DDX21

{{Short description|Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens}} {{cs1 config|name-list-style=vanc}} {{Infobox_gene}} '''Nucleolar RNA helicase 2''' is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''DDX21'' gene.<ref name="pmid8614622">{{cite journal | vauthors = Valdez BC, Henning D, Busch RK, Woods K, Flores-Rozas H, Hurwitz J, Perlaky L, Busch H | title = A nucleolar RNA helicase recognized by autoimmune antibodies from a patient with watermelon stomach disease | journal = Nucleic Acids Res. | volume = 24 | issue = 7 | pages = 1220–4 | date = Jun 1996 | pmid = 8614622 | pmc = 145780 | doi = 10.1093/nar/24.7.1220 }}</ref><ref name="entrez">{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: DDX21 DEAD (Asp-Glu-Ala-Asp) box polypeptide 21| url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=9188| access-date = }}</ref>

== Function ==

DEAD box proteins, characterized by the conserved motif Asp-Glu-Ala-Asp (DEAD), are putative RNA helicases. They are implicated in a number of cellular processes involving alteration of RNA secondary structure such as translation initiation, nuclear and mitochondrial splicing, and ribosome and spliceosome assembly. Based on their distribution patterns, some members of this family are believed to be involved in embryogenesis, spermatogenesis, and cellular growth and division. This gene encodes a DEAD box protein, which is an antigen recognized by autoimmune antibodies from a patient with watermelon stomach disease. This protein unwinds double-stranded RNA, folds single-stranded RNA, and may play important roles in ribosomal RNA biogenesis, RNA editing, RNA transport, and general transcription.<ref name="entrez" />

== Interactions ==

DDX21 has been shown to interact with C-jun.<ref name=pmid11823437>{{cite journal | vauthors = Westermarck J, Weiss C, Saffrich R, Kast J, Musti AM, Wessely M, Ansorge W, Séraphin B, Wilm M, Valdez BC, Bohmann D | title = The DEXD/H-box RNA helicase RHII/Gu is a co-factor for c-Jun-activated transcription | journal = EMBO J. | volume = 21 | issue = 3 | pages = 451–60 | date = Feb 2002 | pmid = 11823437 | pmc = 125820 | doi = 10.1093/emboj/21.3.451 }}</ref> DDX21 has been reported to bind to AU-rich elements (AREs) and confer mTOR-mediated translation control during T cell activation.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jurgens |first=Anouk P. |last2=Zwijnen |first2=Josephine |last3=Bradarić |first3=Antonia |last4=van Alphen |first4=Floris P. J. |last5=Bresser |first5=Kaspar |last6=Rooijers |first6=Koos |last7=Hoogendijk |first7=Arie J. |last8=Popović |first8=Branka |last9=Wolkers |first9=Monika C. |date=2025-12-04 |title=mTOR signaling during T cell activation promotes cytokine production in T cells through 3' UTR-mediated translation control |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41349520 |journal=Molecular Cell |volume=85 |issue=23 |pages=4452–4462.e5 |doi=10.1016/j.molcel.2025.11.005 |issn=1097-4164 |pmid=41349520}}</ref>

