Curculioninae

{{Short description|Subfamily of beetles}} {{Automatic taxobox | image = Dorytomus melanophthalmus, Gronant dunes, North Wales, Sept 2015 (21033395533).jpg | image_caption = ''[[Dorytomus melanophthalmus]]'', North Wales | taxon = Curculioninae | authority = [[Pierre André Latreille|Latreille]], 1802 | diversity_link = #List of tribes | diversity = About 30 tribes }} The [[beetle]] [[subfamily]] '''Curculioninae''' is part of the [[weevil]] [[Family (taxonomy)|family]] [[Curculionidae]]. It contains over 23,500 described [[species]] in 2,200 [[genera]], and is therefore the largest weevil subfamily. Given that the [[beetle]] [[order (biology)|order]] (Coleoptera) contains about one-quarter of all known [[organism]]s, the Curculioninae represent one of the – if not ''the'' – most successful radiations of terrestrial [[Metazoa]].<ref>{{harvnb|Kuschel|1995}}</ref>

Many weevils of this group are commonly known as '''flower weevils''' or '''acorn and nut weevils''', after a food commonly eaten by Curculioninae [[larva]]e and [[imago|imagines]] — the [[Reproduction|reproductive organ]]s of [[plant]]s.

== Systematics == This large [[subfamily]] is divided into around 30 [[tribe (biology)|tribe]]s. Delimitation of the Curculioninae is fairly robust considering its enormous size; there is some dispute, however, in their exact boundary with the [[Molytinae]]. The [[Phrynixini]] and [[Trypetidini]] are also included in the Curculioninae by some authors, but more often they are considered Molytinae; conversely, the [[Itini]] are usually placed in the Curculioninae but sometimes in the Molytinae, which are also expanded by certain authors to include, among others, the whole [[Cryptorhynchinae]]. These, as well as the [[Ceutorhynchinae]], are sometimes included in the Curculioninae as additional tribes Cryptorhynchini and Ceutorhynchini. And some genera while almost certainly Curculioninae, are too unusual and/or ancient to be easily assigned to a specific tribe.

Features used to distinguish some of the tribes are: {| class="wikitable" style="width:70%" |+Tribes of Curulioninae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) !scope="column"|Feature !scope="column"|Associated tribes |- |width=66%|[[Pygidium]] exposed |[[Acalyptini]]<ref name = km2005>{{harvnb|Kojima|Morimoto|2005}}</ref> [[Ceutorhynchini]] |- |Foreleg femora with large triangular tooth |[[Camarotini]]<ref name = ml2005>{{harvnb|Marvaldi|Lanteri|2005}}</ref> |- |[[arthropod leg|Tarsi]] with one claw (not two) |[[Cryptoplini]] (including Haplonychini) |- |[[Mandible (arthropod)|Mandibular]] (chewing) motion [[Vertical direction|vertical]] (not [[Horizontal plane|horizontal]]) |some [[Curculionini]] |- |[[Prothorax]] with [[Anatomical terms of location#Directional terms|lateral]] keels |[[Derelomini]]<ref name = km2005 /> |- |Prothorax narrowed at base ([[ant mimic]]) |[[Erodiscini]]<ref name = ml2005 /> [[Otidocephalini]] |- |Hindleg [[arthropod leg|femora]] enlarged |[[Eugnomini]] (with triangular tooth) [[Rhamphini]] (swollen for jumping) |- |Tarsal claws fused at base |[[Smicronychini]]<ref name = ml2005 /> |- |[[Prosternum]] [[anterior]] to foreleg [[arthropod leg|coxae]] has a groove into which the [[rostrum (anatomy)|rostrum]] is tucked (if groove continues [[Posterior (anatomy)|posterior]] to coxae: [[Cryptorhynchinae]]) |[[Storeini]] |}

