{{Short description|Minicomputer built by Honeywell}} {{Infobox computer | name = Honeywell 316 | image = 200px | type = 16-bit minicomputer | logo = Honeywell logo.svg | release_date = 1969 | discontinued = | cpu = | memory = 4K to 32K words, magnetic-core | os = }} [[File:Honeywell 316 - The Kitchen Computer.jpg|thumb|A Honeywell 316 at the Computer History Museum]] thumb|Honeywell 316 control panel The '''Honeywell 316''' was a popular 16-bit minicomputer built by Honeywell starting in 1969. It is part of the Series 16, which includes the Models 116 (1965, discrete<ref name="DDPorg" />{{Rp|4}}), 316 (1969),<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z7MaAQAAMAAJ&q=%22ddp-316%22|title=Computers and Automation and People|date=1973|publisher=Berkeley Enterprises|pages=48, 49}}</ref> 416 (1966), 516 (1966)<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qmYhAQAAIAAJ&q=%22ddp-516%22|title=The European Computer Users Handbook|date=1968|publisher=Computer Consultants.|others=DDP-416 search phrase: ''"ddp-416" "first installed"''|pages=21}}</ref><ref>416 and 516 specifications *{{cite web |title=The 3C/Honeywell Legacy Project – 3C Products and Services |url=http://www.ddp116.org/products.html |website=www.ddp116.org}}</ref> and DDP-716 (1969).<ref>{{cite web |title=Computer Models Database – Computer Control Company, Inc. (3C)(CCC) |url=http://www.epocalc.net/php/liste_models.php?brand=Computer+Control+Company%2C+Inc.+%283C%29%28CCC%29 |website=EPOcalc.net}}</ref> They were commonly used for data acquisition and control, remote message concentration, clinical laboratory systems, Remote Job Entry and time-sharing. The Series-16 computers are all based on the DDP-116 designed by Gardner Hendrie at Computer Control Company, Inc. (3C) in 1964.
The 516 and later the 316 were used as Interface Message Processors (IMP) for the American ARPANET and the British NPL Network.
==History== Computer Control Company developed a computer series named Digital Data Processor, of which it built two models: * DDP-116 – the first of the Series 16<ref>so-named because they were all 16-bit computers</ref> * DDP-124<ref name=DDPorg>{{cite web |url=http://www.ddp116.org/products/ddp124/ddp124.pdf |title=DDP-124 Microcircuit General Purpose Digital Computer}}</ref> – part of a trio of 24-bit systems: DDP-24, 124, 224.<ref name=INT2002>{{cite web |url=http://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/access/text/2012/06/102658256-05-01-acc.pdf |title=Oral History of John William (Bill) Poduska}}</ref><ref>One of the developers of the DDP-124, William Poduska, who later on became one of the founders of Prime Computer, said in a 2002 interview that the 124 came after the 224, which came after the 24.</ref><ref name=DDPorg/>{{rp|confirms 24, then 224, finally the 124}}
Honeywell bought the company after the 24 trio, and built the balance of the Series 16.