== References == {{reflist}} {{Clear}}

== Further reading == {{refbegin | 2}} * {{cite journal | vauthors = Valdez BC, Henning D, Perlaky L, Busch RK, Busch H | title = Cloning and characterization of Gu/RH-II binding protein | journal = Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. | volume = 234 | issue = 2 | pages = 335–40 | year = 1997 | pmid = 9177271 | doi = 10.1006/bbrc.1997.6642 }} * {{cite journal | vauthors = Valdez BC, Wang W | title = Mouse RNA helicase II/Gu: cDNA and genomic sequences, chromosomal localization, and regulation of expression | journal = Genomics | volume = 66 | issue = 2 | pages = 184–94 | year = 2000 | pmid = 10860663 | doi = 10.1006/geno.2000.6209 }} * {{cite journal | vauthors = Zhu K, Henning D, Valdez B, Busch H | title = Human RNA helicase II/Gu gene: genomic organization and promoter analysis | journal = Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. | volume = 281 | issue = 4 | pages = 1006–11 | year = 2001 | pmid = 11237763 | doi = 10.1006/bbrc.2001.4446 }} * {{cite journal | vauthors = Andersen JS, Lyon CE, Fox AH, Leung AK, Lam YW, Steen H, Mann M, Lamond AI | title = Directed proteomic analysis of the human nucleolus | journal = Curr. Biol. | volume = 12 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–11 | year = 2002 | pmid = 11790298 | doi = 10.1016/S0960-9822(01)00650-9 | s2cid = 14132033 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2002CBio...12....1A }} * {{cite journal | vauthors = Westermarck J, Weiss C, Saffrich R, Kast J, Musti AM, Wessely M, Ansorge W, Séraphin B, Wilm M, Valdez BC, Bohmann D | title = The DEXD/H-box RNA helicase RHII/Gu is a co-factor for c-Jun-activated transcription | journal = EMBO J. | volume = 21 | issue = 3 | pages = 451–60 | year = 2002 | pmid = 11823437 | pmc = 125820 | doi = 10.1093/emboj/21.3.451 }} * {{cite journal | vauthors = Valdez BC, Yang H, Hong E, Sequitin AM | title = Genomic structure of newly identified paralogue of RNA helicase II/Gu: detection of pseudogenes and multiple alternatively spliced mRNAs | journal = Gene | volume = 284 | issue = 1–2 | pages = 53–61 | year = 2002 | pmid = 11891046 | doi = 10.1016/S0378-1119(01)00888-5 }} * {{cite journal | vauthors = Henning D, So RB, Jin R, Lau LF, Valdez BC | title = Silencing of RNA helicase II/Gualpha inhibits mammalian ribosomal RNA production | journal = J. Biol. Chem. | volume = 278 | issue = 52 | pages = 52307–14 | year = 2003 | pmid = 14559904 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M310846200 | doi-access = free }} * {{cite journal | vauthors = Beausoleil SA, Jedrychowski M, Schwartz D, Elias JE, Villén J, Li J, Cohn MA, Cantley LC, Gygi SP | title = Large-scale characterization of HeLa cell nuclear phosphoproteins | journal = Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. | volume = 101 | issue = 33 | pages = 12130–5 | year = 2004 | pmid = 15302935 | pmc = 514446 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0404720101 | bibcode = 2004PNAS..10112130B | doi-access = free }} * {{cite journal | vauthors = Andersen JS, Lam YW, Leung AK, Ong SE, Lyon CE, Lamond AI, Mann M | title = Nucleolar proteome dynamics | journal = Nature | volume = 433 | issue = 7021 | pages = 77–83 | year = 2005 | pmid = 15635413 | doi = 10.1038/nature03207 | bibcode = 2005Natur.433...77A | s2cid = 4344740 }} * {{cite journal | vauthors = Yang H, Henning D, Valdez BC | title = Functional interaction between RNA helicase II/Gu(alpha) and ribosomal protein L4 | journal = FEBS J. | volume = 272 | issue = 15 | pages = 3788–802 | year = 2005 | pmid = 16045751 | doi = 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2005.04811.x | s2cid = 85629514 }} * {{cite journal | vauthors = Nousiainen M, Silljé HH, Sauer G, Nigg EA, Körner R | title = Phosphoproteome analysis of the human mitotic spindle | journal = Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. | volume = 103 | issue = 14 | pages = 5391–6 | year = 2006 | pmid = 16565220 | pmc = 1459365 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0507066103 | bibcode = 2006PNAS..103.5391N | doi-access = free }} * {{cite journal | vauthors = Olsen JV, Blagoev B, Gnad F, Macek B, Kumar C, Mortensen P, Mann M | title = Global, in vivo, and site-specific phosphorylation dynamics in signaling networks | journal = Cell | volume = 127 | issue = 3 | pages = 635–48 | year = 2006 | pmid = 17081983 | doi = 10.1016/j.cell.2006.09.026 | s2cid = 7827573 | doi-access = free }} * {{cite journal | vauthors = Ewing RM, Chu P, Elisma F, Li H, Taylor P, Climie S, McBroom-Cerajewski L, Robinson MD, O'Connor L, Li M, Taylor R, Dharsee M, Ho Y, Heilbut A, Moore L, Zhang S, Ornatsky O, Bukhman YV, Ethier M, Sheng Y, Vasilescu J, Abu-Farha M, Lambert JP, Duewel HS, Stewart II, Kuehl B, Hogue K, Colwill K, Gladwish K, Muskat B, Kinach R, Adams SL, Moran MF, Morin GB, Topaloglou T, Figeys D | title = Large-scale mapping of human protein-protein interactions by mass spectrometry | journal = Mol. Syst. Biol. | volume = 3 | issue = 1 | pages = 89 | year = 2007 | pmid = 17353931 | pmc = 1847948 | doi = 10.1038/msb4100134 }} {{refend}}