{{Short description|Gothic cathedral in Castile-La Mancha, Spain}} {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}} {{For|the cathedrals in the city of Cuenca, Ecuador|Old Cathedral of Cuenca|New Cathedral of Cuenca}} {{Infobox church | name = Cuenca Cathedral | full_name = Cathedral of Saint Mary and Saint Julian | other_name = {{lang|es|Catedral de Santa Maria y San Julián}} | image = Cuenca Cathedral 2020.jpg | caption = The Gothic Revival façade in 2020 | coordinates = {{coord|40.07849|N|2.12901|W|type:landmark|display=inline,title}} | location = Cuenca | country = Spain | denomination = Catholic | address = Plaza Mayor | website = {{URL|catedralcuenca.es}}
| former_name = | status = Cathedral | dedication = Julian of Cuenca and Mary, mother of Jesus | dedicated = 1196 and 1208<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.catedralcuenca.es/en/art-and-culture/history-of-the-cathedral-of-cuenca | title=History of the Cathedral of Cuenca |access-date=2022-09-24 |publisher=Catedral de Cuenca}}</ref> | functional_status = | heritage_designation = | designated = | previous_cathedrals = | architect = | architectural_type = | style = Gothic, Romanesque, Gothic Revival | years_built = | groundbreaking = 1182 | completed =
| capacity = | length = | width = | height = <!-- {{convert| }} --> | materials =
| parish = | benefice = | deanery = | archdeaconry = | archdiocese = | metropolis = Toledo | diocese = Cuenca | province = | district = | division =
| archbishop = <!-- cathedrals only --> | bishop = José María Yanguas Sanz
| embedded = {{designation list | embed = yes | designation1 = WHS | designation1_partof = Historic Walled Town of Cuenca | designation1_date = 1996 {{small|(20th session)}} | designation1_criteria = {{UNESCO WHS type|(ii), (v)}} | designation1_number = [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/781 781] | designation2 = Spain | designation2_type = Non-movable | designation2_criteria = Monument | designation2_date = 23 August 1902 | designation2_number = RI-51-0000081 }} }} The '''Cathedral of Saint Mary and Saint Julian''' is a Roman Catholic cathedral in the city of Cuenca, Spain. The building is one of the earliest Spanish examples of Gothic architecture, built at a time when the Romanesque style still predominated in the Iberian Peninsula. In particular, the cathedral is characteristic of the Norman and Anglo-Norman architecture of the 12th century, of which Soissons Cathedral, Laon Cathedral and Notre-Dame de Paris are representative examples.
Work began in 1182 and was largely completed by 1257, although further renovations continued. In the 15th century, the Gothic ''chevet'' of the cathedral was reconstructed. The exterior was almost renovated in the 16th century. In the 17th century, the tabernacle chapel (''capilla del Sagrario'') was built, and the facade and the towers were reformed. The facade was partially reconstructed in the neo-Gothic style in 1910 to repair damage caused when the bell tower (the Giraldo) collapsed in 1902 after being struck by a lightning. However, there are plans and projects to complete the work once a technical consensus is reached.
The cathedral is the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Cuenca. It is dedicated to Mary and to Saint Julian of Cuenca, the second bishop of the Diocese and patron saint of the city.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.catedralcuenca.es/audioguia/visor|title=Audio Guia - Catedral de Cuenca|website=www.catedralcuenca.es|access-date=2018-08-08}}</ref>
==History== thumb|left|upright|Abstract stained glass windows, completed in 1995 On 21 September 1177, Alfonso VIII of Castile, "The Noble", defeated the Moors after a nine-month siege and conquered the city of Cuenca. The city was made a diocese in 1183, and work began to build the cathedral on the foundations of the main Muslim mosque.
