{{Short description|Geologic formation in the Four Corners, US}} <!-- Short description is to disambiguate and define article scope; it should not be full definition per WP::HOWTOSD --> {{Infobox rockunit | name = Cutler Formation | image = Cutler_near_type.jpg | caption = Cutler Formation near the type locality, Portland, Ouray County, Colorado | type = Geological formation | age = {{Geological range|Cisuralian|Kungurian|Wolfcampian to Leonardian}} <!-- Wolfcampian/Leonardian are North American regional stages corresponding to Cisuralian/Kungurian --> | period = Early Permian | prilithology = Iron-rich arkose sandstone | otherlithology = | namedfor = Cutler Creek, north of Ouray, Co | namedby = Cross & Howe | year_ts = 1905 | region = Colorado Plateau | country = United States | coordinates = {{coord|38.096|N|107.702|W|display=inline,title}} | paleocoordinates = {{coord|0.7|N|36.1|W|display=inline}} | unitof = | subunits = De Chelly Sandstone,<br /> White Rim Sandstone,<br /> Organ Rock Shale,<br /> Cedar Mesa Sandstone,<br /> Elephant Canyon Formation,<br /> Halgaito Shale<ref name=NPS >{{cite web|url=https://www.nps.gov/cany/planyourvisit/upload/geology.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080217124143/http://www.nps.gov/cany/planyourvisit/upload/geology.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 17, 2008|title=Geology of Canyonlands National Park|publisher=National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior|access-date=30 September 2018}}</ref><ref name=NPS2 >{{cite web|url=https://3dparks.wr.usgs.gov/coloradoplateau/canyondechelly_strat.htm|title=Stratigraphy of Canyon de Chelly National Monument|website=Geology of National Parks, 3D and Photographic Tours|publisher=United States Geological Survey|access-date=30 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181001030919/https://3dparks.wr.usgs.gov/coloradoplateau/canyondechelly_strat.htm|archive-date=1 October 2018}}</ref> | underlies = Chinle Formation<br/>Moenkopi Formation | overlies = Hermosa Group | thickness = over {{convert|1000|ft||sp=us}} | extent = Arizona <br />Colorado <br /> New Mexico <br />Utah | area = | map = {{Location map+ | United States#Colorado | relief = 1 | width = 250 | float = center | places = {{Location map~ | United States#Colorado | lat_deg = 38.096 | lon_deg = -107.702 | mark = Red pog.svg | marksize = 10 }} }} | map_caption = }}
The '''Cutler Formation''' or '''Cutler Group''' is a stratigraphic unit exposed across the U.S. states of Arizona, northwest New Mexico, southeast Utah and southwest Colorado. It was laid down in the Early Permian during the Wolfcampian epoch.
== Description == At its type area north of Ouray, Colorado, the Cutler Formation consists of over {{convert|1000|ft||sp=us}} of bright red sandstone, siltstone, and conglomerate beds alternating with reddish mudstone or clay-rich limestone.<ref name=CrossEtal1905/> Further west, the unit shows great lithological diversity, and can be divided into easily recognizable mappable subunits. Here the Cutler is raised from formation to group rank and its subunits are themselves designated as formations.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fillmore |first1=Robert |title=Geological evolution of the Colorado Plateau of eastern Utah and western Colorado, including the San Juan River, Natural Bridges, Canyonlands, Arches, and the Book Cliffs |date=2010 |publisher=University of Utah Press |location=Salt Lake City |isbn=9781607810049 |pages=113–137}}</ref> The unit in its type area remains at formation rank and is often described as the "undifferentiated Cutler".<ref name="Baars1962">{{cite journal |last1=Baars |first1=D.L. |title=Permian System of Colorado Plateau |journal=AAPG Bulletin |date=1962 |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=149–218 |doi=10.1306/BC74376F-16BE-11D7-8645000102C1865D}}</ref>{{sfn|Fillmore|2010|p=105}}
