Cuthona

{{Short description|Genus of gastropods}} {{Automatic taxobox | image = Cuthona nana (10.7717-peerj.2774) Figure 10F (cropped).png | image_caption = Two ''Cuthona nana'', likely mating | taxon = Cuthona | authority = Alder & Hancock, 1855 | synonyms = {{Species list |Precuthona |Odhner, 1929 }} }}

'''''Cuthona''''' is a genus of nudibranch in the family Cuthonidae.<ref name="WoRMS">Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S. (2018). ''Cuthona'' Alder & Hancock, 1855. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=138543 on 2026-03-05</ref>

==Ecology== ''Cuthona'' species feed on hydroids, and have uniseriate radulae with polydentate radular teeth.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Gosliner|first1=Terrence|title=A New Species of Tergipedid Nudibranch from the Coast of California|journal=Journal of Molluscan Studies|date=1981|volume=47|issue=2|pages=200–205|url=http://mollus.oxfordjournals.org/content/47/2/200.extract|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150131191133/http://mollus.oxfordjournals.org/content/47/2/200.extract|url-status=dead|archive-date=2015-01-31}}</ref>

==Taxonomic history== The type species of ''Cuthona'' is ''Cuthona nana'', (Alder & Hancock, 1842). Some authorities consider the genera ''Catriona'' and ''Trinchesia'' to be synonymous with ''Cuthona''. Most ''Cuthona'' species were transferred to other genera as a result of DNA phylogeny studies in 2016 and 2017.<ref>Cella, K; Carmona Barnosi, L.; Ekimova, I; Chichvarkhin, A; Schepetov, D; Gosliner, T. M. (2016). [https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0167800 ''A radical solution: The phylogeny of the nudibranch family Fionidae.''] PLoS ONE. 11(12): e0167800.</ref><ref>Korshunova, T.; Martynov, A.; Picton, B. (2017). [https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4324.1.1 Ontogeny as an important part of integrative taxonomy in tergipedid aeolidaceans (Gastropoda: Nudibranchia) with a description of a new genus and species from the Barents Sea.] Zootaxa. 4324(1): 1.</ref>

Since then, ''Cuthona'' continues to be caught in the crossfire of a controversy that affects most heavily the family ''Trinchesiidae'' and any taxa that have been closely associated with it in the past, of which ''Cuthona'' is. Two teams of academics with radically different views on taxonomic method and integrity continue to publish papers near simultaneously with each other, that insist drastic taxonomic adjustments in opposite directions. The most recent publication belongs to Korshunova et al, 2025.<ref name="Korshunova">Korshunova T.; Fletcher K.; Martynov A. (2025). [https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaf057 ''The endless forms are the most differentiated—how taxonomic pseudo-optimization masked natural diversity and evolution: the nudibranch case''] Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, Volume 204, Issue 4, August 2025, zlaf057, </ref>

While The World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) has cited Korshunova et al., 2025 across other taxonomic adjustments, in regards to ''Trinchesiidae'' and ''Cuthonidae'' there has yet to be adjustments.<ref name=WoRMS/>

== Species == According to Korshunova et al. (2025), species in the genus ''Cuthona'' include:<ref name="Korshunova"/> * ''Cuthona divae'' (Er. Marcus, 1961) * ''Cuthona hermitophila'' (Martynov, Sanamyan & Korshunova, 2015) * ''Cuthona nana'' (Alder & Hancock, 1842) - type species of ''Cuthona''

Other known species of ''Cuthona'' that Korshunova et al. (2025) did not provide alternate placement for are as follows<ref name= WoRMS/>: * ''Cuthona antarctica'' (Pfeffer, 1886) - Not to be confused with ''Galvinella antarctica'' Eliot, 1907 * ''Cuthona claviformis'' (Vicente, 1974) * ''Cuthona crinita'' (Minichev, 1972) * ''Cuthona destinyae'' (Hermosillo & Valdés, 2007) * ''Cuthona fructuosa'' (Bergh, 1892) * ''Cuthona georgiana'' (Pfeffer in Martens & Pfeffer, 1886) * ''Cuthona germaini'' Risbec, 1937 - ''nomen dubium'' * ''Cuthona mimetica'' Pruvot-Fol, 1930 - ''nomen dubium'' * ''Cuthona giarannae'' (Valdés, Moran & Woods, 2012) * ''Cuthona lizae'' Angulo-Campillo & Valdés, 2003 *''Cuthona methana'' (Valdés, Lundsten & N. G. Wilson, 2018) * ''Cuthona norvegica'' (Odhner, 1929) * ''Cuthona paucicirra'' Minichev, 1972 * ''Cuthona phoenix'' Gosliner, 1981 * ''Cuthona rolleri'' Gosliner & Behrens, 1988 {{div col|colwidth=40em}}