===List of tribes=== [[File:Tychius sp.png| thumb|''Tychius'']] [[File:Curculio larva.jpg|thumb|''Curculio'', larva]] [[File:Curculio sayi side.jpg|thumb|''Curculio sayi'']] The subfamily Curculioninae consists of the following [[tribe (biology)|tribe]]s:<ref name=Bouchard2011>{{cite journal |vauthors=Bouchard P, Bousquet Y, Davies AE, Alonso-Zarazaga MA, Lawrence JF, Lyal CH, Newton AF, Reid CA, Schmitt M, Slipiński SA, Smith AB |title=Family-group names in Coleoptera (Insecta) |journal=ZooKeys |issue=88 |pages=1–972 |date=April 2011 |pmid=21594053 |pmc=3088472 |doi=10.3897/zookeys.88.807 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Some notable genera are also listed. {{Div col|colwidth=22em}} * [[Acalyptini]] Thomson, 1859 ** ''[[Acalyptus]]'' ** ''[[Anchylorhynchus]]'' * [[Acentrini]]Seidlitz, 1890<ref name=euro/> * [[Acentrusini]] Alonso-Zarazaga, 2005 * [[Ancylocnemidini]] Voss, 1962 * [[Anoplini]] Bedel, 1884<ref name=euro/><ref name=info/> * [[Anthonomini]] Thomson, 1859 ** ''[[Anthonomus]]'' ** ''[[Brachonyx]]'' * [[Camarotini]] Schönherr, 1833 * [[Ceratopodini]] Lacordaire, 1863 * [[Cionini]] Schönherr, 1825 ** ''[[Cionus]]'' * [[Cranopoeini]] Kuschel, 2009 * [[Cryptoplini]] Lacordaire, 1863 * [[Curculionini]] Latreille, 1802 ** ''[[Curculio]]'' * [[Derelomini]] [[Jean Théodore Lacordaire|Lacordaire]], 1865 * [[Diabathrariini]] Lacordaire, 1863 * [[Ellescini]] Thomson, 1859 ** ''[[Dorytomus]]'' ** ''[[Ellescus]]'' * [[Erodiscini]] Lacordaire, 1863 * [[Eugnomini]] Lacordaire, 1863 ** ''[[Meriphus]]''  ** ''[[Pactolotypus]]''  * [[Geochini]] Zimmerman, 1994<ref name=info/> * [[Gonipterini]] Lacordaire, 1863 ** ''[[Gonipterus]]'' * [[Itini]] Reitter, 1913<ref name=info/> * [[Mecinini]] Gistel, 1848 ** ''[[Mecinus]]'' ** ''[[Rhinusa]]'' * [[Neosharpiini]] Hoffmann, 1956<ref name=info/> * [[Nerthopini]] Lacordaire, 1865 * [[Otidocephalini]] Lacordaire, 1863 * [[Piazorhinini]] Lacordaire, 1863 * [[Prionobrachiini]] Hustache, 1938 * [[Pyropini]] Lacordaire, 1865 * [[Rhamphini]] Rafinesque, 1815 ** ''[[Rhynchaenus]]'' * [[Smicronychini]] Seidlitz, 1891 * [[Sphaeriopoeini]] Kuschel, 2003 * [[Storeini]] Lacordaire, 1863 ** ''[[Glaucopela]]''  ** ''[[Peristoreus]]'' * [[Styphlini]] Jekel, 1861 ** ''[[Pseudostyphlus]]'' * [[Tychiini]] Gistel, 1848 ** ''[[Lignyodes]]'' ** ''[[Tychius]]'' * [[Ulomascini]] Lacordaire, 1865 ** ''[[Misophrice]]''  * [[Viticiini]] Morimoto, 1983 {{div col end}}

==See also== * [[List of Curculioninae genera]]

== Footnotes == {{Reflist|refs= <ref name=info> {{cite web|url = http://weevil.info/alonso-zarazaga-lyal-1999-amended/curculioninae |title = weevil.info, Curculioninae }}</ref> <ref name=euro> {{cite web|url = https://fauna-eu.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/d1ac17e5-fb50-4d55-80d1-36fd4f28d575 |title = Fauna Europaea, Curculioninae }}</ref> }}

== References == *{{cite book |last=Kuschel |first=G. |year=1995 |chapter=A phylogenetic classification of Curculionoidea to families and subfamilies |editor-last=Anderson |editor-first=R.S. |editor-last2=Lyal |editor-first2=C.H.C. |title=Biology and Phylogeny of Curculionoidea |series=Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Washington |volume=14 |pages=5–33 }} *{{cite journal |last1=Marvaldi |first1=A.E. |last2=Lanteri |first2=A.A. |year=2005 |title=Key to higher taxa of South American weevils based on adult characters (Coleoptera, Curculionoidea) |journal=Revista Chilena de Historia Natural |volume=78 |issue=1 |pages=65–87 |url=http://www.scielo.cl/pdf/rchnat/v78n1/art06.pdf |doi=10.4067/s0716-078x2005000100006|doi-access=free }} *{{cite journal |last1=Kojima |first1=H. |last2=Morimoto |first2=K. |year=2005 |title=Weevils of the Tribe Acalyptini (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Curculioninae): Redefinition and a taxonomic treatment of the Japanese, Korean and Taiwanese species |journal=Esakia |volume=45 |pages=69–115 |doi=10.5109/2704 |s2cid=86802907 |url=https://qir.kyushu-u.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2324/2704/1/69.pdf |access-date=2009-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718172340/https://qir.kyushu-u.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2324/2704/1/69.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-18 |url-status=dead }}

== External links == *{{Commons category-inline}} *{{Wikispecies-inline}}

[[Category:Curculioninae| ]] [[Category:Beetle subfamilies]] [[Category:Taxa named by Pierre André Latreille]]