The formation overlies the Hermosa Group{{sfn|Fillmore|2010|p=105}} and is in turn overlain by either the Dolores Formation (near its type area)<ref name=Condon1991>{{cite journal |last1=Condon |first1=S.M. |title=Geologic framework of pre-Cretaceous rocks in the Southern Ute Indian Reservation and adjacent areas, southwestern Colorado and northwestern New Mexico |journal=U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper |date=1992 |volume=1505-A |doi=10.3133/pp1505A|doi-access=free }}</ref> or the Moenkopi Formation (further west).<ref name=Stewart1959>{{cite journal |last1=Stewart |first1=J.H. |title=Stratigraphic Relations of Hoskinnini Member (Triassic?) of Moenkopi Formation on Colorado Plateau |journal=AAPG Bulletin |date=1959 |volume=43 |issue=8 |pages=1852–1868 |doi=10.1306/0BDA5E73-16BD-11D7-8645000102C1865D}}</ref> It is laterally equivalent to the Abo Formation of central New Mexico, to which it seamlessly transitions in the Jemez Mountains.<ref name=WoodNorthrop1946>{{cite Q | Q62639452|scale=1:95,040|url=https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_5417.htm |last1=Wood |first1=G.H. |last2=Northrop |first2=S.A. |year=1946}}</ref>
The formation has been dated to Wolfcampian near its type area.<ref name=Condon1991/> At this point in geologic time, the Uncompahgre Uplift of the Ancestral Rocky Mountains was still rising along an arc from eastern Utah through southwestern Colorado and into northern New Mexico. Tremendous quantities of sediment were eroded off the uplift and accumulated at its southwest margin to form the undifferentiated Cutler, which in some places reached a thickness of {{convert|8000|ft||sp=us}}. Further west, eolian (wind), fluvial (river) and marine influences became important and produced the lithological variety of the Cutler Group.{{sfn|Fillmore|2010|p=105}}
The undifferentiated Cutler consists of alluvial fan deposits in a narrow belt very close to the Uncompahgre Uplift, and fluvial deposits further out. The coarsest exposures are near Gateway, Colorado, within a mile of the thrust fault defining the southwest margin of the ancient Uncompahgre Uplift. Some granite boulders in these deposits are up to {{convert|25|ft||sp=us}} in diameter.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=MACK |first1=GREG H. |last2=RASMUSSEN |first2=KEITH A. |title=Alluvial-fan sedimentation of the Cutler Formation (Permo-Pennsylvanian) near Gateway, Colorado |journal=GSA Bulletin |date=1 January 1984 |volume=95 |issue=1 |pages=109–116 |doi=10.1130/0016-7606(1984)95<109:ASOTCF>2.0.CO;2}}</ref>{{sfn|Fillmore|2010|p=107}} However, thrusting along the uplift margin had ceased by the time the youngest beds were deposited.<ref name="MooreEtal2008">{{cite journal |last1=Moore |first1=K.D. |last2=Soreghan |first2=G.S. |last3=Sweet |first3=D.E. |title=Stratigraphic and Structural Relations in the Proximal Cutler Formation of the Paradox Basin: Implications for Timing of Movement on the Uncompahgre Front |journal=The Mountain Geologist |date=2008 |volume=45 |issue=2 |pages=49–68 |url=https://archives.datapages.com/data/mountain-geologist-rmag/data/045/045002/49_rmag-mg450049.htm |access-date=16 February 2022}}</ref> Further west, the formation transitions to thin (less than {{convert|1|ft||sp=us}}) sandstone and conglomerate beds, in which the grains become finer towards the top of the bed (a fining upward sequence). These are interpreted as recording individual sheet flood events.{{sfn|Fillmore|2010|pp=108-109}}
=== Subunits === The Cutler has been placed at either formation or group stratigraphic rank, depending on the publication. Its subunits, therefore, are variously called formations or members. Subunits on the Colorado Plateau are:{{sfn|Fillmore|2010|p=107}} * De Chelly Sandstone (Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, Utah) — youngest * White Rim Sandstone (Utah) * Organ Rock Shale (Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, Utah) * Cedar Mesa Sandstone (Arizona, Utah) * lower Cutler beds (Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, Utah) — oldest Beds formerly assigned to the Elephant Canyon Formation, the Halgaito Shale,{{sfn|Fillmore|2010|pp=115-117}} or the '''Rico Formation''' are included in the lower Cutler beds.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Loope |first1=David B. |last2=Sanderson |first2=George A. |last3=Verville |first3=George J. |title=Abandonment of the name "Elephant Canyon Formation" in southeastern Utah: Physical and temporal implications |journal=The Mountain Geologist |date=October 1990 |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=119–130 |url=https://archives.datapages.com/data/rmag/mg/1990/loope.htm |access-date=27 July 2021}}</ref>