Species brought into synonymy<ref name=Korshunova/><ref name=WoRMS/>: * ''Cuthona abronia'' (MacFarland, 1966): synonym of ''Abronica abronia'' * ''Cuthona abyssicola'' (Bergh, 1884): synonym of ''Cuthonella abyssicola'' * ''Cuthona acinosa'' (Risbec, 1928): synonym of ''Trinchesia acinosa'' - Uncertain taxon * ''Cuthona akibai'' (Baba, 1984): synonym of ''Trinchesia akibai'' * ''Cuthona albocrusta'' (MacFarland, 1966): synonym of ''Trinchesia albocrusta'' * ''Cuthona albopunctata'' (Schmekel, 1968): synonym of ''Trinchesia albopunctata'' * ''Cuthona alpha'' (Baba & Hamatani, 1963): synonym of ''Catriona alpha'' * ''Cuthona amoena'' (Alder & Hancock, 1845): synonym of ''Rubramoena amoena'' * ''Cuthona anulata'' (Baba, 1949): synonym of ''Trinchesia anulata'' * ''Cuthona aurantia'' (Alder & Hancock, 1842):synonym of ''Catriona aurantia'' * ''Cuthona berghi'' (Friele, 1902): synonym of ''Cuthonella abyssicola'' * ''Cuthona barbadiana'' (Edmunds & Just, 1983): synonym of ''Trinchesia barbadiana'' * ''Cuthona behrensi'' (Hermosillo & Á. Valdés, 2007): synonym of ''Hanatazuia behrensi'' * ''Cuthona beta'' (Baba & Abe, 1964): synonym of ''Trinchesia beta'' * ''Cuthona bractea'' (Burn, 1962): synonym of ''Tularia bractea'' * ''Cuthona caerulea'' (Montagu, 1804): synonym of ''Trinchesia caerulea'' * ''Cuthona cocoachroma'' Williams & Gosliner, 1979: synonym of ''Margina cocoachroma'' * ''Cuthona columbiana'' (O'Donoghue, 1922): synonym of ''Catriona columbiana'' * ''Cuthona concinna'' (Alder & Hancock, 1843): synonym of ''Fiocuthona concinna'' * ''Cuthona correai'' (Ortea, Caballer & Moro, 2002): synonym of ''Trinchesia correai'' * ''Cuthona diminutiva'' (Gosliner, 1980): synonym of ''Trinchesia diminutiva'' * ''Cuthona distans'' Odhner, 1922: synonym of ''Fiocuthona concinna'' (Alder & Hancock, 1843) * ''Cuthona diversicolor'' Baba, 1975: synonym of ''Trinchesia diversicolor'' * ''Cuthona elenae'' (Martynov, 2000): synonym of ''Penistella elenae'' * ''Cuthona elioti'' Odhner, 1944: synonym of ''Galvinella antarctica'' Eliot, 1907 * ''Cuthona emurai'' (Baba, 1937): synonym of ''Hermissenda emurai'' * ''Cuthona ferruginea'' (Friele, 1902): synonym of ''Cuthonella abyssicola'' (Bergh 1884) * ''Cuthona fidenciae'' (Ortea, Moro & Espinosa, 1999):synonym of ''Trinchesia fidenciae'' * ''Cuthona flavovulta'' (MacFarland, 1966): synonym of ''Diaphoreolis flavovulta'' * ''Cuthona foliata'' (Forbes & Goodsir, 1839): synonym of ''Trinchesia foliata'' * ''Cuthona fulgens'' (MacFarland, 1966): synonym of ''Zelentia fulgens'' * ''Cuthona futairo'' (Baba, 1963): synonym of ''Trinchesia futairo'' * ''Cuthona genovae'' (O'Donoghue, 1929): synonym of ''Trinchesia genovae'' * ''Cuthona granosa'' (Schmekel, 1966): synonym of ''Trinchesia granosa'' * ''Cuthona gymnota'' (Couthouy, 1838): synonym of ''Catriona gymnota'' * ''Cuthona hamanni'' (Behrens, 1987): synonym of ''Trinchesia hamanni'' * ''Cuthona henrici'' Eliot, 1916: synonym of ''Trinchesia henrici'' * ''Cuthona herrerai'' Ortea, Moro & Caballer, 2002: synonym of ''Trinchesia herrerai'' * ''Cuthona hiemalis'' Roginskaya, 1987: synonym of ''Nella hiemalis'' * ''Cuthona ilonae'' (Schmekel, 1968): synonym of ''Trinchesia ilonae'' * ''Cuthona iris'' Edmunds & Just, 1983: synonym of ''Trinchesia iris'' * ''Cuthona japonica'' Baba, 1937: synonym of ''Sakuraeolis japonica'' (Baba, 1937) * ''Cuthona kanga'' (Edmunds, 1970): synonym of ''Trinchesia kanga'' * ''Cuthona kuiteri'' Rudman, 1981: synonym of ''Trinchesia kuiterorum'' * ''Cuthona lagunae'' (O'Donoghue, 1926): synonym of ''Diaphoreolis lagunae'' * ''Cuthona leopardina'' (Vayssière, 1888): synonym of ''Trinchesia leopardina'' * ''Cuthona longi'' Behrens, 1985: synonym of ''Trinchesia longi'' * ''Cuthona macquariensis'' (Burn, 1973): synonym