{{Short description|Guide for naming cultivated plant varieties}} {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}} {{Infobox book | image = File:International_Code_of_Nomenclature_for_Cultivated_Plants.png | image_size = | alt = | caption = | editors = Christopher D. Brickell, Crinan Alexander, Janet J. Cubey, John C. David, Marco H.A. Hoffman, Alan C. Leslie, Valéry Malécot, Xiaobai Jin, et al. | illustrator = | cover_artist = | country = The Netherlands | language = English | release_number = 9 | subject = Cultivated plant taxonomy | published = International Society for Horticultural Science {{nowrap|(June 2016)}} | media_type = Print | pages = 190 | isbn = 978-94-6261-116-0 | isbn_note = {{nowrap|(9th ed.)}} | oclc = | dewey = | congress = | preceded_by = {{noitalic|8th edition {{nowrap|(October 2009)}}}} | notes = | website = {{URL|http://www.ishs.org/scripta-horticulturae/international-code-nomenclature-cultivated-plants-ninth-edition}} }}
The '''''International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants''''' ('''ICNCP''') is a guide to the rules and regulations for naming cultigens, plants whose origin or selection is primarily due to intentional human activity.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Spencer|Cross|2007}}</ref> It is also known as '''Cultivated Plant Code'''. Cultigens under the purview of the ICNCP include ''cultivars'', Groups (''cultivar groups''), and ''grexes''. All organisms traditionally considered to be plants (including algae and fungi) are included.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Brickell|2009|page=xi}}, Preface</ref> Taxa that receive a name under the ''ICNCP'' will also be included within taxa named under the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants,<ref>{{Harvtxt|Brickell|2009|page=5}}, Article 1.2</ref> for example, a cultivar is a member of a species.
==Brief history== {{Main|Cultivated plant taxonomy}} The first edition of the ''ICNCP'', which was agreed in 1952 in Wageningen and published in 1953, has been followed by seven subsequent editions – in 1958 (Utrecht), 1961 (update of 1958), 1969 (Edinburgh), 1980 (Seattle), 1995 (Edinburgh), 2004 (Toronto) and 2009 (Wageningen).<ref name=ICNCP>{{Harvtxt|Brickell|2009}}</ref> The ninth (most recent) edition was published in 2016 (Beijing).<ref>{{Harvtxt|Brickell|2016}}</ref>
William Stearn has outlined the origins of ''ICNCP'', tracing it back to the International Horticultural Congress of Brussels in 1864, when a letter from Alphonse de Candolle to Edouard Morren was tabled. This set out de Candolle's view that Latin names should be reserved for species and varieties found in the wild, with non-Latin or "fancy" names used for garden forms. Karl Koch supported this position at the 1865 International Botanical and Horticultural Congress and at the 1866 International Botanical Congress, where he suggested that future congresses should deal with nomenclatural matters. De Candolle, who had a legal background, drew up the {{Lang|fr|Lois de la Nomenclature botanique}} (rules of botanical nomenclature). When adopted by the International Botanical Congress of Paris in 1867, this became the first version of today's ''International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants'' (''ICN'').<ref>{{Harvtxt|Stearn|1952}}</ref><ref>{{Harvtxt|Stearn|1952a}}</ref>
Article 40 of the {{Lang|fr|Lois de la Nomenclature botanique}} dealt with the names of plants of horticultural origin: <blockquote>Among cultivated plants, seedlings, crosses [{{lang|fr|métis}}] of uncertain origin and sports, receive fancy names in common language, as distinct as possible from the Latin names of species or varieties. When they can be traced back to a botanical species, subspecies or variety, this is indicated by a sequence of names (Pelargonium zonale ''Mistress-Pollock'').{{efn|"{{lang|fr|italic=invert|Dans les plantes cultivées, les semis, les métis d'origin obscure et les ''sports'', reçoivent des noms de fantaisie, en langue vulgaire, aussi différents que possible des noms latins d'espèces ou de variétés. Quand on peut les rattacher à une espèce, à une sous espèce ou une variété botanique, on l'indique par la succession des noms (Pelargonium zonale ''Mistress-Pollock'')."}}<ref>{{Harvtxt|de Candolle|1867|page=24}}</ref> In the modern style the species name would be italicized and the cultivar name (fancy name) put in quotes, e.g. ''Pelargonium zonale'' 'Mistress Pollock'.}}</blockquote> This Article survived redrafting of the ''International Rules of Botanical Nomenclature'' until 1935 and its core sentiments remain in the present-day ''ICNCP'' of 2009.