The stratigraphy of the lower Cutler beds has long been controversial.{{sfn|Fillmore|2010|pp=115-117}}<ref name="Condon1997">{{cite journal |last1=Condon |first1=S.M. |title=Geology of the Pennsylvanian and Permian Cutler Group and Permian Kaibab Limestone in the Paradox Basin, southeastern Utah and southwestern Colorado |journal=U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin |date=1997 |volume=2000-P |doi=10.3133/b00P|doi-access=free }}</ref> Charles Whitman Cross and A.C. Spencer applied the name ''Rico Formation'' to beds in the Rico Mountains of southwestern Colorado that were transitional from the marine Hermosa Formation and the overlying continental Cutler Formation. These contained marine fossils suggesting the beds covered the Pennsylvanian to Permian time interval.<ref name="CrossSpencer1900">{{cite journal |last1=Cross |first1=C.W. |last2=Spencer |first2=A.C. |title=Geology of the Rico Mountains, Colorado |journal=U.S. Geological Survey Annual Report |date=1900 |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=7–166 |doi=10.3133/ar21_2|doi-access=free }}</ref> The name came into wide use for transitional beds further west as petroleum geologists mapped the Colorado Plateau.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wilmarth |first1=M.G. |title=Lexicon of geologic names of the United States (including Alaska) |journal=U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin |date=1938 |volume=896 |doi=10.3133/b896|doi-access=free }}</ref> However, the definition of the Rico was vague and it was mapped inconsistently in the region.<ref name="WengerdStrickland1954">{{cite journal |last1=Wengerd |first1=S.A. |last2=Strickland |first2=J.W. |title=Pennsylvanian Stratigraphy of Paradox Salt Basin, Four Corners Region, Colorado and Utah |journal=AAPG Bulletin |date=1954 |volume=38 |doi=10.1306/5CEAE07C-16BB-11D7-8645000102C1865D}}</ref> This led Don Baars to recommend abandoning the Rico in favor of placing the upper, Permian beds in his new Elephant Canyon Formation and reassigning the lower, Pennsylvanian, beds to the underlying Honaker Trail Formation.<ref name="Baars1962"/> However, other geologists objected to this because the contact was defined by the fusulinids present in the beds, which made this a chronostratigraphic rather than a lithostratigraphic distinction, and by a subtle angular unconformity that was not easily recognized in the field. This led to abandonment of the Elephant Canyon Formation and designation of all beds between the Honaker Trail Formation and the Cedar Mesa Sandstone as simply the lower Cutler beds. These also include beds previously assigned to the Halgaito Formation.<ref name="Condon1997"/>
In the Chama Basin of New Mexico, the Cutler Group has been divided into two formations:<ref name=LucasKrainer2005>{{cite journal |last1=Lucas |first1=Spencer G. |author1-link=Spencer G. Lucas |last2=Krainer |first2=Karl |title=Stratigraphy and correlation of the Permo-Carboniferous Cutler Group, Chama Basin, New Mexico |journal=New Mexico Geologic Society Field Conference Series |date=2005 |volume=56 |pages=145–159 |url=https://nmgs.nmt.edu/publications/guidebooks/downloads/56/56_p0145_p0159.pdf |access-date=9 July 2020}}</ref> * Arroyo del Agua Formation — younger * El Cobre Canyon Formation — older A sandstone unit resembling the De Chelly Sandstone is present above the Arroyo del Agua Formation in the southernmost part of the basin, but in this region it is assigned to the Yeso Group.<ref name=LucasKrainer2005/>