of ''Trinchesia macquariensis'' * ''Cuthona marisalbi'' Roginskaya, 1963: synonym of ''Fiocuthona concinna'' * ''Cuthona millenae'' Hermosillo & Valdés, 2007: synonym of ''Trinchesia millenae'' * ''Cuthona mimar'' (Ortea & Moro, 2018): synonym of ''Trinchesia mimar'' * ''Cuthona miniostriata'' (Schmekel, 1968): synonym of ''Trinchesia miniostriata'' * ''Cuthona modesta'' (Eliot, 1907): synonym of ''Cuthonella modesta'' * ''Cuthona netsica'' (Er. Marcus & Ev. Marcus, 1960): synonym of ''Njurja netsica'' * ''Cuthona ocellata'' (Schmekel, 1966): synonym of ''Trinchesia ocellata'' * ''Cuthona odhneri'' Er. Marcus, 1959: synonym of ''Trinchesia odhneri'' * ''Cuthona ornata'' Baba, 1937: synonym of ''Trinchesia ornata'' * ''Cuthona osyoro'' (Baba, 1940): synonym of ''Nella osyoro'' * ''Cuthona pallida'' (Eliot, 1906): synonym of ''Trinchesia pallida'' - Not to be confused with ''Tenellia pallida'' (Alder & Hancock, 1845) * ''Cuthona perca'' (Er. Marcus, 1958): synonym of ''Trinchesia perca'' * ''Cuthona peregrina'' (Gmelin, 1791): synonym of ''Cratena peregrina'' * ''Cuthona pinnifera'' (Baba, 1949): synonym of ''Trinchesia pinnifera'' * ''Cuthona poritophages'' Rudman, 1979: synonym of ''Phestilla poritophages'' * ''Cuthona puellula'' (Baba, 1955)synonym of ''Trinchesia puellula'' * ''Cuthona pumilio'' (Bergh, 1871)synonym of ''Trinchesia pumilio'' * ''Cuthona punicea'' Millen, 1986: synonym of ''Cuthonella punicea'' * ''Cuthona purpureoanulata'' (Baba, 1961): synonym of ''Abronica purpureoanulata'' * ''Cuthona pusilla'' (Bergh, 1898)synonym of ''Trinchesia pusilla'' * ''Cuthona pustulata'' (Alder & Hancock, 1854): synonym of ''Zelentia pustulata'' * ''Cuthona reflexa'' (M. C. Miller, 1977): synonym of ''Trinchesia reflexa'' * ''Cuthona riosi'' Hermosillo & Valdés, 2008synonym of ''Trinchesia riosi'' * ''Cuthona rubescens'' Picton & Brown, 1978: synonym of ''Rubramoena rubescens'' * ''Cuthona rubra'' (Edmunds, 1964): synonym of ''Selva rubra'' * ''Cuthona schraderi'' Pfeffer, 1886: synonym of ''Guyvalvoria paradoxa'' Eliot, 1907 * ''Cuthona scintillans'' (Miller, 1977): synonym of ''Diaphoreolis scintillans'' * ''Cuthona sibogae'' (Bergh, 1905): synonym of ''Trinchesia sibogae'' (Bergh, 1905) - Not to be confused with ''Phestilla sibogae'' (Bergh, 1905) * ''Cuthona speciosa'' (Macnae, 1954): synonym of ''Trinchesia speciosa'' * ''Cuthona stimpsoni'' A. E. Verrill, 1879: synonym of ''Ziminella salmonacea'' (Couthouy, 1838) * ''Cuthona suecica'' (Odhner, 1940): synonym of ''Xenocratena suecica'' * ''Cuthona thelmae'' (Burn, 1964): synonym of ''Toorna thelmae'' * ''Cuthona thompsoni'' Garcia, Lopez-Gonzalez & Garcia-Gomez, 1991: synonym of ''Trinchesia thompsoni'' * ''Cuthona tina'' (Er. Marcus, 1957): synonym of ''Trinchesia tina'' * ''Cuthona valentini'' (Eliot, 1907): synonym of ''Trinchesia valentini'' * ''Cuthona veronicae'' (A. E. Verrill, 1880): synonym of ''Diaphoreolis veronicae'' * ''Cuthona virens'' (MacFarland, 1966): synonym of ''Trinchesia virens'' * ''Cuthona viridis'' (Forbes, 1840): synonym of ''Diaphoreolis viridis'' * ''Cuthona willani'' Cervera, Garcia-Gomez & Lopez-Gonzalez, 1992:synonym of ''Trinchesia willani'' * ''Cuthona yamasui'' Hamatani, 1993: synonym of ''Trinchesia yamasui'' * ''Cuthona zelandica'' Odhner, 1924: synonym of ''Trinchesia zelandica'' {{div col end}}

==References== {{Reflist}} * Vaught, K.C. (1989). ''A classification of the living Mollusca''. American Malacologists: Melbourne, FL (USA). {{ISBN|0-915826-22-4}}. XII, 195 pp

== External links == {{Commons category|Cuthona}} * {{Wikispecies-inline|Cuthona|''Cuthona''}}

Category:Cuthonidae Category:Taxa named by Joshua Alder Category:Taxa named by Albany Hancock

Cuthona

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