National Replacement Character Set

{{Short description|Feature of computer terminals}} {{Infobox character encoding |name = DEC NRCS encoding family |alias = National Replacement Character Set |mime = |image = NRCS-infobox.svg |caption = Invariant subset of NRCS. Red Bowen knots (⌘) denote national code points. |standard = |prev = ASCII |next = ISO 8859, ISO 10646 |otherrelated = ISO 646 }} The '''National Replacement Character Set''' ('''NRCS''') was a feature supported by later models of Digital's (DEC) computer terminal systems, starting with the VT200 series in 1983. NRCS allowed individual characters from one character set to be replaced by one from another set, allowing the construction of different character sets on the fly. It was used to customize the character set to different local languages, without having to change the terminal's ROM for different countries, or alternately, include many different sets in a larger ROM. Many 3rd party terminals and terminal emulators supporting VT200 codes also supported NRCS.

==Description== ASCII is a 7-bit standard, allowing a total of 128 characters in the character set. Some of these are reserved as control characters, leaving 96 printable characters. This set of 96 printable characters includes upper and lower case letters, numbers, and basic math and punctuation.

ASCII does not have enough room to include other common characters such as multi-national currency symbols or the various accented letters common in European languages. This led to a number of country-specific varieties of 7-bit ASCII with certain characters replaced. For instance, the UK standard simply replaced ASCII's hash mark, <code>#</code>, with the pound symbol, <code>£</code>. This normally led to different models of a given computer terminal or printer, differing only in the glyphs stored in ROM. Some of these were standardized as part of ISO/IEC 646.<ref name="Kennelly_1991_DEC"/><ref name="DEC_VT320"/>

On an 8-bit clean serial link, ASCII can be expanded to support a total of 256 characters. In this case, instead of replacing the characters in the original printable characters range from 32 to 127, new characters are added in the 128 to 255 range. This offers enough room for a single character set to include all the variety of characters used in North America and western Europe. This capability led to the introduction of the ISO/IEC 8859-1 standard character set containing 191 characters of what it calls the "Latin alphabet no. 1", but normally referred to as "ISO Latin". Windows-1252 is a slightly expanded superset of ISO Latin.<ref name="DEC_VT320"/>

NRCS was introduced to solve the problem of requiring different terminals for each country by allowing characters in the basic 7-bit ASCII set to be re-defined by copying the glyph from the DEC's version of ISO Latin, the Multinational Character Set (MCS). This meant that the ROM had to store only two character sets, standard ASCII and MCS, and could build any required local ASCII variant on the fly. For instance, instead of having a separate "UK ASCII" version of the terminal with a modified glyph in ROM, the terminal included an NRCS with instructions to replace the hash mark glyph with the pound. When used in the UK, typing <code>Shift 3</code> produced the pound, the same keys pressed on a US terminal produced hash.<ref name="DEC_VT320"/>

The NRCS could be set through a setup command, or more commonly, by replacing the keyboard with a model that sent back a code when first booted. That way simply plugging in a UK keyboard, which had a pound sign on the 3 key, automatically set the NRCS to that same replacement.<ref name="DEC_VT320"/>