The first version (1953) was published by the Royal Horticultural Society as a 29-page booklet, edited by William Stearn.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Brickell|2009|page=xix}}, Previous editions</ref> Following the structure of the ''Botanical Code'', the ''ICNCP'' is set out in the form of an initial set of Principles followed by Rules and Recommendations that are subdivided into Articles. Amendments to the ''ICNCP'' are prompted by international symposia for cultivated plant taxonomy which allow for rulings made by the International Commission on the Nomenclature of Cultivated Plants. Each new version includes a summary of the changes made to the previous version; the changes have also been summarised for the period 1953 to 1995.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Trehane|2004|pages=17–27}}</ref>
==Name examples== {{further|Cultigen|Cultivar|Cultivar group{{!}}Group|Grex (horticulture)}}
The ''ICNCP'' operates within the framework of the ''International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants'' which regulates the scientific names of plants. The following are some examples of names governed by the ''ICNCP'': * ''Clematis alpina'' 'Ruby': a cultivar within a species; the cultivar epithet is in single quotes and capitalized. * ''Magnolia'' 'Elizabeth': a selected clone (cultivar) among a pool of hybrids between two species, ''Magnolia acuminata'' (cucumbertree) and ''Magnolia denudata'' (Yulan magnolia). * ''Rhododendron boothii'' Mishmiense Group: a cultivar group name; both the name of the cultivar group and the word "Group" are capitalized and not enclosed in quotes. * ''Paphiopedilum'' Maudiae 'The Queen': a combination of grex name and cultivar name; the name of the grex is capitalized, and may be followed by a clonal (cultivar) name such as 'The Queen' in this case. ''Paphiopedilum'' Maudiae is a hybrid between ''Paphiopedilum callosum'' and ''Paphiopedilum lawrenceanum''. 'The Queen' is a selected clone (cultivar). * Apple 'Jonathan': permitted use of an unambiguous common name with a cultivar epithet. * + ''Crataegomespilus'': a graft-chimera of ''Crataegus'' and ''Mespilus''
Note that the ''ICNCP'' does not regulate trademarks for plants: trademarks are regulated by the law of the land involved. Nor does the ''ICNCP'' regulate the naming of plant varieties in the legal sense of that term.
==Trade designations==
Many plants have "selling names" or "marketing names" as well as a cultivar name; the ''ICNCP'' refers to these as "trade designations". Only the cultivar name is governed by the ''ICNCP''. It is required to be unique; in accordance with the principle of priority, it will be the first name that is published or that is registered by the discoverer or breeder of the cultivar.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Brickell|2009|page=3}}, Principle 3</ref> Trade designations are not regulated by the ''ICNCP'';<ref>{{Harvtxt|Brickell|2009|page=4}}, Principle 6</ref> they may be different in different countries. Thus the German rose breeder Reimer Kordes registered a white rose in 1958 as the cultivar 'KORbin'. This is sold in the United Kingdom under the selling name "Iceberg", in France as "{{lang|fr|Fée des Neiges}}" and in Germany as "{{lang|de|Schneewittchen}}".<ref name=Beales2011/>
Trade designations are not enclosed in single quotes. The ''ICNCP'' states that "trade designations must always be distinguished typographically from cultivar, Group and grex epithets."<ref>{{Harvtxt|Brickell|2009|page=21}}, Article 17.3</ref> It uses small capitals for this purpose, thus ''Syringa vulgaris'' {{smallcaps|Ludwig Spaeth}} (trade designation) is distinguished from ''S. vulgaris'' 'Andenken an Ludwig Späth' (cultivar name).<ref>{{Harvtxt|Brickell|2009|page=17}}</ref> Other sources, including the Royal Horticultural Society, instead use a different font for selling names, e.g. ''Rosa'' {{tdes|Iceberg}} 'KORbin'.<ref name=Beales2011>{{Harvtxt|Beales|2011|page=41}}</ref>
== See also == * Cultigen * Cultivated plant taxonomy * ''International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants'' * International Cultivar Registration Authority
==Notes== {{notelist}}
== References == {{Reflist}}