== Extent == Cutler outcrops are found in these geologic locations in Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico and Utah. * Black Mesa Basin<ref name="BakerReeside1929"/> * Paradox Basin<ref name="BakerReeside1929"/> * Piceance Basin<ref name="ShoemakerNewman1959">{{cite journal |last1=Shoemaker |first1=E.M. |last2=Newman |first2=W.L. |title=Moenkopi Formation (Triassic? and Triassic) in Salt Anticline Region, Colorado and Utah |journal=AAPG Bulletin |date=1959 |volume=43 |issue=8 |pages=1835–1851 |doi=10.1306/0BDA5E70-16BD-11D7-8645000102C1865D}}</ref> * San Juan Mountains province<ref name=CrossEtal1905/> * San Juan Basin<ref name=WoodNorthrop1946/> * Uinta Basin<ref name="ShoemakerNewman1959"/>
== History of investigation == There is no designated type locality for the Cutler. It was named by Charles Whitman Cross and Ernest Howe in 1905 after Cutler Creek, which enters Uncompahgre River about 4 miles north of Ouray, Colorado.<ref>Keroher, Grace C., {{Google books|last= Keroher|first=Grace C.|KssJAQAAIAAJ|Lexicon of Geologic Names of the United States for 1936-1960, Part 1|page=1019|keywords=|text=|plainurl=}}</ref> They found that nonfossiliferous red beds provisionally assigned to the Dolores Formation were separated from overlying fossiliferous Triassic beds by a significant angular unconformity. The lower beds were tentatively identified as Permian beds, and were removed from the Dolores Formation to the newly designated Cutler Formation.<ref name=CrossEtal1905>{{cite journal |last1=Cross |first1=Whitman |author-link1=Charles Whitman Cross |last2=Howe |first2=Ernest |last3=Ransome |first3=F.L. |year=1905 |title=Description of the Silverton quadrangle [Colorado] |journal=U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Atlas of the United States |number=120 |doi=10.3133/gf120 |hdl=1969.1/2953 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>
Baker and Reeside revised Cross and Howe's work in 1929, tracing the Cutler across the Colorado Plateau and dividing the formation into the Halgaito Tongue, Cedar Mesa Sandstone Member, Organ Rock Tongue, and White Rim Sandstone Member. They also confirmed Cross and Howe's dating of the formation to the Permian.<ref name="BakerReeside1929">{{cite journal |last1=Baker |first1=A.A. |last2=Reeside |first2=J.B. Jr. |title=Correlation of the Permian of Southern Utah, Northern Arizona, Northwestern New Mexico, and Southwestern Colorado |journal=AAPG Bulletin |date=1929 |volume=13 |issue=11 |pages=1413–1448 |doi=10.1306/3D932893-16B1-11D7-8645000102C1865D}}</ref> The Cutler was traced through the Jemez Mountains and found to be laterally equivalent to the Abo Formation by Wood and Northrop in 1946.<ref name=WoodNorthrop1946/>
In 1958, Wengerd and Matheny raised the formation to group rank.<ref name="WengerdMatheny1958">{{cite journal |last1=Wengerd |first1=S.A. |last2=Matheny |first2=M.L. |title=Pennsylvanian System of Four Corners Region |journal=AAPG Bulletin |date=1958 |volume=42 |issue=9 |pages=2048–2106 |doi=10.1306/0BDA5BA9-16BD-11D7-8645000102C1865D}}</ref>
<gallery> File:Lisbon Valley Cutler Fm.jpg|Cutler and Chinle formations in Lisbon Valley, San Juan County, Utah Image:Cedar Mesa Sandstone on top of Organ Rock Shale in Needles District of Canyonlands.jpeg|Cedar Mesa Sandstone overlaying Organ Rock Shale, Canyonlands, Utah </gallery>
== References == {{Reflist}}
{{Chronostratigraphy of Colorado|Mesozoic state=expanded}} {{Chronostratigraphy of Nevada}} {{Sister bar|auto=1|d=Q1146515}}
Category:Cutler Formation Category:Geologic formations of Arizona Category:Geologic formations of Colorado Category:Geologic formations of Utah Category:Permian Arizona Category:Permian Colorado Category:Permian formations of New Mexico Category:Permian geology of Utah Category:Cisuralian Series of North America Category:Sandstone formations of the United States Category:Fluvial deposits Category:Lacustrine deposits Category:Permian northern paleotropical deposits Category:Paleontology in Colorado Category:Paleontology in New Mexico Category:Paleontology in Utah