==NRC Sets== DEC terminals from the VT220 on had 12 different NRCS sets in addition to standard ASCII:<ref name="DEC_VT320"/>

{|class="wikitable sortable" ! Character set ! Code page ! Standard ! 0x23 ! 0x40 ! 0x5B ! 0x5C ! 0x5D ! 0x5E ! 0x5F ! 0x60 ! 0x7B ! 0x7C ! 0x7D ! 0x7E |-style="background:#FFFFDD;" | Standard ASCII<ref name="DEC_VT420"/> | data-sort-value="0367"|367 | ASCII, ISO 646-US IR 6 | # | @ | [ | \ | ] | ^ | _ | ` | { | {{pipe}} | } | ~ |- | United Kingdom<ref name="vt220_pr"/><ref name="DEC_VT420"/><ref name="la75plus"/> | 1101<ref name="IBM_CP1101"/> | DEC, ISO<ref name="DEC_VT510"/> | style="background:#ccf;"|£ | @ | [ | \ | ] | ^ | _ | ` | { | {{pipe}} | } | ~ |- | Denmark/Norway<ref name="vt220_pr"/><ref name="DEC_VT420"/><ref name="la75plus"/> (Alternate) | 1107<ref name="IBM_CP1107"/> | DEC, ISO<ref name="DEC_VT510"/> | # | @ | style="background:#ccf;"|Æ | style="background:#ccf;"|Ø | style="background:#ccf;"|Å | ^ | _ | ` | style="background:#ccf;"|æ | style="background:#ccf;"|ø | style="background:#ccf;"|å | ~ |- | Denmark/Norway<ref name="la75plus"/> | 1105<ref name="IBM_CP1105"/> | DEC | # | style="background:#ccf;"|Ä | style="background:#ccf;"|Æ | style="background:#ccf;"|Ø | style="background:#ccf;"|Å | style="background:#ccf;"|Ü | _ | style="background:#ccf;"|ä | style="background:#ccf;"|æ | style="background:#ccf;"|ø | style="background:#ccf;"|å | style="background:#ccf;"|ü |- | Dutch<ref name="vt220_pr"/><ref name="la75plus"/> | 1102<ref name="IBM_CP1102"/> | DEC | style="background:#ccf;"|£ | style="background:#ccf;"|¾ | style="background:#ccf;"|ĳ <ref name="vt220_pr"/><ref name="IBM_CP1102"/> | style="background:#ccf;"|½ | style="background:#ccf;"|{{pipe}} <ref name="IBM_CP1102"/> | ^ | _ | ` | style="background:#ccf;"|¨ | style="background:#ccf;"|ƒ | style="background:#ccf;"|¼ | style="background:#ccf;"|´ <ref name="IBM_CP1102"/> |- | Finnish<ref name="vt220_pr"/><ref name="DEC_VT420"/><ref name="la75plus"/> | 1103<ref name="IBM_CP1103"/> | DEC<ref name="DEC_VT510"/> | # | @ | style="background:#ccf;"|Ä | style="background:#ccf;"|Ö | style="background:#ccf;"|Å | style="background:#ccf;"|Ü | _ | style="background:#ccf;"|é | style="background:#ccf;"|ä | style="background:#ccf;"|ö | style="background:#ccf;"|å | style="background:#ccf;"|ü |- | French<ref name="vt220_pr"/><ref name="DEC_VT420"/><ref name="la75plus"/> | 1104<ref name="IBM_CP1104"/> | DEC, ISO<ref name="DEC_VT510"/> | style="background:#ccf;"|£ | style="background:#ccf;"|à | style="background:#ccf;"|° <ref name="IBM_CP1104"/> | style="background:#ccf;"|ç | style="background:#ccf;"|§ | ^ | _ | ` | style="background:#ccf;"|é | style="background:#ccf;"|ù | style="background:#ccf;"|è | style="background:#ccf;"|¨ <ref name="IBM_CP1104"/> |- | French Canadian<ref name="vt220_pr"/><ref name="DEC_VT420"/><ref name="la75plus"/> | 1020<ref name="IBM_CP1020"/> | DEC<ref name="DEC_VT510"/> | # | style="background:#ccf;"|à | style="background:#ccf;"|â | style="background:#ccf;"|ç | style="background:#ccf;"|ê | style="background:#ccf;"|î | _ | style="background:#ccf;"|ô | style="background:#ccf;"|é | style="background:#ccf;"|ù | style="background:#ccf;"|è | style="background:#ccf;"|û |- | German<ref name="vt220_pr"/><ref name="DEC_VT420"/><ref name="la75plus"/> | 1011,<ref name="CP1011"/> 20106<ref name="MS_2014_CP201xx"/><ref name="WG_CP201xx"/><ref name="WU_CP20106"/> | ISO 646-DE IR 21,<ref name="Bemer_1980"/><ref