The Honeywell 516 was used in the NPL network for the first implementation of packet switching in early 1969.<ref name="Rayner-2001">{{Cite conference |last1=Rayner |first1=David |last2=Barber |first2=Derek |last3=Scantlebury |first3=Roger |last4=Wilkinson |first4=Peter |date=2001 |title=NPL, Packet Switching and the Internet |url=http://www.topquark.co.uk/conf/IAP2001.html |conference=Symposium of the Institution of Analysts & Programmers 2001 |access-date=2024-06-13 |quote=The system first went 'live' early in 1969 |website= |archive-date=2003-08-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030807200346/http://www.topquark.co.uk/conf/IAP2001.html |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref><ref name="Barber-1993">{{cite journal |last1=Barber |first1=Derek |date=Spring 1993 |title=The Origins of Packet Switching |url=http://www.cs.man.ac.uk/CCS/res/res05.htm#f |journal=The Bulletin of the Computer Conservation Society |issue=5 |issn=0958-7403 |access-date=6 September 2017}}</ref><ref name="Wilkinson-2020">{{Cite journal |last=Wilkinson |first=Peter |date=Summer 2020 |title=Packet Switching and the NPL Network |url=https://www.computerconservationsociety.org/resurrection/res90.htm#c |journal=Resurrection: The Journal of the Computer Conservation Society |issue=90 |issn=0958-7403}}</ref><ref name="Campbell-Kelly-1987">{{Cite journal |last=Campbell-Kelly |first=Martin |date=1987 |title=Data Communications at the National Physical Laboratory (1965–1975) |url=https://archive.org/details/DataCommunicationsAtTheNationalPhysicalLaboratory |journal=Annals of the History of Computing |language=en |volume=9 |issue=3/4 |pages=221–247 |doi=10.1109/MAHC.1987.10023 |bibcode=1987IAHC....9c.221C |s2cid=8172150 |quote=the first occurrence in print of the term protocol in a data communications context ... the next hardware tasks were the detailed design of the interface between the terminal devices and the switching computer, and the arrangements to secure reliable transmission of packets of data over the high-speed lines}}</ref> The 516 and later the 316 were also used as Interface Message Processors (IMP) for the ARPANET. In addition, it was later configured as a Terminal IMP (TIP), which added support for up to 63 teletype machines through a multi-line controller.<ref>{{Citation | doi = 10.1145/1478873.1478906 | url = http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1478873.1478906 | year = 1971 | pages = 243–254 | last1 = Ornstein | first1 = S. M. | last2 = Heart | first2 = F. E. | last3 = Crowther | first3 = W. R. | last4 = Rising | first4 = H. K. | last5 = Russell | first5 = S. B. | last6 = Michel | first6 = A. | title = Proceedings of the November 16–18, 1971, fall joint computer conference on – AFIPS '71 (Fall) | chapter = The terminal IMP for the ARPA computer network | isbn = 9781450379090 | s2cid = 17369153 | access-date = 2009-07-19| url-access = subscription }}</ref>
The H-316 was used by Charles H. Moore to develop the first complete, stand-alone implementation of Forth at NRAO in 1971.<ref>[http://www.forth.com/resources/evolution/evolve_2.html#2.1 The Evolution of Forth].</ref>
The original Prime computers were designed to be compatible with the Series-16 minicomputers.<ref>[http://www.malch.com/prime/primefaq.htm#L2_18 Comp.Sys.Prime FAQ].</ref>
The Honeywell 316 also had industrial applications. A 316 was used at Bradwell nuclear power station in Essex as the primary reactor temperature-monitoring computer until summer 2000, when the internal 160k disk failed. Two PDP-11/70s, which had previously been secondary monitors, were moved to primary.
==Hardware description== The 316 succeeded the earlier DDP-516 model and was promoted by Honeywell as suitable for industrial process control, data-acquisition systems, and as a communications concentrator and processor. The computer processor was made from small-scale integration DTL monolithic silicon integrated circuits.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=Dec 1966|title=u-COMP DDP-516 COMPUTER|url=https://archive.org/details/bitsavers_computersA_11336704/page/n25|journal=Computers and Automation|pages=26}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=u-COMP DDP-516 General Purpose I/C Digital Computer |date=1966 |publisher=Honeywell |url=http://s3data.computerhistory.org/brochures/honeywell.u-comp-ddp-516.102646115.pdf |page=3}}</ref> Most parts of the system operated at 2.5 MHz, and some elements were clocked at 5 MHz.<ref>[http://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/text/Honeywell/Honeywell.H316.1965.102646157.pdf ''Honeywell H316 General Purpose Digital Computer'', Honeywell publication 316C-96910]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100707165646/http://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/text/Honeywell/Honeywell.H316.1965.102646157.pdf |date=2010-07-07 }}</ref> The computer is a bitwise-parallel 2's complement system with 16-bit word length. The instruction set was a single-address type with an index register.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/honeywell/series16/h316/70130072156_316_516_PgmrRef_Nov70.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2011-01-31 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110316024026/http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/honeywell/series16/h316/70130072156_316_516_PgmrRef_Nov70.pdf |archive-date=2011-03-16 }} Programmer's Reference, November 1970, retrieved 2010 Jan 31.</ref> Initially released with a capacity of 4096 through 16,384 words of memory, later expansion options allowed increasing memory space to 32,768 words. Memory cycle time is 1.6 microseconds; an integer register-to-register "add" instruction takes 3.2 microseconds. An optional hardware arithmetic option was available to implement integer multiply and divide, double-precision load and store, and double-precision (31-bit) integer addition and subtraction operations. It also provides a normalization operation, assisting implementation of software floating-point operations.
