vampire: The Complete History |location= Thrupp, UK |publisher = Budding Books |year = 1996 |isbn = 978-1-84015-023-0 }} * {{cite magazine|last1 = Watkins |first1 = David |title = RAF Flying Training and the Vampire |magazine= Air Enthusiast |date = November–December 1999 |issue = 84 |pages = 41–49 |issn = 0143-5450}} * {{cite book |last = Watkins |first = David |title = The History of the de Havilland Vampire |location = Stroud, UK |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=rOGLAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1969-IA2 |publisher = Fonthill Media |year = 2013 |isbn = 978-1-78155-266-7}} * {{cite book |last1 = Winchester |first1 = Jim |title = Jet Fighters: Inside & Out |date = 2012 |publisher = Rosen Publishing Group |location=New York |isbn=978-1-4488-5982-5}}

==External links== {{Commons category}} {{external media | video1=[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xc32q1voqJw Vampire engine start] at AFB Swartkop | video2=[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2UQR5SMhp_Y In cockpit flight view] of South African Air Force Museum Vampire T 55 flown by Col. Rama Iyer }} * [https://vampireflight.co.uk/ Vampire Preservation Group's website] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zmXe3Rssz_g Restored RNoAF Vampire FB.52 flying] * [https://www.aef.se/Flygvapnet/Notiser/J28A,_B,_C_Vampire_notis_2.htm J 28 de Havilland Vampire] * {{cite web |last1=Stig |first1=Hetze |title=Flygvapnets första jetflygplan |url=https://www.aef.se/Flygvapnet/Notiser/J28A,_B,_C_Vampire_notis_2.htm |website=aef |publisher=Arboga Elektronikhistorisa Förening |access-date=29 April 2021 |ref=92}} Article on the Vampire in Swedish service

{{de Havilland aircraft}} {{De Havilland Australia aircraft}} {{British military aircraft since World War II}} {{Swedish military aircraft designations}} {{ADF aircraft designations}} {{Authority control}}

Vampire Category:1940s British fighter aircraft Category:Carrier-based aircraft Category:Twin-boom aircraft Category:World War II jet aircraft of the United Kingdom Category:Single-engined jet aircraft Category:Mid-wing aircraft Category:Aircraft first flown in 1943 Category:Aircraft with retractable tricycle landing gear

De Havilland Vampire

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