name="HP_PCLREF_2003"/> DIN 66003 | # | style="background:#ccf;"|§ | style="background:#ccf;"|Ä | style="background:#ccf;"|Ö | style="background:#ccf;"|Ü | ^ | _ | ` | style="background:#ccf;"|ä | style="background:#ccf;"|ö | style="background:#ccf;"|ü | style="background:#ccf;"|ß |- | Italian<ref name="vt220_pr"/><ref name="DEC_VT420"/><ref name="la75plus"/> | 1012<ref name="CP1012"/> | ISO 646-IT IR 15,<ref name="Bemer_1980"/><ref name="HP_PCLREF_2003"/> UNI 0204-70 | style="background:#ccf;"|£ | style="background:#ccf;"|§ | style="background:#ccf;"|° <ref name="CP1012"/> | style="background:#ccf;"|ç | style="background:#ccf;"|é | ^ | _ | style="background:#ccf;"|ù | style="background:#ccf;"|à | style="background:#ccf;"|ò | style="background:#ccf;"|è | style="background:#ccf;"|ì |- | Japanese Roman<ref name="la75plus"/> | data-sort-value="0895"|895 | DEC, ISO | # | @ | [ | style="background:#ccf;"|¥ | ] | ^ | _ | ` | { | {{pipe}} | } | style="background:#ccf;"|‾ |- | Portuguese<ref name="DEC_VT320"/><ref name="DEC_VT420"/><ref name="la75plus"/> | <ref group="nb" name="NB_Portuguese"/> | DEC<ref name="DEC_VT510"/> | # | @ <ref name="DEC_VT320"/><ref name="DEC_VT420"/><ref group="nb" name="NB_Portuguese"/> | style="background:#ccf;"|Ã | style="background:#ccf;"|Ç | style="background:#ccf;"|Õ | ^ | _ | ` | style="background:#ccf;"|ã | style="background:#ccf;"|ç | style="background:#ccf;"|õ | ~ |- | Spanish<ref name="vt220_pr"/><ref name="DEC_VT420"/><ref name="la75plus"/> | 1023<ref name="IBM_CP1023"/> | DEC, ISO<ref name="DEC_VT510"/> | style="background:#ccf;"|£ | style="background:#ccf;"|§ | style="background:#ccf;"|¡ | style="background:#ccf;"|Ñ | style="background:#ccf;"|¿ | ^ | _ | ` | style="background:#ccf;"|˚ <ref name="IBM_CP1023"/> (°) | style="background:#ccf;"|ñ | style="background:#ccf;"|ç | ~ |- | Swedish<ref name="vt220_pr"/><ref name="DEC_VT420"/><ref name="la75plus"/> | 1106<ref name="IBM_CP1106"/> | DEC, ISO<ref name="DEC_VT510"/> | # | style="background:#ccf;"|É | style="background:#ccf;"|Ä | style="background:#ccf;"|Ö | style="background:#ccf;"|Å | style="background:#ccf;"|Ü | _ | style="background:#ccf;"|é | style="background:#ccf;"|ä | style="background:#ccf;"|ö | style="background:#ccf;"|å | style="background:#ccf;"|ü |- | Swiss<ref name="vt220_pr"/><ref name="DEC_VT420"/><ref name="la75plus"/> | 1021<ref name="IBM_CP1021"/> | DEC<ref name="DEC_VT510"/> | style="background:#ccf;"|ù | style="background:#ccf;"|à | style="background:#ccf;"|é | style="background:#ccf;"|ç | style="background:#ccf;"|ê | style="background:#ccf;"|î | style="background:#ccf;"|è | style="background:#ccf;"|ô | style="background:#ccf;"|ä | style="background:#ccf;"|ö | style="background:#ccf;"|ü | style="background:#ccf;"|û |}

==See also== *7-bit DEC Greek<ref name="DEC_VT510"/> *7-bit DEC Hebrew<ref name="DEC_VT510"/> (SI 960, HEBREW-7) *7-bit DEC Turkish<ref name="DEC_VT510"/> (TR7DEC) *7-bit DEC Cyrillic (KOI-7)

==Notes== {{reflist|group="nb"|refs= <ref group="nb" name="NB_Portuguese">This DEC character set is similar to ISO 646-PT2 / IR 84 aka IBM code page 1015, except for code point 64 (0x40), which is assigned to "@" in the DEC character set, but to "´" in the ISO character set.</ref> }}