The programmers' model of the H-316 consists of the following registers: * The 16-bit '''A''' register is the primary arithmetic and logic accumulator. * The 16-bit '''B''' register is used for double-length arithmetic operations. * The 16-bit '''program counter''' holds the address of the next instruction. * A '''carry flag''' indicates arithmetic overflow. * A 16-bit '''X index''' register provides for modification of the address of operands.
The instruction set has 72 arithmetic, logic, I/O and flow-control instructions.
Input/output instructions use the '''A''' register and separate input and output 16-bit buses. A 10-bit I/O control bus, consisting of 6 bits of device address information and 4 bits of function selection, is used. The basic processor has a single interrupt signal line, and an option provided up to 48 interrupts. In addition to a front-panel display of lights and toggle switches, the system supports different types of input/output devices. A Teletype Model 33 ASR teleprinter can be used as a console I/O device and (in the most basic systems) to load and store data to paper tape. Smaller systems typically use a high-speed paper-tape reader and punch for data storage. The Honeywell family of peripherals included card readers and punches, line printers, magnetic tape, and both fixed-head and removable hard disk drives.
A rack-mounted configuration weighs around {{convert|120|lb||abbr=}}<ref>Table top version: about {{convert|150|lb}}</ref> and used 475 watts of power.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/computerControlCompany/series16/h316/70130072176C_316_CPU_Descr_Apr73.pdf|title=Series 16 Hardware Documentation: H316 Central Processor Description|date=Apr 1973|website=www.bitsavers.org|pages=1–3 (8)|access-date=2019-03-08}}</ref> Honeywell advertised the system as the first minicomputer selling for less than $10,000.
The Honeywell 316 has the distinction of being the first computer displayed at a computer show with semiconductor RAM memory. In 1972, a Honeywell 316 was displayed with a semiconductor RAM memory board (they used core memory previously). It was never placed into production, as DTL was too power-hungry to survive much longer. Honeywell knew that the same technology that enabled the production of RAM spelled the end of DTL computers, and wanted to show that the company was cutting edge.{{citation needed|date=January 2012}} <gallery> File:Honeywell-316-01.jpg|Front panel of H316 in a desktop case File:Honeywell H316 front.jpg|Rack-mounted version of H316 </gallery>
==System software== Honeywell provided up to 500 software packages that could run on the H-316 processor. A FORTRAN IV compiler was available, as well as an assembler, real-time disk operating systems and system utilities and libraries.
== Kitchen Computer == [[File:Kitchen computer ad.jpg|thumb|An ad for the Neiman Marcus Kitchen Computer, offered in 1969, with Helen Corbitt's recipes. The tagline is "If she can only cook as well as Honeywell can compute"]] <!-- Deleted image removed: [[Image:Honeywell Kitchen Computer.jpg|thumb|left|A Honeywell 316 in a pedestal model at the Computer History Museum]] -->
The full text of the Neiman-Marcus Advertisement reads: {{blockquote| ;If she can only cook as well as Honeywell can compute.