==Bibliography== {{refbegin|33em}} * {{Cite journal |last=Beales |first=Peter |date=October 2011 |title=Last of the Roses |journal=The Garden |volume=136 |issue=10 }} * {{Cite journal |editor-last=Brickell |editor-first=C.D. |display-editors=etal | year=2009 |title=International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants|edition=8th |publisher=International Society of Horticultural Science |journal=Scripta Horticulturae |volume=10| pages=1–184 |isbn=978-0-643-09440-6 |url=http://www.actahort.org/chronica/pdf/sh_10.pdf }}<!--(ICNCP or Cultivated Plant Code) incorporating the Rules and Recommendations for naming plants in cultivation. 8th edn. Adopted by the International Union of Biological Sciences International Commission for the Nomenclature of Cultivated Plants--> * {{Cite journal |editor-last=Brickell |editor-first=C.D. |display-editors=etal |year=2016 |title=International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants |edition=9th |publisher=International Society of Horticultural Science |journal=Scripta Horticulturae |volume=18 |isbn=978-94-6261-116-0 |url=https://www.ishs.org/sites/default/files/static/ScriptaHorticulturae_18.pdf }}<!--(ICNCP or Cultivated Plant Code) incorporating the Rules and Recommendations for naming plants in cultivation. Ninth Edition. Adopted by the International Union of Biological Sciences International Commission for the Nomenclature of Cultivated Plants--> * {{Cite book |last=de Candolle |first=Alphonse |year=1867 |title=Lois de la nomenclature botanique adoptées par le Congrès international de botanique, tenu à Paris en août 1867; suivies d'une 2e édition de l'introduction historique et du commentaire qui accompagnaient la rédaction préparatoire présentée au Congrès |location=Geneva and Basle |publisher=H. Georg |oclc=17409844 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S-QkAAAAYAAJ |access-date=2011-11-11 }} * {{cite journal|last1=Fletcher|first1=H. R.|title=The International Commission for the Nomenclature of Cultivated Plants of the International Union of Biological Sciences, Report of the Inaugural Meeting at Utrecht from 21st–23rd November, 1|journal=Taxon|date=January–February 1957|volume=6|issue=1|pages=13–17|jstor=1217864|doi=10.1002/j.1996-8175.1957.tb02687.x}} * {{Cite journal|last1=Spencer |first1=R.D.|last2=Cross|first2=R.G. |year=2007 |title=The International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN), the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP), and the cultigen|journal=Taxon |volume=56 | issue = 3|pages=938–940|doi=10.2307/25065875|jstor=25065875}} * {{Cite journal|last=Stearn |first=William T. |author-link=William T. Stearn|year=1952 |title=Proposed International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants. Historical Introduction|journal=Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society |volume=77|pages=157–173}} * {{cite speech|last1=Stearn|first1=W. T.|author-link=William T. Stearn|title=International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants|url=http://www.bsi.org/brom_info/cultivar/ICNCP.html|work=Bromeliad Society International|access-date=2 January 2017|event=Opening of the 13th International Horticultural Congress of London in September 1952|location=London|date=7 September 1952a|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160418020002/http://www.bsi.org/brom_info/cultivar/ICNCP.html|archive-date=18 April 2016|url-status=dead}} * {{Cite journal |last=Trehane |first=P. |year=2004 |title=50 years of the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants: Future prospects for the Code |journal=Acta Horticulturae |volume=634 |url=http://www.actahort.org/members/showpdf?booknrarnr=634_1 }} * {{cite journal|last1=Wyman|first1=Donald|author-link=Donald Wyman|title=The new International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants|journal=Arnoldia|date=26 December 1956|volume=18|issue=12|pages=63–68|url=http://arnoldia.arboretum.harvard.edu/pdf/articles/1958-18--the-new-international-code-of-nomenclature-for-cultivated-plants.pdf|access-date=2 January 2017|archive-date=5 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170505151406/http://arnoldia.arboretum.harvard.edu/pdf/articles/1958-18--the-new-international-code-of-nomenclature-for-cultivated-plants.pdf|url-status=dead}} {{refend}}
== External links == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050306203301/http://www.hcs.ohio-state.edu/hcs/TMI/HORT234/Nomenclature.html Adams, Denise (2000) "Language of Horticulture" Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, Ohio State University] from Web Archive * [https://edepot.wur.nl/348350 International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants Dutch version 1953] * [http://www.eplantscience.com/index/icncp.php The International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP) at Biocyclopedia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180419031654/http://www.eplantscience.com/index/icncp.php |date=19 April 2018 }} * [https://www.ishs.org/sites/default/files/static/ScriptaHorticulturae_18.pdf PDF of 9th edition of ICNCP]
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Category:Botanical nomenclature Category:Cultivars Category:Plant taxonomy Category:Nomenclature codes Category:International classification systems