Like several other cathedrals built in Castile in the same period, Cuenca Cathedral is said to have been inspired by Eleanor Plantagenet of England, wife of King Alfonso VIII and daughter of Henry II of England and Eleanor of Aquitaine.<ref name=arteguias>{{Cite web| year = 2004| url = http://www.arteguias.com/catedral/cuenca.htm| title =Catedral de Cuenca |language=Spanish |trans-title=Cuenca Cathedral| work = www.arteguias.com/| accessdate = February 5, 2007}}</ref> Eleanor's Norman influence left its mark on the building, one of the earliest Gothic cathedrals of Castile along with the cathedral in Avila.
French stonemasons began work between 1182 and 1189, with work continuing in the 13th century. The cathedral was consecrated in 1196 by Saint Julian of Cuenca, second bishop of Cuenca, when only the ''chevet'' had been built. The high altar was consecrated in 1208 by Bishop Rodrigo Ximénez de Rada.<ref name=UV>{{Cite web|url = http://www.uv.es/charco/documentos/cated_cuenca.htm| title =La Catedral de Cuenca |language=Spanish |trans-title=The Cathedral of Cuenca| work = www.uv.es/|publisher=Universitat de València| accessdate = February 5, 2007}}</ref>
On 13 April 1902, the Giraldo tower (seen to the left of the façade in early photographs) collapsed after a direct lightning strike which also destroyed much of the façade. Several children were killed.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rodríguez González |first=José María |date=13 April 2016 |title=La torre del Giraldo. crónica de un suceso |trans-title=The Giraldo Tower. Chronicle of an Event |url=http://www.vocesdecuenca.com/web/voces-de-cuenca/-/la-torre-del-giraldo-cronica-de-un-suceso |access-date=1 November 2018 |website=vocesdecuenca.es tu peródico digital. |language=Spanish}}</ref> Initial restoration of the façade was done in the neo-Gothic style. There are plans to restore the destroyed sections.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vocesdecuenca.com/web/voces-de-cuenca/-/el-exalcalde-andres-moya-solicita-la-reconstruccion-del-giraldo-de-la-catedral|title=El exalcalde Andrés Moya solicita la reconstrucción del Giraldo de la Catedral.|language=Spanish |trans-title=Ex-Mayor Andrés Moya Calls for the Reconstruction of the Cathedral's Giraldo Tower|last=Cañete|first=Luis|date=March 15, 2015|website=vocesdecuenca.es tu periódico digital}}</ref>
=={{anchor|Characteristics of the Cathedral}}Characteristics== [[File:Cuenca Cathedral 2020 - nave.jpg|thumb|left|Central nave as seen from the triforium]] Romanesque features of the cathedral date from its origins in the late Romanesque period. Characteristic of the Romanesque style, there were initially five staggered apses, a single transept and three naves in the main body of the building.
Thirteenth-century developments include the clerestory, with moulded windows, statues of angels and an oculus. The Anglo-Norman architectural influence can be seen, among other places, in the cathedral's sexpartite rib vaulting. The temple is of great dimensions, has a length of 120 meters and 36 meters of height, in its internal central area, occupying an area of 10,000 square meters.<ref name=UV/><ref>{{Cite web |year=2006 |url= http://www.arsvirtual.com/p_espagnol/visitas_virtuales/templos/cuenca/cuenca01.jsp |title=Catedral de Cuenca |url-status=dead |work=www.arsvirtual.com/ |language=Spanish |trans-title=Cuenca Cathedral |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060324030745/http://www.arsvirtual.com/p_espagnol/visitas_virtuales/templos/cuenca/cuenca01.jsp |archivedate=March 24, 2006 |accessdate=February 5, 2007 |df=mdy }}</ref> In the 15th century, the eastern end was rebuilt to create a double ambulatory. In the 17th century, the cathedral chapter retained architect Ventura Rodríguez to build the altar of Saint Julian, also known as ''el Transparente'' for the stained glass illuminating and decorating the background of the altarpiece. It rivalled altarpieces with similar features by Narciso Tomé in Toledo Cathedral.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rtve.es/alacarta/videos/la-luz-y-el-misterio-de-las-catedrales/luz-misterio-catedrales-catedral-cuenca-santa-maria-san-julian/3235390/|title=La luz y el misterio de las catedrales - Catedral de Cuenca (Santa María y San Julián)|date=August 1, 2015|website=rtve.es}}</ref> A new altar was built in the eighteenth century, with altarpiece statues by Italian sculptor Pasquale Bocciardo.