Her souffles are supreme, her meal planning a challenge? She's what the Honeywell people had in mind when they devised our Kitchen Computer. She'll learn to program it with a cross-reference to her favorite recipes by N-M's own Helen Corbitt. Then by simply pushing a few buttons obtain a complete menu organized around the entree. And if she pales at reckoning her lunch tabs, she can program it to balance the family checkbook. '''84A''' 10,600.00 complete with two week programming course. '''84B''' '''Fed with Corbitt data:''' the original Helen Corbitt cookbook with over 1,000 recipes 5.00 (.75) '''84C''' Her Potluck, 375 of our famed Zodiac restaurant's best kept secret recipes 3.95 (.75) Corbitt Epicure '''84D Her Tabard Apron''', one-size, ours alone by Clairdon House, multi-pastel provincial cotton 26.00 (.90) Trophy Room |sign=|source=}}
The '''Honeywell Kitchen Computer''' was a special offering of the H316 pedestal model by Neiman Marcus in 1969 as one of a continuing series of extravagant gift ideas.<ref name="txmon8512">{{cite news |first=Susan |last=Chadwick |work=Texas Monthly |page=147 |title=The His and Her Gift |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hysEAAAAMBAJ&dq=Neiman-Marcus+catalog&pg=RA1-PA147 |date=December 1985 |access-date=August 16, 2013}}</ref> It was offered for US$10,000<ref>{{cite news |last=Skala |first=Martin |date=7 Jan 1970 |title=Mini computers – maxi market: Home computer offered for $10,000 now, but lower prices, dramatic growth are seen |work=Christian Science Monitor |location=Boston, MA }}</ref> ({{Inflation|US|10000|1969|fmt=eq|r=-3|cursign=US$}}), weighed over 100 pounds (over 45 kg) and was advertised as useful for storing recipes. The imagined uses of the Honeywell Kitchen Computer also included assistance with meal planning and balancing the family checkbook – the marketing of which included highly traditional and patronizing{{POV statement|date=January 2025}} representations of housewives.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Stein|first=Jesse Adams|year=2011|title=Domesticity, Gender and the 1977 Apple II Personal Computer|journal=Design and Culture|volume=3|issue=2|pages=193–216|doi=10.2752/175470811X13002771867842|hdl=10453/18723|s2cid=143648126|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Reading or entering these recipes would have been nearly impossible for the average intended user, since the user interface required the user to complete a two-week course just to learn how to program the device, using only toggle-switch input and binary-light output. To round out the domestic marketing, the pedestal model's writing surface was rebranded as a built-in cutting board and the computer would have a few recipes built in. No evidence has been found that any Honeywell Kitchen Computers were ever sold, though Honeywell did sell a small number (less than 20) pedestal computers outside of the Neiman Marcus branding.<ref name="drd000812">{{cite news |first=Dag |last=Spicer |work=Dr. Dobb's Journal |title=If You Can't Stand the Coding, Stay Out of the Kitchen: Three Chapters in the History of Home Automation |url=http://www.drdobbs.com/architecture-and-design/if-you-cant-stand-the-coding-stay-out-of/184404040 |date=August 12, 2000 |access-date=August 16, 2013}}</ref><ref name="jdh1002"> *{{cite journal |last=Atkinson |first=Paul |date=2010 |title=The Curious Case of the Kitchen Computer: Products and Non-Products in Design History |journal=Journal of Design History |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=163–179 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40801931 |publisher=Oxford University Press on behalf of Design History Society |doi=10.1093/jdh/epq010 |jstor=40801931 |access-date=February 2, 2023|url-access=subscription }} *{{cite journal |first=Paul |last=Atkinson |journal=Journal of Design History |title=The Curious Case of the Kitchen Computer: Products and Non-Products in Design History |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=163–179 |doi= 10.1093/jdh/epq010|date=June 2010|issn= 1741-7279}}{{subscription required}} </ref>
Although a fantasy gift, the Kitchen Computer represented the first time a computer was offered as a consumer product.<ref name="jdh1002"/>
==See also== {{Portal|1960s}} *SIMH *Honeywell System 700 *Honeywell 200 *GE-600 series *Honeywell 6000 series *Honeywell 800
==References== {{Reflist}}
==External links== {{Commons}} {{wikiversity|Honeywell 316 (computer)}} *[http://www.series16.adrianwise.co.uk/ Honeywell Series 16] *[http://www.theoengel.nl/ddpx16/simx16.html Honeywell Minicomputer Simulation] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20131025235557/http://www.old-computers.com/museum/computer.asp?st=1&c=927 Honeywell H316 Kitchen Computer on www.old-computers.com] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110309035816/http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/honeywell/series16/h316/ Honeywell 316 technical data] {{Honeywell}}
Category:Honeywell computers Category:Minicomputers Category:16-bit computers Category:Computer-related introductions in 1969