==References== <references> <ref name="DEC_VT320">{{cite book |author=DEC |url=http://vt100.net/docs/vt320-uu/appendixe.html |title=VT320 Programming Summary |chapter=Appendix E |publisher=Digital Press |date=June 1987}} (The provided link goes to a digitized version, which contains some subtle OCR errors, therefore isn't a reliable reference for the character set mappings)</ref> <ref name="DEC_VT420">{{cite book |author=DEC |url=http://manx-docs.org/collections/mds-199909/cd3/term/vt420rm2.pdf |title=VT420 Programmer Reference Manual |chapter=Chapter 2: Character Encoding - National Replacement Character Sets (NRC Sets) (Worldwide Models Only) |page=28 |publisher=Digital Equipment Corporation |edition=2 |date=February 1992 |orig-year=November 1989 |id=EK–VT420–RM.002 |access-date=2017-01-29 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170129003921/http://manx-docs.org/collections/mds-199909/cd3/term/vt420rm2.pdf |archive-date=2017-01-29}}</ref> <ref name="Kennelly_1991_DEC">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GkajBQAAQBAJ |title=Digital Guide To Developing International Software |publisher=Digital Equipment Corporation |id=EY-F577E-DP |date=1991 |author-first=Cynthia |author-last=Hartman Kennelly |editor-first=Jacqueline |editor-last=Unch |edition=1 |isbn=1-55558-063-7}}</ref> <ref name="vt220_pr">{{cite web |url=http://vt100.net/docs/vt220-rm/ |title=VT220 Programmer Reference Manual |publisher=Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) |date=1984 |orig-year=1983 |edition=2}}</ref> <ref name="la75plus">{{cite manual |url=https://manx-docs.org/collections/mds-199909/cd3/printer/la75eug1.pdf |title=LA75 Plus Companion Printer Installation and User Guide |publisher=Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) |date=July 1991 |edition=1}}</ref> <ref name="IBM_CP1020">{{cite web |title=SBCS code page information - CPGID: 01020 / Name: Canadian (French) Variant |work=IBM Software: Globalization: Coded character sets and related resources: Code pages by CPGID: Code page identifiers |date=1992-10-01 |version=1 |publisher=IBM |url=https://www-01.ibm.com/software/globalization/cp/cp01020.html |access-date=2016-12-05 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161205040919/https://www-01.ibm.com/software/globalization/cp/cp01020.html |archive-date=2016-12-05}} [https://public.dhe.ibm.com/software/globalization/gcoc/attachments/CP01020.pdf] [https://public.dhe.ibm.com/software/globalization/gcoc/attachments/CP01020.txt]</ref> <ref name="IBM_CP1021">{{cite web |title=SBCS code page information - CPGID: 01021 / Name: Switzerland Variant |work=IBM Software: Globalization: Coded character sets and related resources: Code pages by CPGID: Code page identifiers |date=1992-10-01 |version=1 |publisher=IBM |url=https://www-01.ibm.com/software/globalization/cp/cp01021.html |access-date=2016-12-05 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161205040931/https://www-01.ibm.com/software/globalization/cp/cp01021.html |archive-date=2016-12-05}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20161205144719/https://www-03.ibm.com/systems/resources/systems_i_software_globalization_pdf_cp01021z.pdf] [https://public.dhe.ibm.com/software/globalization/gcoc/attachments/CP01021.pdf] [https://public.dhe.ibm.com/software/globalization/gcoc/attachments/CP01021.txt]</ref> <ref name="IBM_CP1023">{{cite web |title=SBCS code page information - CPGID: 01023 / Name: Spain Variant |work=IBM Software: Globalization: Coded character sets and related resources: Code pages by CPGID: Code page identifiers |date=1992-10-01 |version=1 |publisher=IBM |url=https://www-01.ibm.com/software/globalization/cp/cp01023.html |access-date=2016-12-05 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161205040941/https://www-01.ibm.com/software/globalization/cp/cp01023.html |archive-date=2016-12-05}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20161205120157/https://www-03.ibm.com/systems/resources/systems_i_software_globalization_pdf_cp01023z.pdf] [https://public.dhe.ibm.com/software/globalization/gcoc/attachments/CP01023.pdf] [https://public.dhe.ibm.com/software/globalization/gcoc/attachments/CP01023.txt]</ref> <ref name="IBM_CP1101">{{cite web |title=SBCS code page information - CPGID: 01101 / Name: British NRC Set |work=IBM Software: Globalization: Coded character sets and related resources: Code pages by CPGID: Code page identifiers |date=1992-10-01 |version=1 |publisher=IBM |url=https://www-01.ibm.com/software/globalization/cp/cp01101.html |access-date=2016-12-05 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161205040320/https://www-01.ibm.com/software/globalization/cp/cp01101.html |archive-date=2016-12-05}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20161205115925/https://www-03.ibm.com/systems/resources/systems_i_software_globalization_pdf_cp01101z.pdf] [https://public.dhe.ibm.com/software/globalization/gcoc/attachments/CP01101.pdf] [https://public.dhe.ibm.com/software/globalization/gcoc/attachments/CP01101.txt]</ref> <ref name="IBM_CP1102">{{cite web |title=SBCS code page information - CPGID: 01102 / Name: Dutch NRC Set |work=IBM Software: Globalization: Coded character sets and related resources: Code pages by CPGID: Code page identifiers |date=1992-10-01 |version=1 |publisher=IBM |url=https://www-01.ibm.com/software/globalization/cp/cp01102.html |access-date=2016-12-05 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161205040334/https://www-01.ibm.com/software/globalization/cp/cp01102.html |archive-date=2016-12-05}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20161205115943/https://www-03.ibm.com/systems/resources/systems_i_software_globalization_pdf_cp01102z.pdf] [https://public.dhe.ibm.com/software/globalization/gcoc/attachments/CP01102.pdf] [https://public.dhe.ibm.com/software/globalization/gcoc/attachments/CP01102.txt]</ref> <ref name="IBM_CP1103">{{cite web |title=SBCS code page information - CPGID: 01103 / Name: Finnish NRC Set |work=IBM Software: Globalization: Coded character sets and related resources: Code pages by CPGID: Code page identifiers |date=1992-10-01 |version=1 |publisher=IBM |url=https://www-01.ibm.com/software/globalization/cp/cp01103.html |access-date=2016-12-05 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161205040346/https://www-01.ibm.com/software/globalization/cp/cp01103.html |archive-date=2016-12-05}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20161205120015/https://www-03.ibm.com/systems/resources/systems_i_software_globalization_pdf_cp01103z.pdf] [https://public.dhe.ibm.com/software/globalization/gcoc/attachments/CP01103.pdf] [https://public.dhe.ibm.com/software/globalization/gcoc/attachments/CP01103.txt]</ref> <ref name="IBM_CP1104">{{cite web |title=SBCS code page information - CPGID: 01104 / Name: French NRC Set |work=IBM Software: Globalization: Coded character sets and related resources: Code pages by CPGID: Code page identifiers |date=1992-10-01 |version=1 |publisher=IBM |url=https://www-01.ibm.com/software/globalization/cp/cp01104.html |access-date=2016-12-05 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161205040423/https://www-01.ibm.com/software/globalization/cp/cp01104.html |archive-date=2016-12-05}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20161205120037/https://www-03.ibm.com/systems/resources/systems_i_software_globalization_pdf_cp01104z.pdf] [https://public.dhe.ibm.com/software/globalization/gcoc/attachments/CP01104.pdf] [https://public.dhe.ibm.com/software/globalization/gcoc/attachments/CP01104.txt]</ref> <ref