The collapse of Giraldo tower in 1902 caused widespread damage to the cathedral. The reconstruction of the facade by architect Vicente Lampérez, completed in 1910, partially repaired the damage.<ref name=arteguias/><ref name=UV/> Most recently, the 16th-century cloister has been fully restored.
==Iconography== The iconography of Cuenca Cathedral is largely fantastical, with mythological and human figures interspersed amongst plant leaves, stems, fruits and meandering streams. Cuenca Cathedral is distinguished from many other cathedrals by sculptures representing animals unknown to the West, such as the armadillo, puffer fish or turtle, in its Gothic arches dating from the late 15th century, a period in the history of its construction that coincided with the European colonization of the Americas after 1492.<ref>José María Rodríguez González (2012). [https://web.archive.org/web/20140221121159/http://feelsynapsis.com/jof/004/index.html?pageNumber=40 ''Animal Iconography in the Middle Ages. A singular and unique world in the arcades of Cuenca Cathedral'']: Journal of Feelsynapsis.JoF. ISSN 2254-3651. Number 4. Pages 40-50.</ref>
From readings of the Book of Revelation and the "Centuries" in ''Les Propheties'' by Nostradamus, the scholar and architect Rodrigo de Luz concluded that the Holy Grail was saved and preserved in this cathedral. As a consequence, Cuenca Cathedral and all those who take refuge within it would be spared in the final revelation. He identifies the cathedral with the description of the New Jerusalem of the Book of Revelation, on the strength of its 12 gates in shape of bows, each with 12 angels. Each stone angel has a sombre expression and holds a book with the exception of one, who is smiling and holding a goblet. This is interpreted as a hidden reference to the legend of the Holy Grail.<ref name='De Luz Lamarca'>{{Cite book|title=El misterio de la Catedral de Cuenca |last=De Luz Lamarca|first=Rodrigo|publisher=Editorial Alfonsípolis|year=2009|isbn=9788495963444|language=Spanish |trans-title=The Mystery of Cuenca Cathedral}}</ref>
It has been claimed that there are other hidden messages in the iconography of the cathedral and of the City of Cuenca, including a coat of arms featuring a cup with an octagram or eight-pointed star, symbol of the Knights Templar.<ref name='De Luz Lamarca'/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mundooculto.es/2016/10/la-extrana-leyenda-de-la-catedral-de-cuenca/|title=La extraña leyenda de la Catedral de Cuenca.|date=October 30, 2016|website=Mundo Oculto|access-date=June 11, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612141804/https://mundooculto.es/2016/10/la-extrana-leyenda-de-la-catedral-de-cuenca/|archive-date=June 12, 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>
==Gallery== <gallery widths="150px" heights="150px"> File:Catedral-1-fotos-de-cuenca-antigua.jpg|West façade before the 1902 damage File:Catedral Cuenca.jpg|Lateral view File:CastillaLaMancha Cuenca Catedral5 tango7174.jpg|The seven-sided polygonal ambulatory File:Cuenca 2020 - Ambulatory.jpg|Ambulatory File:Cuenca 2020 - Altar.jpg|Main Altar File:Cuenca 2020 - Pulpit.jpg|Pulpit, with the colourful lighting from the stained glass </gallery>
==References== {{Reflist}}
==External links== {{Commons category|Cathedral of Cuenca}} * [https://www.flickr.com/photos/harold_stern/sets/72057594119417297/ Photoset] on Flickr, includes seven pictures of the cathedral interior * [http://www.gotik-romanik.de/Cuenza,%20Thumbnails/Thumbnails.html Photos]
{{Cathedrals in Spain}} {{Authority control}}
Category:13th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in Spain Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1257 Category:Buildings and structures in Cuenca, Spain Category:Gothic architecture in Castilla–La Mancha Cuenca