name="IBM_CP1105">{{cite web |title=SBCS code page information - CPGID: 01105 / Name: Norwegian/Danish NRC Set |work=IBM Software: Globalization: Coded character sets and related resources: Code pages by CPGID: Code page identifiers |date=1992-10-01 |version=1 |publisher=IBM |url=https://www-01.ibm.com/software/globalization/cp/cp01105.html |access-date=2016-12-05 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161205040445/https://www-01.ibm.com/software/globalization/cp/cp01105.html |archive-date=2016-12-05}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20161205120059/https://www-03.ibm.com/systems/resources/systems_i_software_globalization_pdf_cp01105z.pdf] [https://public.dhe.ibm.com/software/globalization/gcoc/attachments/CP01105.pdf] [https://public.dhe.ibm.com/software/globalization/gcoc/attachments/CP01105.txt]</ref> <ref name="IBM_CP1106">{{cite web |title=SBCS code page information - CPGID: 01106 / Name: Swedish British NRC Set |work=IBM Software: Globalization: Coded character sets and related resources: Code pages by CPGID: Code page identifiers |date=1992-10-01 |version=1 |publisher=IBM |url=https://www-01.ibm.com/software/globalization/cp/cp01106.html |access-date=2016-12-05 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161205040459/https://www-01.ibm.com/software/globalization/cp/cp01106.html |archive-date=2016-12-05}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20161205120124/https://www-03.ibm.com/systems/resources/systems_i_software_globalization_pdf_cp01106z.pdf] [https://public.dhe.ibm.com/software/globalization/gcoc/attachments/CP01106.pdf] [https://public.dhe.ibm.com/software/globalization/gcoc/attachments/CP01106.txt]</ref> <ref name="IBM_CP1107">{{cite web |title=SBCS code page information - CPGID: 01107 / Name: Norwegian/Danish NRC Alternate |work=IBM Software: Globalization: Coded character sets and related resources: Code pages by CPGID: Code page identifiers |date=1992-10-01 |version=1 |publisher=IBM |url=https://www-01.ibm.com/software/globalization/cp/cp01107.html |access-date=2016-12-05 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161205040522/https://www-01.ibm.com/software/globalization/cp/cp01107.html |archive-date=2016-12-05}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20161205120137/https://www-03.ibm.com/systems/resources/systems_i_software_globalization_pdf_cp01107z.pdf] [https://public.dhe.ibm.com/software/globalization/gcoc/attachments/CP01107.pdf] [https://public.dhe.ibm.com/software/globalization/gcoc/attachments/CP01107.txt]</ref> <ref name="CP1011">{{cite web |title=SBCS code page information - CPGID: 01011 / Name: 7-Bit Germany F.R. |work=IBM Software: Globalization: Coded character sets and related resources: Code pages by CPGID: Code page identifiers |date=1987-08-01 |version=1 |publisher=IBM |url=https://www-01.ibm.com/software/globalization/cp/cp01011.html |access-date=2016-06-17 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617191225/https://www-01.ibm.com/software/globalization/cp/cp01011.html |archive-date=2016-06-17}}</ref> <ref name="CP1012">{{cite web |title=SBCS code page information - CPGID: 01012 / Name: 7-Bit Italy |work=IBM Software: Globalization: Coded character sets and related resources: Code pages by CPGID: Code page identifiers |date=1987-08-01 |version=1 |publisher=IBM |url=https://www-01.ibm.com/software/globalization/cp/cp01012.html |access-date=2016-06-17 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617191840/https://www-01.ibm.com/software/globalization/cp/cp01012.html |archive-date=2016-06-17}}</ref> <ref name="HP_PCLREF_2003">{{cite web |title=HP PCL/PJL Reference PCL 5 Comparison Guide |date=June 2003 |publisher=Hewlett-Packard Company, LP |id=HP part-number 502-0378 |edition=2 |url=http://www.hp.com/ctg/Manual/bpl13206.pdf |access-date=2016-08-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160810022536/http://www.hp.com/ctg/Manual/bpl13206.pdf |archive-date=2016-08-10}}</ref> <ref name="Bemer_1980">{{cite book |title=General Purpose Software |chapter=Chapter 1: Inside ASCII |author-last=Bemer |author-first=Robert William |author-link=Robert William Bemer |date=1980 |series=Best of Interface Age |volume=2 |location=Portland, OR, USA |publisher=dilithium Press |isbn=0-918398-37-1 |lccn=79-67462 |url=http://bookzz.org/dl/1210234/1105c6 |access-date=2016-08-27 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827000956/http://dlx.bookzz.org/genesis/772000/c80a62495acf1e1a5b966de23c1f989a/_as/%5BInterface_Age_Staff%5D_Best_of_Interface_Age%2C_Volum(BookZZ.org).pdf |archive-date=2016-08-27 |pages=1–50 |postscript=, }} from: {{cite journal |title=Inside ASCII - Part I |author-last=Bemer |author-first=Robert William |author-link=Robert William Bemer |journal=Interface Age |volume=3 |issue=5 |date=May 1978 |location=Portland, OR, USA |publisher=dilithium Press |pages=96–102}}, {{cite journal |title=Inside ASCII - Part II |author-last=Bemer |author-first=Robert William |author-link=Robert William Bemer |journal=Interface Age |volume=3 |issue=6 |date=June 1978 |location=Portland, OR, USA |publisher=dilithium Press |pages=64–74}}, {{cite journal |title=Inside ASCII - Part III |author-last=Bemer |author-first=Robert William |author-link=Robert William Bemer |journal=Interface Age |volume=3 |issue=7 |date=July 1978 |location=Portland, OR, USA |publisher=dilithium Press |pages=80–87}}</ref> <ref name="MS_2014_CP201xx">{{cite web |title=Code Page Identifiers |publisher=Microsoft |work=Microsoft Developer Network |date=2014 |url=https://msdn.microsoft.com/de-de/en-en/library/windows/desktop/dd317756(v=vs.85).aspx |access-date=2016-06-19 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160619132819/https://msdn.microsoft.com/de-de/en-en/library/windows/desktop/dd317756(v=vs.85).aspx |archive-date=2016-06-19}}</ref> <ref name="WG_CP201xx">{{cite web |title=Web Encodings - Internet Explorer - Encodings |date=2012-10-23 |work=WHATWG Wiki |url=https://wiki.whatwg.org/wiki/Web_Encodings#Encodings_3 |access-date=2016-06-20 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160620184648/https://wiki.whatwg.org/wiki/Web_Encodings#Encodings_3 |archive-date=2016-06-20}}</ref> <ref name="WU_CP20106">{{cite web |title=German (IA5) encoding - Windows charsets |author-first=Antonin |author-last=Foller |date=2014 |orig-year=2011 |work=WUtils.com - Online web utility and help |publisher=Motobit Software |url=http://wutils.com/encodings/x-ia5-german |access-date=2016-06-20 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160620183739/http://wutils.com/encodings/x-ia5-german |archive-date=2016-06-20}}</ref> <ref name="DEC_VT510">{{cite book |title=VT510 Video Terminal Programmer Information |chapter=7. Character Sets |author=Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) |url=http://www.vt100.net/docs/vt510-rm/chapter7.html |access-date=2017-02-18 }}</ref> </references>

Category:Character sets Category:Digital Equipment Corporation Category:Computer-related introductions in 1983